The Making of a Dream

by Laura Wides-Muñoz

  5Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, H.R. 4437, 109th Congress, 2005. https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/4437.

  6Teresa Watanabe and Hector Becerra, “How DJs Put 500,000 Marchers in Motion,” Los Angeles Times, March 28, 2006. http://articles.latimes.com/2006/mar/28/local/me-march28.

  7U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Quick Facts: Florida,” 2006. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045216/12.

  8Jens Manuel Krogstad, “In a Shift Away from New York, More Puerto Ricans Head to Florida,” Pew Research Center, Oct. 30, 2015. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/10/30/in-a-shift-away-from-new-york-more-puerto-ricans-head-to-florida/.

  9“Challenges Facing First Responders in Border Communities,” Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Emergency Communications, Preparedness and Response, of the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, July 12, 2007 (statement by Luis F. Sosa, Jr., Fire Chief, Laredo, Texas). https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg48930/html/CHRG110hhrg48930.htm.

  10Michael Bonner, “Ten Years Later, Effects from Immigration Roundup at Michael Bianco Remain Fresh,” South Coast Today, March 4, 2017. http://www.southcoasttoday.com/news/20170304/ten-years-later-effects-from-immigration-roundup-at-michaelbianco-remain-fresh.

  11Dan Adams, “Six Years Later, New Bedford Raid Still Stings,” Boston Globe, March 10, 2013. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/03/10/immigrants-commemorate-anniversary-new-bedford-raid/Bd2uvh9zjWDhpCgPGGrNoJ/story.html.

  12JJ Hensley, Craig Harris, Jim Walsh, and Michael Kiefer, “Fun-Park Raids Test Hiring Law,” Arizona Republic, Jun. 10, 2008. http://archive.azcentral.com/community/mesa/articles/2008/06/10/20080610golfland-CP.html#comments.

  13Paul Rubin, “Arpaio’s Busts of Immigrants at Popular Valley Water Parks Are All Wet,” Phoenix New Times, July 9, 2009. http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/arpaios-busts-of-illegals-at-popular-valley-water-parks-are-all-wet-6431410.

  CHAPTER 4: DARK CLOUDS LEAD TO A TRAIL

  1United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “The Recession of 2007–2009,” February 2012. https://www.bls.gov/spotlight/2012/recession/.

  2Chris McGreal, “Anti-Obama ‘Birther Movement’ Gathers Steam,” The Guardian, July 28, 2009. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/28/birther-movement-obamacitizenship.

  3Kerry Eleveld, “When Birther Queen Orly Taitz Needed an Anti-immigrant Judge, She Chose Judge Andrew Hanen,” Daily Kos, February 25, 2015. http://www.dailykos.com/story/2015/2/25/1366778/-When-birther-queen-Orly-Taitz-needed-an-anti-immigrant-judge-she-chose-Judge-Andrew-Hanen.

  4Ibid.

  5Lukas Pleva, “No Big Push in First Year,” PolitiFact, August 13, 2010. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/promises/obameter/promise/525/introduce-comprehensive-immigration-bill-first-yea/.

  6Megan O’Matz and John Maines, “Asylum Judge Known as Tough,” Sun-Sentinel, January 7, 2013. http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-01-07/news/fl-judge-immigration-jail-20130105_1_immigration-judges-immigration-review-immigration-laws.

  7“Letters to Barack Obama: Gaby Pacheco,” DREAM Now Series: September 13, 2010. http://www.citizenorange.com/orange/2010/09/dream-now-letters-to-barack-ob-8.html.

  8“Maria Gabriela “Gaby” Pacheco,” TheDream.US. http://www.thedream.us/about-us/staff/maria-gaby-pacheco/.

  9Casey Woods and Noah Bierman, “Family of Young Activist May Be Deported,” Miami Herald, July 28, 2006. https://www.amren.com/news/2006/07/family_of _young/ From Laura: Also from Nexis, did not find original URL from Miami Herald, but did find story as reposted on another site with credit to Herald.

  10Laura Wides-Munoz, “Illegal Immigrants Argue Selective Deportation Before U.S. Board,” Florida Times-Union, April 8, 2008. http://jacksonville.com/apnews/stories/040808/D8VTQG900.shtml.

  11Ward Sinclair and Herbert Denton, “Haitians Win Round on U.S. Asylum,” Washington Post, July 3, 1980. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/07/03/haitians-win-round-on-us-asylum/d39e8741-a554-4b71-9819-27ded809746e/?utm_term=.858fc57eac87.

  12Jean v. Nelson, 472 U.S. 846, 1985. http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supremecourt/472/846.html.

  13Irwin P. Stotzky, “Ira J. Kurzban: Lawyer as Hero,” University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 635 (1992): 637–41. http://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1441&context=umialr.

