American Warlords

by Jonathan W. Jordan

  37 Pogue 3:350.

  38 Pogue 3:350, citing Army and Navy Journal, 1/15/44, 574.

  39 “3 Unions End Holdout on Rises,” NYT, 1/15/44 (“over”).

  40 Rexford G. Tugwell, The Brains Trust (New York: Viking Press, 1968), 434 (“oracle’s cave”); DAM, Reminiscences, 96; Cray 119–20.

  41 “Dewey Leads Poll in ’44 Election,” NYT, 9/18/43; Pogue 3:323, 444–45, quoting William Sexton to GCM, 11/22/43 (“demoted”).

  42 “Drive Links Bricker, M’Arthur for ’44,” NYT, 10/24/43; “Many Offers of Help,” NYT, 11/6/43; Pogue 3:445.

  43 Miller to DAM, 9/18/43 and DAM to Miller, 10/2/43, in “Text of Letters on MacArthur for President,” NYT, 4/14/44.

  44 Miller to DAM, 1/27/44 and DAM to Miller, 2/11/44, in “Text of Letters on MacArthur for President,” NYT, 4/14/44.

  45 Vandenberg 84–86.

  46 “MacArthur Will Not Accept Nomination,” NYT, 4/30/44 (“I have”); “M’Arthur’s Stand Not Unexpected,” NYT, 5/1/44.

  FORTY-THREE HALCYON PLUS FIVE

  1 Goodwin 505, quoting ER to FDR, 5/2/44, FDRL (Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, box 16).

  2 Jordan 360–61.

  3 HLS 6/5/44; Pogue 3:386, 388, citing DDE to GCM, 5/17/44, 6/4/44 (“confirmed”).

  4 Usher’s Log, 6/2/44, FDRL; Goodwin 506–07, citing Harriman, Special Envoy, 311, and quoting Anna Halsted, interview, FDRL; Hassett, 6/8/44 (“physical”).

  5 Tully 265 (“The Boss”).

  6 ER, interview, 7/13/54, FDRL (Oral Histories, box 1) (“polio”).

  7 Usher’s Log, 6/5/44, FDRL; FDR, speech, 6/5/44, FDR-PP, 1944, 147–49 (“poised”).

  8 DDE to GCM, 6/6/44 3:1914–15; Hassett 6/6/44.

  9 HLS, 6/6/44.

  10 Goodwin 509, quoting ER, interview, FDRL; George Elsey, list of EJK-FDR appointments, 5/11/48, KP (box 9); FDR, blood pressure record, 5/1/44–6/14/44, FDRL (Anna Halsted Papers, box 66).

  11 FDR, speech, 6/6/44, FDR-PP, 1944, 152 (“My fellow Americans”).

  12 “Let Us Pray,” NYT, 6/7/44 (“The president’s).

  13 HHA, “Trip to England,” 6/8–21/44, LC (Arnold Papers, box 2); EJK, “Flight Log Book No. 3, Year 1944,” KP (box 4); Whitehill 547–53; Pogue 3:390–91; McCarthy to Pogue, 11/8/57 and 7/9/71.

  14 Cunningham 605 (“saturnine”); HHA, 6/9/44, LC (Arnold Papers, box 2); Roberts 491.

  15 HHA, 6/10/44, LC (Arnold Papers, box 2); CCS, minutes, 6/10–11/44; GCM, press release, 6/15/44, MP 4:483–84; Pogue 3:392; Craven and Cate, 5:99–102; WSC to HLH, 8/2/44, FDRL (Hopkins Papers, box 334); Cray 459.

  16 HHA, 6/11/44, LC (Arnold Papers, box 2); Betsy Matter, interview, 12/9/74, 12, KP (box 10).

  17 Pogue 3:394, quoting Frank McCarthy to Pogue, 11/8/67.

  18 HHA, 6/12/44, LC (Arnold Papers, box 2) (“mad house”).

  19 Photograph, 9/1/39, GCML (GCM Papers, box 16); EJK, “Notes from Flight Log No. 3, Year 1944,” KP (box 4); Pogue 3:395.

  20 EJK, “Notes from Flight Log No. 3, Year 1944,” KP (box 4); Bradley, Soldier’s Story, 289–91; Pogue 3:396.

  21 HHA, 5/12/44, LC (Arnold Papers, box 2); EJK, “Notes from Flight Log No. 3, Year 1944,” KP (box 4) (“We arrived”); Whitehill 550; Brooke, 6/12/44.

