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Spain's Road to Empire

Page 77

by Henry Kamen


  Incas, 95, 99, 106–113, 115, 119–120, 122–123, 127–128, 135, 145–146, 192–195, 239, 241, 246, 262, 276, 277, 285, 304, 351, 364, 370, 375, 478, 492, 497, 498, 501, 506

  India, 200, 206, 213–214, 220–222, 224, 304, 315, 320, 328, 345, 403, 421, 481

  Indian civilizations of America, 5, 82–83, 86, 103–104, 107, 110, 113–114,116–117, 120, 122–124,135, 140, 145, 147–148, 244–245, 247, 251, 255–257, 266–268, 270–271, 273, 275, 281, 351–353, 358–360, 362–364, 371, 422–424, 467, 477, 492–493, 498–499, 501

  infantry of Spain, 28, 34–35 41, 57, 60, 63, 75–76, 80, 117, 152, 163, 165–167, 176, 184, 190, 305, 316, 317, 319, 323–334, 385, 391, 400, 408, 435, 440, 451, 453, 482

  inflation of prices, 155

  Innsbruck, 64, 71, 89

  Inquisition

  and Africans in America, 357

  of Netherlands, 177

  Spanish, 21, 78, 164, 181, 193, 274, 275, 278, 310, 340, 342–343, 368–369, 375, 389–390, 405, 431, 494

  Inter caetera, papal bull (1493), 42

  Ireland, 92, 308, 494

  Irish soldiers serving Spain, 165–166, 316, 418, 445, 451, 490

  iron, 64, 89, 114, 169, 207, 218, 220, 270

  Isaba, Marcos de, 334, 509

  Isabel de Guevara, 241

  Isabel, Infanta, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, 37

  Isabella Clara Eugenia, Archduchess, 311, 313, 320, 324–326, 385

  Isabella of Portugal, empress and wife of Charles V, 51, 57, 67, 72–75, 301

  Isabella the Catholic, queen of Spain, 3–4, 6–11, 14, 20, 22, 29, 33, 38–39, 42, 46, 50, 73, 83, 88, 90, 124, 301, 390, 456, 494, 508

  Islam, 8, 22, 47, 76, 144, 181, 185, 232, 264, 342

  Istanbul, 70, 72, 156

  Italian humanism, 5

  Italians in Spanish empire, 4, 5, 11, 13, 16, 24, 29,31,38, 40–41,45,49, 55–56, 59–60, 62, 64–66, 68–70, 71–73, 76, 80, 92, 118, 119, 133–135, 143,152, 155–156, 160–161, 163, 165–167, 169, 170–176, 183–186, 199, 205, 212, 222, 228, 232, 265, 279, 295–296, 299–303, 305, 311,314,316, 321, 323, 326, 332, 339–340, 345, 346, 347–348, 355, 366–368,382–383, 385, 389–392, 398, 403, 406–408, 410, 429, 443, 446, 449–450, 454, 455, 458–459,481,487, 489–490, 496, 504–505, 509–510

  Italy aspiration to freedom from Spain, 367–368, 382, 406

  basis of Spain's war capacity, 67, 173

  cultural links with Spain, 339–340

  Spanish power in, 64, 65

  troop recruitment in, 68

  wars in, 23, 27–28, 40, 69, 129

  Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva, 104, 351

  Ixtlilxochitl, ruler of Texcoco, 103

  Jamaica, 83, 103, 343, 410, 427, 429, 431–432, 474

  Japan, 200, 201, 205–210, 213–214, 216–221, 224–227, 230, 232, 234, 236, 327, 375, 393–394, 488

  missionaries in, 216–217, 224, 234

  trade to Manila, 218, 222

  Japanese Christians, 219, 225–226, 234, 394

  Java, 214, 224, 240

  Jenkins, Captain Robert, 473

  Jenkins' Ear, War of, 474, 478

  Jeronimite friars, 143

  Jerusalem, liberation of, 9, 22, 47, 52, 53

  Jesuits, 37, 136, 144, 146, 170, 185, 208, 213, 217, 225–226, 232–234, 251, 256, 265, 267–268, 277–282, 337, 355, 358, 361, 368–369, 373, 375–377, 394, 419–420, 460, 469, 497, 501, 504

