Ice Ghosts
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empiricists, xxiv
Endeavour, HMCS, 277
Enterprise (whaling barque), 43–44
Enterprise, HMS, 81, 82, 122, 133, 136, 164
Erebus, HMS, xxv, 17, 26, 34–44
animals onboard, 27
artifacts from, 322, 323, 324, 325, 331, 341, 343
autopsies performed onboard, 46–47
conflict surrounding, 324
discovery of, 193, 318–23, 324, 343, 345
Fitzjames as captain of, 12, 26, 28, 34, 41–42
in Franklin Expedition, see Franklin Expedition
Inuit ritual for, 337–41
location of wreck, 334, 335, 344
as national historic site, 324
previous voyages of, 20–21
search for, xxii, 316–18
secrecy of discovery, 318–21, 335
Esdaile, James, 94
Fairholme, James W., 37, 166
Fawckner, William, 140
Fednav Group, 293
Felix, 114, 118, 120, 123
Fisher, John, 232
Fitzjames, James, xxv, 7, 34–36, 69
as Erebus captain, 12, 26, 28, 34, 41–42
and Franklin’s death, 50–51
journal of, 22, 34, 38–43
memorial to, 263
note left in cairn by, 50–51, 78, 167
and scientific projects, 12
food, sterilization of, 58
Ford, Gerald R., 145
Forsyth, Charles, 110, 113, 114, 119, 147
Fox, 162–71, 172, 173, 275
Fox, Caroline, 106
Fox, Margaret, 116–17
Fox Sisters, 116
Franklin, Eleanor, 32–33, 66, 68, 82, 106, 156
Franklin, Lady Jane:
and Admiralty inquiry, 119–20
death of, 173
family of, 105–6
and Fox expedition, 162–63, 164, 165, 170, 275
health of, 170, 173
letters to Sir John from, 79, 81–82
and memorials, 262–63
move to new home, 105–6
newspaper stories about, 170–71, 173
and Northwest Passage, 143
obsession of, 95, 105–6, 172–73
officially declared a widow, 156
and paranormal sources, 66, 78, 82, 92–105, 134–35, 146
private expeditions funded by, 110–13, 133–35, 144, 159–60, 335, 343
public opinion mobilized by, 66, 88, 90, 109, 113
and Rae’s voyage, 146–47, 158–59, 164
research conducted by, 66, 78, 86, 87, 107
reward offered by, 81, 87, 88, 89, 109, 173
and search for Expedition, xxx, 6, 65–68, 75–78, 80–81, 86–108, 109, 146–47, 150, 161, 162, 171, 173
and Sir John’s estate, 105–6
and Sir John’s pension, 80–81, 156, 160
Sir John’s voyage urged by, 3, 6, 8, 82, 95
Snow’s letter to, 112–13
and Sophy, 87, 88, 89, 95, 98, 104, 106, 134, 146, 164, 172–73
travels of, 66–68, 75–77, 146, 171–73
US support sought by, 66–68, 90–92, 116
and Van Diemen’s Land, 6, 33
Franklin, Sir John:
Admiralty orders to, xxv, 12–13, 14, 16, 31, 38, 44, 48, 70–71, 72, 120, 146–47, 218
aging of, 7, 10–11
attempting to regain lost glory, xxviii, 3, 4, 6–12, 60, 307
burial place sought, 219–20, 231–34, 236, 239, 247, 273, 286–87, 336, 339, 346
death of, 50–51, 64, 69, 74, 89, 102, 104, 138, 156, 159, 167, 170, 203, 233
as expedition commander, xxvi, xxx, 5, 11–12, 49, 122–23, 133, 155, 322, 339
journals of, 301–2
memorials to, 262–63
niece Sophia, see Cracroft, Sophia
and Northwest Passage, 143
and omens, 31–33
and Open Polar Sea theory, xxv, 45
pamphlet written by, 32, 35–36
political enemies of, 6, 7, 8, 9, 32
preparations for voyage, 32–33
previous Arctic trips of, 5, 6, 11–12, 18–19, 23–24, 150, 196, 301
property found, 154–55, 166
relations with crew, 34, 37–38, 69
sailing habits of, 42–43
sermons delivered by, 37–38, 69
stories, myths, and rumors about, xxx-xxi, 3, 32, 88, 121, 122, 128–29
teaching sailors to read and write, 26, 69
at Trafalgar, 4–5
in Van Diemen’s Land, 4, 5–6, 8, 10, 11, 32, 33, 35
views on proposed expedition, 8–9
and War of 1812, 5
Franklin Expedition (1845):
articles cached on sea ice, 52–53
assigning blame for failure of, xxxi, 3, 59–60, 121