  22 EJK, “Notes from Flight Log No. 3, Year 1944,” KP (box 4); EJK, interview, 1/31/49, KP (box 8) (“I managed it”); HHA, 6/14/44, LC (Arnold Papers, box 2) (“bed”).

  23 WSC to FDR, 6/9–10/44, and FDR to WSC, 6/12/44, in Pogue, Supreme Command, 233; HLS, 6/11/44; HLS, 6/22/44; Smith, FDR, 614 n. (“Allez”).

  24 GCM, interview, 10/29/56, GCML (“Brad”).

  25 HLS, 6/12/44 (“danger”).

  26 HLS, 6/14/44.

  27 HLS, 6/14/44 (“little figure”), 6/15/44.

  28 HLS, 6/14/44 (“This is”).

  29 HLS, 6/15/44.

  30 HLS, 6/13/44, 6/15/44 (“fight”), 6/20/44 (“blank”).

  31 HLS, “Memorandum of Conference at the State Department,” 6/27/44.

  32 Brooke, 6/23/44 (“We had”).

  33 Butcher 608; WSC to FDR, 6/21/44; DDE to Henry Wilson, 6/16/44, EP 3:1930; DDE to GCM, 6/20/44, EP 3:1938–39; DDE to CCS, 6/23/44, EP 3:1943–45.

  34 WSC to FDR, 6/28/44 (“Our first”).

  35 FDR to WSC, 6/28/44 (“On balance”).

  36 GCM, interview, 10/29/56, GCML (“sideboards”); HLS, 6/28–29/44; FDR to WSC, 6/29/44 (“setback”). FDR edited this slightly before sending.

  37 Brooke, 6/30/44 (“wild schemes,” “damned fools”).

  38 WSC to FDR, 7/1/44 (“grieved”).

  39 WSC to FDR, 7/1/44 (“diminished”).

  40 WSC to Ismay, 7/6/44, in WSC, Triumph and Tragedy, 691–92; Pogue 3:413 (“lying down”); Gilbert, Road to Victory, 843 (“stupidest”).

  41 DDE to WSC, 8/24/44, MP 4:2095 (“prosperous”).

  FORTY-FOUR HATFIELDS AND MCCOYS

  1 Hoffman 46, 77, n.4, 281–82; Crowl 79, 85–86; Shaw 267–69.

  2 CCS, minutes, 6/14/44; Shaw 231–33, 636.

  3 Shaw 233.

  4 Craven and Cate 5:17–18, 24–25.

  5 Jisaburo Ozawa, interrogation, 10/16/45, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, 8–9; Richard S. Pattee to Walter Whitehill, 2/25/52, enclosing “Japanese Ships Lost in Battle of Philippine Sea,” n.d., KP (box 13).

  6 Richard S. Pattee to Walter Whitehill, 2/25/52, enclosing “Japanese Ships Lost in Battle of Philippine Sea,” n.d., KP (box 13).

  7 “The Generals Smith,” Time, 9/12/44; Oman T. Pfeiffer, interview, 251–52, KP (box 10).

  8 Crowl 191–94; Shaw 301–03; Pogue 3:448.

  9 Goldberg 14–15.

  10 “The Generals Smith,” Time, 9/18/44; Oman T. Pfeiffer, interview, 258–60, KP (box 10); Crowl 191–94, citing Spruance to Nimitz, 6/29/44, and Smith, Coral and Brass, 171.

  11 Crowl 191; Pogue 3:449.

  12 “The Generals Smith,” Time, 9/18/44; Crowl 194–96, citing San Francisco Examiner, 7/6/44; Pogue 3:448; EJK, interview, 7/3/50, KP (box 6); Frank Mason to Thomas Buell, 6/6/77, KP (box 7).

  13 Thomas Handy, interview notes, 3/23/59, PL; EJK, “Notes Based on Flight Log No. 3, Year 1944,” n.d., KP (box 4); GCM to Richardson, 8/5/43, MP 4:80–81 (“circumstances”).

  14 Crowl 195, citing Handy to GCM, 8/4/44; Thomas Handy, interview notes, 3/23/59, PL.

  15 Pogue 3:450, quoting GCM to EJK, 11/22/44 (“healthy rivalry”).

  16 J. R. Topper to Thomas Buell, 9/27/74, KP (box 2).

  FORTY-FIVE MR. CATCH

  1 Smith, Triumph, 7.

  2 Pogue 3:441–43, quoting DAM to GCM, 6/18/44.

  3 HLS, 6/22/44 (“butting”); Smith, Triumph, 4–5.

  4 GCM to DAM, 6/24/44 (“A successful”).

  5 MP 4:492–95, quoting JCS to DAM and Nimitz, 6/12/44, and DAM to GCM, 6/18/44; Matloff, 1943–1944, 481, 485, citing DAM to GCM, 7/8/44.

