American Warlords
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ENDNOTES
ENDNOTE ABBREVIATIONS
AP
Henry H. Arnold Papers, Library of Congress
BCS
British Chiefs of Staff
CCS
Combined Chiefs of Staff
COHP
Columbia Oral History Project
DAM
Douglas A. MacArthur
DDE
Dwight D. Eisenhower
EJK
Ernest J. King
EL
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
EP
Eisenhower Papers
ER
Eleanor Roosevelt
FDR
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
FDRL
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library
FDR-PL
FDR, Personal Letters
FDR-PP
FDR, Public Papers and Addresses
FRUS
Foreign Relations of the United States
GCM
George C. Marshall
GCML
George C. Marshall Library
HHA
Henry H. Arnold
HLH
Harry L. Hopkins
HLS
Henry L. Stimson
HST
Harry S. Truman
HSTL
Harry S. Truman Presidential Library
JCS
Joint Chiefs of Staff
KP
Buell-Whitehill Collection of Ernest J. King Papers, NWC
LC
Library of Congress
MP
The Papers of George Catlett Marshall
MP-GCML
George C. Marshall Papers, GCML
NARA
National Archives and Records Administration II
NHC
Naval Historical Center
NHC-OL
NHC Online Archives
NWC
Naval War College
NYT
The New York Times
PHH
Joint Congressional Committee, Pearl Harbor Hearings
PL
Forrest Pogue Collection, Murray State University
PP-LC
Patton Papers, LC
PSF
President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL
SEP
The Saturday Evening Post
SP
Henry L. Stimson Papers, Yale University
USAMHI
U.S. Army Military History Institute
WP
The Washington Post
WSC
Winston S. Churchill
Dates without corresponding descriptions represent diary entries.
PROLOGUE “THERE MUST BE SOME MISTAKE”
1 Pharmacist’s Mate 2d Class Lee Soucy, interview, n.d., NHC-OL (“crazy Marines”); “Spectacular Air Drama Plays at the Waikiki,” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 12/7/41; “Navy Is Superior to Any, Says Knox,” NYT, 12/7/41; CINCPAC to Secretary of the Navy, “Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor,” 2/15/42, NARA/NHC-OL; Arakaki and Kuborn 62–67.
2 James Powder, interview, 10/19/59, GCML; GCM, testimony, 12/7/45, 12/13/45, PHH 3:1108–10, 3:1509; GCM, interview, 3/29/54, GCML; GCM to Madge Brown, 12/5/41, MP 2:694–95; Toland 201. There are many discrepancies regarding the timing of Marshall’s movements that morning. This account is based on the testimony of Marshall and the few associates who were with him that day.
3 GCM, testimony, 12/7/45, 12/13/45, PHH 3:1108–10, 3:1509; Katherine Marshall 98–99; “Army Pearl Harbor Investigation,” PHH 3:1448; Pogue 2:229, 3:57.
4 Japanese Government to United States Government, 12/7/41, Department of State Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 129, 12/13/41; Sherman Miles to GCM, 12/15/41, PHH 2:929; Miles, testimony, 11/29/45, PHH 2:930, 938.
5 GCM, testimony, 12/7/45, PHH 3:1108–10; Sherman Miles to GCM, 12/15/41, PHH 14:1410; J. R. Deane to W. B. Smith, 6/8/42, PHH 14:1411; Sherman Miles, “Sunday Morning, December 7, 1941,” 12/15/41, PHH 2:929; Leonard T. Gerow, “Memorandum for the Record,” 12/15/41, PHH 14:1409; W. B. Smith, “Memorandum for the Record,” 12/15/41, PHH 14:1410; Toland 191, 202; Prange 506; Morison 3:98–127.
6 CINCPAC to Secretary of the Navy, 2/15/42, NARA/NHC-OL; Richardson 2–19, quoting Robert E. Thomas, Oswald S. Tanczos, Dave Smith, and Tom A. Beasley, Howard Asa Price, Jr., interviews; Toland, Rising Sun, 212–14.