  in business, 282

  expelled from Japan, 219

  as slaveholders, 282

  Jews, 8, 46, 374

  expulsion from Spain of, 14, 21–22, 342–343, 378, 379

  Jews in empire, 473, 496; see also New Christians

  João IV, formerly duke of Bragança, 402

  Johann Friedrich, elector of Saxony, 80

  Juan Fernández Islands, 460, 475

  Juan II of Aragon, 6, 24

  Juan José of Austria, Don, 401, 410, 413, 491

  Juan of Austria, Don, 162, 181–182, 184–186, 189–190, 299

  Juan, Infante, son of Ferdinand and Isabella, 37

  Juan, Jorge, 358–359, 378, 439, 477, 478–481, 504

  Juana the Mad, queen of Castile, 11, 33, 37, 49, 77

  Juana, regent, sister of Philip II, 192, 301

  Jumano Indians, 361

  junks, Chinese, 207, 214

  juros, 154

  Justin of Nassau, 321

  Keene, Benjamin, 451–452, 456, 473

  Kino, Eusebio, 265, 282, 377, 468–469

  Kiowa Indians, 362

  Köhler, Hieronymus, 134

  Korea, 216–217

  l'Hermite, Admiral Jacques, 262

  La Condamine, Charles-Marie de, 476–480

  La Ensenada, marquis de, 481

  La Pérouse, Jean-François de Galaup, marquis de, 215

  La Salle, René Robert Cavelier, sieur de, 425–426, 462

  La Trémoille, Louis, duc de, 26

  La Valette, Jean de, 155, 157

  labour systems in Spanish colonies, 12–13, 82–85, 96, 122–126, 130, 135, 138–139, 142–143, 146, 193, 203, 205, 209,214–215, 219, 248, 253, 266, 269, 273, 278, 281–282, 285–286, 362–363, 423, 425, 429–431, 435

  and Africans, 358

  Ladrones Islands, 198, 419

  Landa, Fray Diego de, 148, 275, 363

  landsknechten, 60

  language and empire, 3, 4, 17, 20, 24, 49–50, 55, 74, 97, 99, 134, 146, 159, 62, 179, 231, 235, 240, 267–268, 277, 279, 301, 333, 335–338, 341–342, 348, 355, 357, 359–361, 374, 376, 378, 395, 412, 419, 485, 494–503, 506–507

  Lannoy, Charles de, prince of Sulmone, 56, 59–60

  Lanzarote, 11

  Larios, Fray Juan, 422

  Lavezaris, Guido de, 197

  Le Clerc, François, 258

  Leake, Admiral Sir John, 447

  Lède, marquis of, 453, 455

  Legazpi, Miguel López de, 160, 171, 201–202, 205–206, 210, 213, 215, 233, 248, 372, 419

  León, Alonso de, 426

  Lepanto, battle of (1571), 166, 184, 185, 255, 300–301, 489

  Leyva, Antonio de, prince of Ascoli, 57, 59–60, 64, 68, 79

  Lezcano, Francisco de, 420

  Lima, 110, 131, 138, 243, 263, 276, 278, 287, 291, 297, 310, 315, 345, 349, 354, 368–369, 379, 405, 429, 449, 470, 476, 478–479

  Limahong, Admiral, 202

  Lipsius, Justus, 510

  Lira, Manuel de, 414

  Lisbon, 41, 135, 289, 292, 298, 302–304, 306, 309, 336, 398, 402, 449, 456

  Lodi, 60

  Lomellino, Ambrogio, 430

  London, 38, 90–91, 154, 191, 297, 308–309, 325, 395, 425, 431–432, 436, 461, 469, 474, 479–480, 482, 496, 500, 506