at Baffin Bay, 43
ballad about, 288
communication cylinders released from, 16–17, 57
copper sheets on hulls of, 280–81, 295
deaths in, 46–48, 50–51, 59, 118, 152–55, 168, 203, 333–34
emergency plan for, 49, 51
entertainment for, 26–28, 69
film planned about, 233
food and provisions for, 3, 23–27, 48, 58–59, 87, 333
gear supplied to, xxvi–xxvii, 83
hunt for ships, see Franklin Expedition search
hunting parties from, 43–44, 49, 118
Kamookak’s research of, 210–11, 213–14, 216–23, 225–27, 231
lead poisoning as possible in, xxiii, 3, 18, 47–48
letters home from, 36–37, 40–41
loss of, xxvii, 141, 156
medicine chest of, 25–26
memorials to, 226, 262–63, 299
notes left at cairns by men from, 49–51, 71, 77, 112, 167, 170, 194–95, 210, 233
“patent fuel” for, 17
preparation for trip, 17–18, 22–23, 111
publicity about, 57, 89, 100
rewards offered for rescue/evidence of, xxx, 71, 81, 87, 88, 89, 109, 158, 173
route (map), xii–xiii
scientific goals of, 12, 14–16, 35, 69
search for Northwest Passage, xxii, xxviii, 14, 57, 164, 171, 332
ships abandoned by crew, xxii–xxiii, xxvii, 51–53, 54, 71, 83, 86, 89, 109, 112, 117, 135, 141, 159, 167, 193, 230, 292, 298, 344
ships moving in the ice, 54, 71, 84, 86, 193, 273, 297, 311, 344
stories and myths about, xxxi, 87, 89, 121–22, 128–29, 152–55, 157, 214, 229, 237, 274–75, 277–78, 333–34
survivors of, xxvii, xxix, 51, 53–54, 69, 71, 79–80, 82–85, 88, 109, 117, 121, 148, 152–54, 164, 167–69, 184, 193–95, 210–11, 214, 230, 234, 258, 274, 276–77, 325, 334
trapped by ice, xxviii, xxix, 48, 50, 52, 64, 69, 86, 167, 293, 295, 307, 308, 312
wintering over, 45–46, 48–49, 69
Franklin Expedition discoveries:
Erebus, 193, 318–23, 324, 343, 345
map, xvi
Terror, 329–35, 343–44
Victoria Strait Expedition (2014), xxii, 309–23, 324–36
Franklin Expedition search, 57–85
Admiralty delays in, see British Admiralty
bathymetric mapping, 292
board of inquiry on, 118, 119–26, 128–29, 132
and Canadian nationalism, 291
clothing and gear for, 130–32
clues sought in, xxix, 65, 87, 130, 163, 164, 231–47
Coleman-Treleaven search, 223–27
costliness of, xxxi, 109, 119, 128, 129, 136, 141, 159, 162
disagreements among searchers, 115–16, 118, 119–21, 232–33, 237, 312, 324, 335–36, 343
enduring questions about, xxxi–xxxii, 127, 155, 172, 341, 344
evidence of cannibalism found, 154–55, 157, 184, 214, 229
false leads in, 123, 124, 127, 132
Fox expedition, 162–71, 275
graves of, 118, 121, 128, 153,
299, 333
Hall’s calling to, 227–30
and Hudson’s Bay Company, 71, 72, 77, 80, 113–14, 146, 159
hydrographers’ searches, 280, 309, 310
and Inuit stories, 112, 115, 121–22, 152–53, 226, 333; see also Inuit
King’s views on, 73–74, 77, 88
Lady Jane’s actions in, see Franklin, Lady Jane
map, xiv–xv
modern missions in, xxii, 134, 145, 294–306, 309–23, 324–36
Moore’s mission to, 78–80
numbers of expeditions for, xxx, 109–10, 113–14, 116, 117–18
Operation Franklin, see Operation Franklin
paranormal associations in, 100–104, 110, 111–13, 116–17, 127, 134–35, 146, 149, 165, 343
Parry’s advice about, 71–72
Penny’s actions in, 63, 64–65, 108, 113, 115, 118, 119–21, 132
petition for extension of, 160–62
political issues in, 109, 291, 307, 343
public interest in, 72–73, 88, 109, 124, 127, 157, 335
and Rae’s voyage, 146–58, 227
relics found, 84, 118, 147–48, 152, 154–55, 166–69, 172, 197–98, 200–201, 216, 222, 249, 281, 284–85, 315–16, 322, 333
renewed search (2008), 291–92, 299–306
Royal Navy’s missions (1850), 109-10, 136; (1852), 133, 136–37, 297
satellite imagery used in, 295–96, 298, 310