  6 HLS, 3/6/44; EJK, interviews, 5/1/48, 7/4/50, KP (box 8); EJK, interview, 5/1/48, KP (box 13); EJK and Whitehill, “Mr. Roosevelt Versus the Philippines and Formosa,” n.d., KP (box 8); Whitehill, extracts of JCS meetings, n.d., 6/14/44 entry, KP (box 4); Glenn Perry to Edmond. P. Bartnett, 4/16/44, KP (box 11); Matloff, 1943–1944, 480–81.

  7 Smith, Approach, 452; Buell 441; EJK and Whitehill, “Mr. Roosevelt Versus the Philippines and Formosa,” n.d., KP (box 8).

  8 EJK, “Notes Based on Flight Log No. 3, Year 1944,” n.d., 7/17/44 entry, KP (box 4) (“All hands”); EJK and Whitehill, “Mr. Roosevelt Versus the Philippines and Formosa,” n.d., KP (box 8).

  9 EJK, interviews, 7/4/50, 11/29/50, KP (box 8) (“I was quite careful”).

  10 FDR to Robert E. Hannigan, 7/11/44, FDR-PP, 1944, 197 (“If the people”); Sherwood 809. />
  11 “Roosevelt Nominated for Fourth Term,” NYT, 7/21/44; “Commander in Chief,” NYT, 7/22/44.

  12 HLS, telephone conversation with James Byrnes, 3/24/44; Tully 274 (“I became”).

  13 Howard Bruenn, examination notes, 3/27/44–5/26/44, FDRL (Bruenn Papers); Howard Bruenn, draft article, n.d., FDRL (Bruenn Papers); Lomazo and Fettman 102–03.

  14 Hassett 239–41; Leahy 258; Lomazo and Fettman, 92–95, 97–104, 109–11; Smith, FDR, 603–05, 617–18; Reilly 197 (“ghouls”); Goodwin 516–17.

  15 McCullough, Truman, 300–01.

  16 FDR to Samuel D. Jackson, 7/14/44, FDR-PP, 1944, 199 (“personal friend”); Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, 222–25 (“You are”).

  17 Weintraub 43 (“Nice boy”); Usher’s Log, 6/13/44, 7/7/44, 7/12–13/44; Smith, FDR, 617–19, citing Edward J. Flynn, You’re the Boss, 194–96; FDR to Robert Hannegan, 7/19/44, FDR-PP, 1944, 200.

  18 “Log of the President’s Inspection Trip to the Pacific,” 3/16/45, FDRL (Tully Papers, box 7); Leahy 293; Tully 130, 276; Leahy 291–93; Whitehill 566; Beschloss 5.

  19 EJK, interviews, 7/4/50, 11/29/50, KP (box 8) (“Is that?”); EJK and Whitehill, “Mr. Roosevelt Versus the Philippines and Formosa,” n.d., KP (box 8); Parrish 239.

  20 James Roosevelt, Affectionately, F.D.R., 351 (“Jimmy,” “Help”); FDR to ER, 7/21/43, FDR, Personal Letters, 2:1525; “Log of the President’s Inspection Trip to the Pacific,” 3/16/45, FDRL (Tully Papers, box 7); Goodwin 528–29.

  21 FDR, address, 7/20/44, FDR-PP, 1944, 204 (“I am now”).

  22 Rosenman, Working, 453; Life, 7/31/44; Weintraub, Final Victory, 152; Goodwin 530; Parrish 432–33.

  23 “Log of the President’s Inspection Trip to the Pacific,” 3/16/45, FDRL (Tully Papers, box 7); Howard Bruenn, draft article, n.d., FDRL (Bruenn Papers); Reilly 60.

  24 GCM to Robert Richardson, 7/20/44, MP 4:528–29; GCM to DAM, 7/6/44, 7/18/44, MP 4:528–29 n.1 (“Mr. Catch,” “Leahy etc.”); Reilly 191–92.

  25 “Log of the President’s Inspection Trip to the Pacific,” 3/16/45, FDRL (Tully Papers, box 7); Rosenman 456 (“longest”); Leahy 293–94; Smith, FDR, 620.

  26 “Pacific War Talks,” NYT, 8/11/44; Rosenman 457 (“Hello, Doug.”).

  27 William Rigdon, “Log of the President’s Trip to Quebec,” FRUS, Quebec, 282; Pogue 3:451, citing Nimitz, interview (“car”).