  Lope de Vega Carpio, Félix, 500

  López de Velasco, Juan, 122, 160

  López de Villalobos, Ruy, 200–201, 210

  López Madera, Gregorio, 288

  López Medel, Tomás, 126

  Lorraine, 178, 301

  Los Adaes, 464

  Los Palacios, curate of, 15

  Los Vélez, marquis of, 181

  Louis XII of France, 25, 33, 34

  Louis XIII of France, 387, 390, 401, 407, 500

  Louis XIV of France, 411, 414, 418, 425, 439, 441–442, 444, 447

  Louisiana, 463–465, 484–485

  Louvain, university of, 160, 336, 366

  Loyola, Ignatius, 36, 45

  Lübebeck, 168, 417

  Lugo, Alonso de, 12–13, 30

  Luque, Hernando de, 106

  Luther, Martin, 275, 375

  Lutheranism, 177, 274, 275, 313

  Lützen, battle of (1632), 384

  Luzon, 202, 204–206, 208–209, 215, 219, 225, 233, 235–236, 327, 361, 394, 420–421, 483

  Lyon, 289, 294, 341

  Maastricht, 300, 396

  Macao, 200, 206, 213, 214, 219–220, 225–226, 234, 291, 296, 327, 394, 475

  Maceta, Father, 279

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, 27, 174

  Macon, b
ishop of, 74

  Mactan, 198

  Madeira, 11, 49

  Madrid, treaty of (1670), 432

  Magellan, Ferdinand, 87, 119, 133, 197–200, 229, 315, 334, 419

  Maino, Juan Bautista, 322

  maize cultivation, 205, 213, 254, 257, 273, 505

  Málaga, 15, 18, 30, 40, 67, 73, 156, 163, 168

  Malaspina, Alessandro, 237

  Mallorca, 22, 32, 76

  Malta, siege of, 157

  Malta, Knights of, 73, 155, 157, 172, 183

  Maluku archipelago, 86, 171, 198–200, 205, 209, 211, 214, 223–224, 233, 236, 289, 292, 320, 402, 421, 489

  Manchu dynasty, 216

  Manco, Inca, 110–111, 113, 126, 193

  Manila, 142, 171, 197, 202–220, 222–223, 225–227, 230, 234–236, 241, 263, 291–292, 296, 315, 327, 342, 345, 376, 394, 404, 410, 420–421, 483, 489, 502–503

  capture by Britain, 481–482

  Chinese dominance of, 220

  commerce of, 213–214

  Japanese trade to, 213, 218

  Manila galleon, 211–212, 215, 227, 230–232, 290–292, 327, 419, 421, 461, 475, 483