7 HLH, memorandum, 12/7/41, in Sherwood 430–31; FDR, Jr., interview 1/11/79, FDRL; Toland, Rising Sun, 223 (“mistake”); Smith, FDR, 508.
8 Commanding Officer, USS Utah, to CINCPAC, 12/15/41, NHC-OL. Utah had been commissioned as a battleship, but was a target ship by the time of Pearl Harbor, and not moored on Battleship Row.
9 CINCPAC to Secretary of the Navy, 2/15/42, NARA/NHC-OL; Commanding Officer, USS Oklahoma, to CINCPAC, 12/18/41, NHC-OL; “Report by the Secretary of the Navy to the President,” 12/14/41, FDRL (PSF 59).
10 Commanding Officer, USS Tennessee, to CINCPAC, 12/11/41, NHC-OL; Commanding Officer, USS West Virginia, to CINCPAC, 12/11/41, NHC-OL; Commander, Battleships, Battle Force to CINCPAC, 12/19/41, NHC-OL.
11 “Report by the Secretary of the Navy to the President,” 12/1
4/41, FDRL (PSF 59); Prange 506; Toland, Rising Sun, 216–19.
12 HLS, 12/6–7/41; Pogue 2:222. Note: all HLS diary entries are found in Stimson Papers, Yale.
13 Foreign Office to Nomura, 11/15/41, PHH 12:137; HLS, 12/6–7/41.
14 HLS, 12/7/41 (“Have you”); Felix Frankfurter, interview, 2/20/58, PL; Morison 529.
15 Toland, Rising Sun, 219.
16 EJK, interview, 5/6/46, KP (box 2); George Russell, interview, 12/11/74, KP (box 11); Francis S. Low, “A Personal Narrative of an Association with Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, U.S. Navy,” 20, unpublished MS, 1961, KP (box 10); Buell, excerpts from “CINCLANT History,” 1:257, KP (box 5); D. L. Madeira to Thomas Buell, 8/9/74, KP (box 2) (“Hell”).
17 EJK, portrait, NARA; EJK, interview, 8/27/50, KP (box 8); EJK, interview, 5/6/46, KP (box 2); Neil Dietrich, interview, 12/10/74, KP (box 11); Whitehill 349; Buell 135.
18 CINCPAC to Walter B. Howe, 12/27/41, NARA/NHC-OL; CINCPAC to CINCUS, “Damages Sustained by Ships as a Result of the Japanese Raid,” 12/7/41, NARA/NHC-OL.
19 Memorandum, 12/7/41, FDRL (Official File 4675: World War II, 1941, box 1).
20 ER, This I Remember, 233; Goodwin 290, citing James Roosevelt, interview.
21 Usher’s Log, 12/7/41, FDRL; FDR and Morgenthau, transcript, 12/7/41, FDRL (Morgenthau Papers, box 515); Tully 254–55; Ickes 3:661; Claude R. Wickard, 12/7/41, FDRL (Claude R. Wickard Papers; Department of Agriculture Files; Cabinet Meetings, 1941–1942, box 13).
22 HLH, 12/7/41, in Sherwood 432–33; Francis Biddle, 12/7/41, FDRL (Biddle Papers, Cabinet Notes 1941, box 1); Smith 536; Tully 256 (“Sit down”); FDR, Draft No. 1, 12/7/41, FDRL (“world history”). “Infamy” was added in the next draft.
23 Claude R. Wickard, 12/7/41, FDRL (Wickard Papers, Cabinet Meetings, box 13); Francis Biddle, 12/7/41, FDRL (Biddle Papers, Cabinet Notes 1941, box 1); Ickes 3:662; HLS, 12/7/41 (“1861”); HLH, 12/7/41, in Sherwood 432–33; Perkins 124; Frances Perkins, interview, part viii, 63, COHP (“berth”); Tully 257.