Schwatka search, 168, 197, 217
ships abandoned in, 140–43
Sir James Ross’s voyage in, 68, 81, 82
Sir John Ross’s urgings about, 59–62, 69–71
skeletons found, 167–68, 169, 172, 192–93, 223, 282–83, 287
Snow’s vision about, 110–16, 118–19, 165
and treasure hunters, 273, 308–9
US supporters of, 66, 68, 76–78, 90–92, 116–18
Victoria Strait Expedition (2014), xxii, 309–23, 324–36
French Canadian voyageurs, 196
Friendly, Alfred, xxx
Frobisher, Martin, xxvi
Fury, HMS, 33
Gagnan, Émile, 249, 253
Gannet, 309
Geiger, John, 313, 320–21
George Henry, 144
Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, 260
Gesner, Abraham, 62
Gibson, William “Paddy,” 191–98, 212
Gilder, William Henry, 333
Gilmore, Sean, 254, 255
Gjoa Haven, Nunavut, 177–80, 191–92, 197–98, 203–4, 207–8, 209, 213, 239, 325
glaciers, in Little Ice Age, 41
Goldner, Stephen, 58–59
Goodsir, Harry, 35–36, 155
Gore, Graham, 49, 155
Gould, John, 27
Grant, Ulysses S., 229
Great Fish River, 51, 74, 78, 101, 111, 146, 153, 167, 194, 195, 213, 222
Green, James, 158
Grenier, Claude François, 257
Grenier, Robert, 257, 258, 266, 267–71, 280, 281, 291, 294–95
Grey, Earl, 74
Grinnell, Henry, 116, 160, 172, 227, 262
Griper, HMS, 13
Haddington, Earl of, 6, 9, 10–12
Haddock, Joseph W., 103–4
Halkett, Peter, 18–19
Halkett Boat, 18–19, 230
Hall, Charles Francis, xxix, 172, 227–30, 276, 298, 340
Haloktalik, Emily, 191
Hamilton, Alexander, 67
Hamilton, William A. B., 62, 103
Hands, J., 95, 96, 98
Hare, David, 304–5
Harper, Stephen, 290–91, 292, 299, 303–4, 312, 313, 318–19, 345
Harris, Ryan, 281, 297, 316, 318
Hartnell, John, 46–47, 118
Hartstene, Henry, 144
Haughton-Mars Project (NASA), 287–88
Hayes, Rutherford B., 145
Healy, USCGC, 303
Hecla, HMS, 13
Hellyer, Paul, 232
Henry, Father, 188
Herald, HMS, 79
High Arctic:
animal migrations in, 199
animals surviving in, 206
Arctic Archipelago in, see Arctic Archipelago
barrier/sea ice in, 13, 48, 64, 82, 86, 87, 88, 110, 117, 118, 120, 123, 137, 139–40, 143, 149–50, 165, 239, 293–94, 295–96, 307, 310, 312–13, 334, 345
cairns in, 194–95, 240
commercial opportunities in, 289–91, 292, 299
conquest sought, 261
cryosphere in, 86
exploration in (1850), 109–10
Franklin’s previous trips to, 5, 6, 11–12, 18–19, 23–24, 150, 196, 301
ghost ships in, 127–28, 144
Little Ice Age in, 41
NASA research in, 287–88
navigation charts of, xxii, 14, 44, 143, 313–14
Operation Franklin in, 232–47
other expeditions to, xxviii, 161–62
people of, see Inuit
sledge parties in, 130, 132, 160
steam power in, 17, 58
survival in, 3, 184–86
terrain in, 234
winters in, xxix, 60, 64, 120, 125, 136, 139–40, 150–51, 177–80, 194, 296, 307, 311–12
Hobson, William, 166, 167, 170, 230, 233
Hodgson, Stu, 263
Hoffman, James M., 232, 233, 235–37, 239, 242
Holland, Clive, 263–64
Holoptychius bergmanni fossil, 288
Household Words, 103, 157
Hudson’s Bay Company, 19
competition with, 301
and Franklin Expedition search, 71, 72, 77, 80, 113–14, 146, 159
and Inuit translators, 150
mapping mission of, 148, 195
Northwest Passage mapped by, 44
and Operation Franklin, 235, 236, 237
and Rae’s bonus, 158
settlements of, 74, 75, 101, 133, 236
Hughes, David, 235
Humboldt, Alexander von, 15–16
Hummahuk (Louie’s great-grandmother):
and ancient traditions, 181, 188, 209
and Franklin Expedition artifacts, 181, 198, 200–201
illness and death of, 205, 207, 208–9, 223
influence on Louie, 182, 200, 201, 210, 220, 339, 345
as storyteller, 181, 182, 200, 210, 220, 339, 345
Hunt, Pat, 198
ice crystals, drawings of, 293