  attacks on, 212, 230

  Manrique, Gómez, 38

  Mantuan war, 382–384, 387

  maps and empire, 96, 159–160, 204, 478

  Marchi, Francesco di, 169

  Marchione, Bartolomeo, 136

  Margaret of Austria, governor of Netherland, 300

  Margaret, Archduchess, sister of Philip the Fair, 37

  Mari, marquis of, 455

  Maria Teresa, queen of France, wife of Louis XIV, 411

  Mariana, Juan de, 9, 37

  Mariana, Queen, regent of Spain, 419

  Marianas Islands, 201, 212, 419–420

  Marina, companion of Cortés, 99, 103, 114, 240, 354

  Marineo Siculo, Lucio, 5

  Marlborough, duke of, 433, 444

  Marquesas Islands, 211

  Marradas, Baltasar de, 316

  marriage alliances and rise of empire, 37

  Marshall Islands, 201

  Martinique, 315, 343, 427, 458, 481, 482

  Mary Tudor, queen of England, 90, 151

  Masaniello, 406

  Masibradi family, 393

  Matthias I, Emperor, 314

  Maurice of Nassau, prince of Orange, 164, 320–321

  Maurice of Saxony, Elector, 80, 89, 321

  Maximilian I, Emperor, 37

  Maximilian II, Emperor, 82, 165, 178

  Maya peoples, 99, 115–116, 126–127, 148, 363

  Mayans, Gregorio, 500

  Mazarin, Cardinal, 384, 408, 410

  Mechelen, 187, 512

  Medici family, 64, 66, 172, 174

  Medici, Catherine de’, 187

  Medici, Francesco de’, 294, 302

  Medina, Bartolomé de, 285

  Medina, Pedro de, 23, 30, 37, 71, 123, 171, 293

  Medina del Campo, 37, 123, 293, 341

  Medina del Campo, treaty of (1489), 23

  Medinaceli, duke of, 155

  Medina-Sidonia, duke of, 30, 303, 307, 308

  Medoro, Angelino, 346

  Melaka, 200, 213, 221–222, 225, 234, 327, 394, 402

  Melilla, 30

  Melo, Francisco de, 407–408

  Mendaña, Alvaro de, 211, 223

  Mendieta, Gerónimo de, 145–149, 265–266, 268, 371–372, 498

  Mendoza Iñigo de 14

  Mendoza, Pedro de, 120, 135, 241

  Mendoza, Antonio de, viceroy of Mexico, 142, 228, 247

  Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro, 141, 189, 248–250, 254

  Meneses, Manoel de, 401

  Mercado, Tomás de, 136, 155, 289, 293–294

  mercenaries in the army, 11, 164, 166, 313

  mercury mines, 88–89, 285, 287, 448

  Mers-el-Kebir, 30–31, 456

  messianic prophecy and empire, 14, 47, 185, 225, 424

  Messina, 25, 72, 172, 183–184, 186, 415, 417

  mestizos in colonial society, 12, 138, 207, 266, 351, 353–354, 358, 359

  Metz, siege of, 57, 79, 80, 190

  Mexicas of Anahuac, 99–100, 103, 105, 113–114, 123, 239, 251, 375, 488

  Mexico City, 142, 204, 206, 243, 246, 253, 276, 350, 463–464, 485, 499

  Mezquital, Valle del, 273

  Michelangelo, 64

  migration to New World, 13, 21, 129

  Milan, 24–26, 38, 57, 59–60, 62, 65–66, 68, 71, 75, 79, 81, 92, 151–152, 156, 163, 165, 168, 173–175, 178, 182, 188, 191, 301–302, 307, 312, 319, 321, 323, 340, 343, 347, 366–368, 381–382, 385, 387, 392, 398, 406, 410, 440, 442, 446, 448, 450, 457, 459, 487, 510

  Spanish impact on, 176

  ‘military revolution’, absence of in Spain, 28

  millenarian ideas and empire, 24, 45, 144, 234, 247, 277, 363, 370, 389

  Minas, Marquis Das, 445

  Mindanao, 204, 206, 208, 233, 421

  Ming dynasty, 207, 216

  mining in New World, 44, 123, 139, 193, 205, 215, 217, 248, 256, 268, 278, 329, 345, 449

  Minorca, 447–448

  mission, role and achievement of, 25, 34, 47, 216–217, 219, 232, 234, 264, 266–269, 282, 377–378, 395, 419, 423, 425, 463, 466–468

  missionaries, 46, 139, 144, 146–148, 194, 204, 208, 253, 265, 269–270, 274, 278, 337, 361, 376, 465, 473, 492, 494, 501

  in Asia, 224, 227, 232–235, 395

  in business, 278

  and the frontier, 255

  and languages, 502–503

  strategies of, 270, 467

  use of violence, 268, 278, 423

  Mississippi river, 246–247, 425–426, 462–464, 484

  mita, 286

  Mixton wars, 116, 247

  Monardes, Dr Nicolás, 505

  Moncada, Hugo de, 41, 62

  Moncada, Miguel de, 184

  Moncada, Sancho de, 371

  Mondéjar, family of, 20, 71, 181

  Montaigne, Michel de, 127

  Monteiro, Jerónimo, 475

  Montemar, count of, 456, 457

  Monterrey, count of, 414

  Montesinos, Antonio de, 97, 145

  Montezuma, emperor of the Mexica, 99–100, 102–104, 240, 254, 488

  Montferrat, 382

  Montúfar, Alonso de, 358

  Morga, Antonio de, 204, 208, 214, 217, 220, 227, 315

  Morgan, Henry, 428, 432

  Moriscos, 13, 21, 132, 168, 181–182, 232, 274–275, 347, 348, 490, 495

  Moros people of Philippines, 204, 421

  Motolinía, Fray Toribio de, 126, 149, 245, 265

  Moura, Cristóbal de, 302

  Mudéjars, 20

  Mühlberg, battle of (1547), 80–81, 190, 332

  Muley, Ismael, 455

  Münster, treaty of (1648), 409–410, 412

  Muslims in Spanish empire, 6, 15–23, 29, 31, 40, 45–47, 77, 132, 135, 172, 181–182, 206, 233, 310, 342–343, 346–347, 455, 495