  14Abby Goodnough, “All in the Family, Brothers Wage War on Uncle Fidel,” New York Times, March 8, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/08/national/08miami.html.

  15Laura Wides-Munoz, “Florida’s New Speaker Brings a Passion for Politics,” St. Augustine Record, November 21, 2006. http://staugustine.com/stories/112106/news_4226362.shtml#.Vsro8pMrKT8.

  CHAPTER 5: A TRAIL OF TEARS AND DREAMS

  1Laura Wides-Munoz, “Youth Trek from Miami to DC for Immigrant Rights,” News-day, January 1, 2010. http://www.newsday.com/news/nation/youth-trek-from-miami-to-dc-for-immigrant-rights-1.1679772.

  2U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, “Freedom Tower, Miami, Florida.” https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/Freedom_Tower.html.

  3David Brooks, “Inicia marcha de estudiantes migrantes para la dignidad de esa co munidad en Estados Unidos,” La Jornada, January 2, 2010, p. 19. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/01/02/index.php?section=mundo&article=019n1mun.

  4United Farm Workers, “UFW Chronology.” http://ufw.org/research/history/ufw-chronology/.

  5Felipe Matos, “I Think I’m Pregnant . . . ,” Trail of Dreams, January 31, 2010. http://trail2010.org/blog/2010/jan/31/i-think-im-pregnant/.

  6Felipe Matos, “Moving Forward, Across, and Ahead,” Trail of Dreams, January 18, 2010. https://trailofdreams2010.wordpress.com/2010/01/page2/.

  7Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–1965 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), 335.

  8Juan Rodriguez, “An Unjust Law Is No Law at All—St. Augustine,” Trail of Dreams, January 18, 2010. http://trail2010.org/blog/2010/jan/18/unjust-law-no-law-all-st-augustine/.

  9Mark Potok, “Led by the Antigovernment ‘Patriot’ Movement, the American Radical Right Is Continuing to Expand Rapidly,” Intelligence Report, February 23, 2011. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2011/year-hate-extremism-2010.

  10Juan Rodriguez, “Contradictions,” Trail of Dreams, February 20, 2010. http://trail2010.org/blog/2010/feb/20/contradictions/.

  11Jacqueline Stevens, “America’s Secret ICE Castles,” The Nation, December 16, 2009. https://www.thenation.com/article/americas-secret-ice-castles/.

  12“Trail of Dreams Cary,” April 8, 2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfAzpt1xGP0.

  13Felipe Vargas “profe,” “Testimonio 1: The Way of the DREAMURI,” Trail of Dreams, January 29, 2010. http://trail2010.org/blog/2010/jan/29/DREAMURI/.

  14Felipe Matos, “Innocent Voices,” Trail of Dreams, February 15, 2010. http://trail2010.org/blog/2010/feb/15/innocent-voices/.

  15Peter Wallsten, “President Obama Bristles When He Is the Target of Activist Tactics He Once Used,” Washington Post, June 10, 2012. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/president-obama-bristles-when-he-is-the-target-of-activist-tactics-he-onceused/2012/06/09/gJQA0i7JRV_story.html?utm_term=.9f481139109f.

  16Ali Noorani, There Goes the Neighborhood: How Communities Overcome Prejudice and Meet the Challenge of Immigration (New York: Prometheus Books, 2016), 29.

  17Hillsborough County, Florida, police records.

  18Enrique Flor, “Detienen a estudiante en Tri-Rail,” Sun-Sentinal, March 25, 2010. http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-03-25/noticias/fl-elcom0327trirail-20100325_1_patrulla-fronteriza-agentes-el-contrabando.

  19Felipe Matos, “Thoughts Running Through My Mind,” Trail of Dreams, April 27, 2010. http://www.trail2010.org/blog/2010/apr/7/thoughts-running-through-my-mind/.

  20Isabel Rodriguez, personal emails. April 2010.

&
nbsp; CHAPTER 6: ARRIVAL AND THE AFTERGLOW

  1Thomas Ferraro and Tim Gaynor, “Democrats Unveil Immigration Reform Plan,” Reuters, April 28, 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-immigration-usa-arizona/democrats-unveil-immigration-reform-plan-idUSTRE63R5HP20100429.

  2“Graham move imperils Obama agenda,” CNN Politics, April 24, 2010. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/04/24/graham-move-imperils-obama-push-for-immigration-reform-climate-change/

  3Rafael Prieto, “Trail of DREAMs Walkers Arrive in Washington, D.C. to Deliver Message to President Obama,” YouTube, April 28, 2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQzOXSBVxDo.

  4Darren Samuelsohn, “Immigration May Be on Sidelines for a While—Obama,” E&E News, April 29, 2010. https://www.eenews.net/stories/90368.