India, passage to, xxvi
In-nook-poo-zhee-jook (Inuit hunter), 152, 154, 227, 229, 298, 340
International Committee on Underwater Cultural Heritage (ICUCH), 258
Intrepid, 113, 136, 137, 141
Inuit:
amulets of, 186–87, 215–16
angakkuq (shaman), 180, 186–87, 212, 215, 218, 227
and Back’s expedition, 213–15
and British ships, 21, 29, 85, 115, 166, 169–70, 198, 216, 218
and Canadian authorities, 188–90, 202–10, 211
children taken from families, 204–8
clothing and gear of, xxvii, 23, 130, 131
clothing and gear purchased from, 135
early studies of, 183–87
and Erebus discovery, 324, 325
and Erebus ritual, 337–41
and Eskimo numbers/ID tags, 189
food and clothing given to British sailors by, 29–30, 54, 332, 333
and Fox expedition, 165–67, 169
and Franklin Oral History 1998, 213–15
funerary rites of, 209, 218
and Hall’s search, xxix, 227–30, 276, 298, 340
hunting parties of, 153, 199–200, 210, 212, 226, 277
knowledge and experience of, xxxi, 148, 150, 180, 182, 184, 220, 344
land-claims agreement with, 324
meeting Franklin Expedition survivors, 53–54, 153, 184, 211–12, 230, 276–77, 332, 333
myths and legends of, xxix, xxxi, 127, 180, 190–91, 197–98, 201, 209, 212–13, 214, 216, 220–21, 223, 227, 235, 237, 274, 281, 287, 345
–46
names of, 188, 211, 212, 220–22, 226, 340
Netsilingmiut, 166–67, 181, 183–85, 206, 211–12, 215–16, 220, 341
nomads transitioning to settlements, 191, 203–5, 221
Nunavut territory, 246, 283, 292, 324, 335
and Operation Franklin, 235, 236–37, 240–41, 242, 273, 276–78, 280
and Parry’s expedition, 38
prejudice toward, xxxi, 3, 122, 126–27, 157–58, 184, 205, 213, 221, 237, 343
and qalunaaq (white men), xxix, 166, 180, 204, 215–17, 218, 227, 341
and Rae’s expeditions, 148, 151–53, 154–55, 165, 227
and Ross’s expedition, 29–30, 212, 214
rumors of murder by, 115–16, 121–22, 125–26, 132
in “Settlement Generation,” 202–10
and shipwreck location, 166, 219, 274, 276, 279–80, 281, 297–98, 321–22, 340–41
social code of, 184, 186
storytelling by, 18, 29, 65, 88, 112, 115, 126–27, 152, 155, 169–70, 181, 182, 193, 200–201, 206, 210, 211–15, 216–17, 218–20, 226, 229–30, 273, 274, 276–77, 284, 294–95, 297–98, 326, 327, 328, 332–33
and survival, 3, 129, 148, 179–80, 184–86, 187, 194
Ukjulingmiut, 53, 183
and winter severity, xxix, 41
Inuktitut language, 54, 115, 153
Investigator, HMS:
marine archaeologist ship [2011], 309, 317–18, 319, 321
McClure’s ship [1853], 136–38, 141, 196–97
Sir James Ross’s ship [1848], 81, 82, 122, 133, 136
Irving, John, 50
Isabella, HMS, 28, 30, 160
Isbister, A. K., 134, 302–3
Jacko (monkey), 27
Jackson, Andrew, 5
John A. MacDonald, CCGS, 265
Johnson, Lyndon B., 145
Kamookak, George, 341
Kamookak, Irene, 192
Kamookak, Josephine, 221, 337
Kamookak, Louie Qayuttinuaq, 180–82, 187–91
ancestors of, 180–81, 183, 192, 339
birth and survival of, 180, 187–88, 202
detective work of, 193, 209–15, 220–23, 226–27, 273, 274, 292, 295, 340, 345
extended family of, 199–200
forced schooling of, 205–10, 211
and Franklin Expedition, 210–11, 213–14, 216–23, 225–27, 231
Franklin’s grave sought by, 219–20, 231, 273, 286–87, 336, 339, 346
health problems of, 286–87, 337, 345
and Hummahuk, 181, 182, 188, 198, 200–201, 205, 207, 208–10, 220, 223, 339, 345
Kamookak-Keith study on wreck location, 281–82
in “Settlement Generation,” 202–10
and shipwreck ritual, 337–41
skeletons found by, 192–93
and spirit world, 190–91, 327, 341–42, 345
and Treleaven, 225–27
Kamookak, Mary, 180, 187–88
Kamookak, Raymond, 205, 207, 208
Kamookak, Rosie, 205, 207–8