  Nagasaki, 200, 207, 217–218, 225, 232, 234, 296, 394

  Nahua peoples, 99–101, 104, 112, 114–115, 126, 128, 148, 247–248, 271, 360

  Nahuatl language, 99–100, 146, 148, 254, 498–499

  Nantes, Edict of (1598), 289, 297, 311

  Naples, city and kingdom of 10, 24–30, 33, 36, 39–41, 50, 55–56, 59–60, 62, 65–67, 69, 73–76, 79, 90, 92, 95, 151, 156, 158–159, 161, 163, 166, 169, 172–174, 175–176, 178, 183, 187, 190–192, 297, 299, 305–306, 316, 332–333, 374, 381–382, 388–390, 398–399, 402, 406, 417, 441, 446, 448, 453–454, 457–459, 487–488

  impact of Spanish rule on, 176, 367, 459, 510

  rebellions of, 406, 491

  Narváez, Pá de, 102, 104, 243–244, 246

  Nasrid dynasty, 18

  Natchitoches, 463, 464

  nation states and empire, 36

  Navajo Indians, 272, 466, 468

  naval power, 170, 452

  weakness of Spanish, 15, 23, 70, 76, 156–157, 169, 172–173, 189, 306, 326, 399–400, 417–418, 430, 452–453, 481, 487

  Na
varre, 34–36, 95, 164, 232, 304, 337,352

  Navarrete, Pedro Fernández de, 9

  Navarrete, Domingo de, 236, 503

  Navarro, Pedro, 27, 31–32, 68

  Nebrija, Antonio de, 3–5, 9–10, 34, 53, 145, 333, 335, 337–338, 489, 499, 507

  Necolalde, Ambassador, 395

  negritos, 204

  Negrolo family, financiers, 381

  Netherlands, 33, 37, 49–52, 54–55, 63, 77–81, 90, 92, 133–134, 143, 151–153, 159–162, 164–166, 177, 179–180, 183, 186–190, 280, 294, 296–300, 304, 306–307, 310–312, 314, 315–316, 319–321, 325–326, 328, 336, 339, 346, 347, 364–366, 373, 387, 396, 398, 407, 409–410, 416, 418, 434, 480, 490, 494–496, 500, 506, 510–511

  Spanish opposition to wars in, 373

  Netherlands, Southern, 324, 396–397, 411–414, 418, 440–441, 447–448; see also Belgium

  network of clients in empire, 11, 38, 66, 90, 158, 174, 288, 294, 331, 383, 470, 491

  networks of origin among settlers, 141, 162

  Neumann, Josef, 265, 377

  New Christians, 297, 343, 404

  New Hebrides, 223

  New Laws (1542), 124, 126, 142

  New Orleans, 462, 464, 484, 490

  New World, 5, 9, 13, 43–44, 51–53, 69, 75, 79, 82, 84–85, 87–89, 92, 95–96, 98, 105, 112, 121–28, 130, 132–133, 135, 137, 139–140, 143–144, 147–149, 151, 164, 167, 170, 181, 187, 192–193, 198, 201–203, 209, 214, 221, 225, 239–241, 244, 248–249, 255–257, 260, 264–267, 270–275, 283, 285–287, 290–291, 294, 297, 305–306, 333–334, 337, 340, 344–345, 346, 347, 349–351, 354–357, 360–361, 362–363, 369–372, 375, 392, 423, 435, 458, 460, 470, 472, 481, 487, 494, 504–508, 509–511

  Newfoundland, 171

  Newton, Isaac, 476–478

  Nieva, Domingo de, 502

  Nijmegen, peace of (1678), 416

  Nine Years' War, 416

  nobles, role of in Spanish empire, 6–9, 11, 15, 21, 34–35, 38, 46, 52, 56–57, 62–63, 66, 73, 80, 107, 114, 164–166, 169, 174, 177, 179, 181, 187,191, 240, 297, 301–303, 312, 322, 338, 351, 354, 374, 386, 390–392,402, 459, 499, 500, 508

  Nombre de Dios, 229

  Nootka Sound, 485

  Nördlingen, battle of (1634), 335, 386, 396

  Nördlingen, second battle of (1645), 408

 

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