  5David Montgomery, “Trail of Dreams Students Walk 1,500 miles to Bring Immigration Message to Washington,” Washington Post, May 1, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/30/AR2010043001384.html.

  6Marie Gonzalez blog, July 6, 2009. http://mariengonzalez.blogspot.com/2009/07/.

  7Julia Preston, “Immigration Advocates Rally for Change,” New York Times, May 1, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/us/02immig.html?_r=0.

  8Carlos QC, “Immigration Rally: Rep Luis Gutierrez Arrested at White House / May 2010,” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AROZcIw0qi0,May2,2010.

  9Anthony Cave, “Did John McCain Support the Dream Act, Then Vote Against It?,” PolitiFact Arizona, May 24, 2016. http://www.politifact.com/arizona/statements/2016/may/24/ann-kirkpatrick/did-john-mccain-support-dream-act-then-vote-agains/.

  10Julia Preston, “Illegal Immigrant Students Protest at McCain Office,” New York Times, May 17, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/us/18dream.html.

  11thedreamiscoming, “Los McCain Cinco,” YouTube, May 18, 2010. https://www.you-tube.com/watch?v=9WX2G3WooE8.

  12Jordan Fabian, “Gay Rights Protesters Interrupt Obama Speech at Fundraiser,” The Hill, April 20, 2010. http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/93193-obama-speech-interrupted-by-gay-rights-protesters.

  13Steven Portnoy and Sunlen Miller, “’Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ Protesters Chain Themselves to White House Fence,” ABC News, March 18, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/protestors-charged-chaining-front-white-house/story?id=10138564.

  14“Rep. Gutierrez talking down to youth and DREAM Act—Will CHC support DREAM?,” youtoube video, posted by Mohammad Abdollahi, July 24, 2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzW2IamxXlg.

  15Gutiérrez would eventually come around to supporting the DREAM Act. And in an ironic twist, half a decade later, students would come back to protest in his office because they felt he was too focused on the limited reach of the DREAM Act rather than on comprehensive reform. But some on his staff remained bitter about the sit-in and the leaked phone call. They saw it as a cheap attempt to shame one of the few lawmakers who at the time was dedicated to helping and willing to engage with students.

  16Krissah Thompson, “Immigrant Rights Groups Adjust Focus to Passage of AgJobs, Dream Act,” Washington Post, July 27, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2010/07/27/AR2010072704307.html.

  17U.S. Census, “Hispanic Population, 2010,” 2010 Census Briefs. https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf.

  18Roberto G. Gonzalez, “Wasted Talent and Broken Dreams: The Lost Potential of Undocumented Students,” Immigration Policy Center, 2008. http://www.fosterglobal.com/policy_papers/WastedTalentAndBrokenDreams.pdf.

  19Vanessa Ho, “Dropout Rates Highest Among Mexican Immigrants, Study Says,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, February 4, 2002. http://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Dropout-rates-highest-among-Mexican-immigrants-1079333.php.

  CHAPTER 7: A MARRIAGE, A DEATH, AND A VOTE

  1Marie Gonzalez, blog post, July 23, 2009. http://mariengonzalez.blogspot.com/2009/07/.

  2“As November Approaches,” Marie Gonzalez blog, October 26, 2010 http://mariengonzalez.blogspot.com/2010/

  3Email correspondence among Marie Gonzalez, USCIS, and her attorneys. October 19 through October 28, 2010.

  4Cristina Jiménez and Peter Dreier, “How Undocumented Youth Moved the Immigrant Rights Movement,” November 2015. http://www.peterdreier.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Gettysburg-DREAM-case-Final-Nov-2015-clean.pdf, p.8.

  5Carlos Saavedra, Facebook, December 17, 2010.

  6United States Senate, Roll Call Vote 111th Congress, Second Session, Vote 278, December 18, 2010. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call _vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=2&vote=00278.

  7C-SPAN, December 18, 2010. https://www.c-span.org/video/?297168-4/senate-debate-dont-ask-dont-tell-dream-act.

  8Ibid.

  9Ibid.

  10Ibid.

  11Ibid.

  12Elspeth Reeve, “What Happens When Mom Gets Stuck on Capitol Hill for Christmas,” The Atlantic, December 5, 2012. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/12/when-mom-gets-stuck-capitol-hill-christmas/320790/.

  13Peter Wallsten, “President Obama Bristles When He Is the Target of Activist Tactics He Once Used,” Washington Post, June 10, 2012. Wallsten described aides’ recollection of Obama consoling staff who had sought to help the DREAMers. The president pointed to the “Don’t ask, don’t tell” vote, telling them “This is a journey, and we will get there,” according to Wallsten.

  CHAPTER 8: NEW PATHS

  1A 2014 Pew Research study found the average millennial college graduate making $46,032 per top graph in source cited in 2009, compared to $28,000 for a high school–only grad, a gap nearly double the difference in 1979. Richard Fry, “For Millennials, a Bachelor’s Degree Continues to Pay Off, but a Master’s Earns Even More,” Pew Research Center, February 28, 2014. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/02/28/for-millennials-a-bachelors-degree-continues-to-pay-off-but-a-masters-earns-even-more/.

  2Brendan O’Boyle, “Peru’s LGBTQ Community Frustrated By Violence, Presidential Election,” Americas Quarterly, March 3, 2016. http://www.americasquarterly.org/content/perus-lgbt-community-seeks-voice-presidential-election.

  3Dan Littauer, “Peru Gay Man Tortured, Dismembered and Burned to Death,” Huffington Post, June 12, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/dan-littauer/peru-gayman-tortured-dis_b_4399107.html.

  4Jose Antonio Vargas, “My Life as an Undocumented Immigrant,” New York Times Magazine, June 22, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/26/magazine/my-life-as-an-undocumented-immigrant.html.

  5U.S. Customs and Immigration Enforcement, “Secure Communities Monthly Statistics Through September 2012.” https://www.ice.gov/doclib/foia/sc-stats/nationwide_interop_stats-fy2012.pdf

  6Burke and Wides-Munoz, “Immigrants Prove Big Business for Prison Companies.”

  7Kevin Sieff, “Immigrant Detention Center in Va. Would Be Mid-Atlantic’s Largest,” Washington Post, July 18, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/17/AR2010071701416.html.

  8Peter Galuszka, “Farmville’s Gravy Train May Be Slowing,” Washington Post, May 1, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/farmvilles-gravy-train-may-be-slowing/2015/05/01/6ee059b6-edea-11e4-8abc-d6aa3bad79dd_story.html?utm_term=.dd3e23fcbf10.

  9ICE Office of Detention Oversight “Compliance Inspection for the Immigration Centers of America, Farmville, Farmville, Virginia,” July 2015, p. 6. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2840181-2015FarmvilleVA.html.

  10produced by the American Civil Liberties Union, Detention Watch Network, and National Immigrant Justice Center, “Fatal Neglect: How ICE Ignores Deaths in Detention,” February 2016. https://www.detentionwatchnetwork.org/sites/default/files/reports/Fatal%20Neglect%20ACLU-DWN-NIJC.pdf.

  11ICE Office of Detention Oversight Compliance Inspection, “Enforcement and Removal Operations Washington Field Office Immigration Centers of America-Farmville, Farmville, Virginia, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2644423-Farmville.html.

  12Ibid.

  13David Sherfinski
, “Illegal Immigrant Pleads Guilty in Killing of Nun in Va.,” Washington Times, October 31, 2011. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/oct/31/trial-begins-illegal-immigrant-who-killed-nun-fata/.

  CHAPTER 9: MOUNTING PRESSURE

  1“Secure Communities and ICE Deportation: A Failed Program?” TRAC Reports, April 8, 2014. http://trac.syr.edu/immigration/reports/349/.

  2U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Immigration Offenders in the Federal Justice System, 2010,” October 22, 2013. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/iofjs10.pdf,17.

  3Laura Wides-Munoz, “AP Enterprise: States’ Immigration Efforts Fizzle,” Victoria Advocate, May 23, 2011. https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/news/2011/may/23/bc-us-immigration-states/.

  4April Carter, Marie Lawrence, and Ann Morse, “2011 Immigration-Related Laws, Bills and Resolutions in the States: Jan. 1–March 31, 2011,” National Conference of State Legislatures. http://www.ncsl.org/research/immigration/immigration-laws-and-bills-spring-2011.aspx.

  5“A Declaration of Five Principles to Guide Utah’s Immigration Discussion,” The Utah Compact, November 11, 2010. https://the-utah-compact.com/.

  6Devin Dwyer, “Kansas State Rep. Under Fire for Illegal Immigrant, Feral Hog Comparison,” ABC News, March 25, 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kansas-rep-fire-comparing-illegal-immigrants-feral-hogs/story?id=13223497.

  7John Morton, Director, “Civil Immigration Enforcement: Priorities for the Apprehension, Detention, and Removal of Aliens,” memorandum, March 2, 2011. https://www.ice.gov/doclib/news/releases/2011/110302washingtondc.pdf.

  8John Morton, Director, “Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion Consistent with the Civil Immigration Enforcement Priorities of the Agency for the Apprehension, Detention, and Removal of Aliens,” memorandum, June 17, 2011. https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/prosecutorial-discretion-memo.pdf.

  9Morton, “Civil Immigration Enforcement.”

  10UnidosUS, “President Barack Obama Keynote Address at 2011 NCLR Annual Conference,” July 29, 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-udcY6ubfFw.