  28 Pogue 3:451–52, citing Nimitz, interview, November 1960 (“Douglas”); Larrabee 347 (“I’ve been too busy”).

  29 Cannon 6, citing S. E. Morison to Cannon, 1/22/51 (claiming FDR told him) and Robert Richardson to GCM, 8/1/44.

  30 Leahy, 7/27–28/44, LC (Leahy Papers, box 2); “Log of the President’s Inspection Trip to the Pacific,” 3/16/45, FDRL (Tully Papers, box 7); Leahy 294.

  31 Wilson Brown, draft of Four Presidents, 174, FDRL (Brown Papers) (“never heard”); Leahy 294 (“After so much”).

  32 FDR to DAM, 9/15/44, FDR-PL 2:1541; Robert Richardson to GCM, 8/1/44, MP 4:528–29 n.4; “Pacific War Talks,” NYT, 8/11/44; Hopkins, Pacific War, 242, quoting Weldon E. Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1987), 260.

  33 EJK, interviews, 7/30/50, 8/27/50, KP (box 8) (“let me down,” “people I dislike”); Charlotte Pihl, interview, 3/16/74, 19, KP (box 10) (“back stiff”); EJK and Whitehill, “Mr. Roosevelt Versus the Philippines and Formosa,” n.d., KP (box 8) (“Nimitz was”).

  34 EJK, “Notes Based on Flight Log No. 3, Year 1944,” n.d., 7/17/44 entry, KP (box 4) (“Of course”).

  35 GCM to Stanley Embick, 9/1/44, MP 4:567–69 (“half”); MP 4:567–69, citing George Lincoln to Thomas Handy, 8/31/44.

  36 MP 4:567–69, citing JCS, minutes, 9/1/44; Cannon, Return, 7; Smith, Triumph, 9–10.

  FORTY-SIX TRAMPLING OUT THE VINTAGE

  1 WSC to FDR, 7/16/44 (“When,” “mosquitoes”).

  2 CCS, plenary session minutes, 9/13/44; HHA, 9/14–16/44, LC (Arnold Papers, box 3); EJK, interview, 7/7/47, PL.

  3 Charles Portal, interview, 2/7/47, PL (“Admiral King”). CCS, minutes, 6/14/44; JCS, “CCS 452/27, ‘British Participation in the War Against Japan,’” 9/13/44; EJK, interview, 7/7/47, PL; Perry, Drew Bart, 16 (“inefficient”).

  4 HHA, 9/14/44, LC (Arnold Papers, box 3) (“hell”); CCS, minutes, 9/14/44 (“practicability”).

  5 CCS, minutes, 9/14/44; Tim Wendel and Richard Langworth, The Definitive Wit of Winston Churchill (PublicAffairs, 2009) 202 (“bull” comment attributed to Churchill about John Foster Dulles).

  6 CCS, minutes, 9/14/44; Buell 508.

  7 Brooke, 9/14/44 (“We had”); Cunningham, Cunningham Papers 2:160 (“King made”); Cunningham, Sailor’s Odyssey, 612 (“I don’t think”).

  8 William R. Smedberg III, interview, 6/9/76, KP (box 11).

  9 Paul D. Stroop, interview, 11/1/69, 205–06, KP (box 10); GCM, Biennial Report, 1943–45, 71; Cannon, Return, 8, quoting Halsey to Nimitz, 9/14/44 (“no shipping”).

  10 Garand and Strobridge 65.

  11 A. S. McDill, interview, 11/30/48, KP (box 9); EJK, 12/1/48, KP (box 9); Hayes 621, quoting GCM to DAM, 9/13/44 (“highly to be”).

  12 GCM, Biennial Report, 1943–45, 71; Cannon, Return, 8–9; Buell 446–447.

  13 CCS, minutes, 9/15/44 (“took note”); Buell 447.

  14 Pogue 3:454; Buell 447, citing EJK-Nimitz, minutes, 9/29/44.

  15 EJK, interview, 7/4/50, KP (box 8); Buell 447, citing EJK-Nimitz minutes, 9/29/44; EJK, interview, 7/4/50, KP (box 8).

  16 Buell 448, citing EJK-Nimitz, minutes, 9/29/44.

  17 Cannon 9, citing JCS to DAM, 10/3/44; Smith, Triumph, 16–17.

  18 FDR-PL 2:1364; FDR to Harold Smith, 11/19/42, FDR-PL 2:1371; Beschloss 51, citing Morgenthau, 8/25/44 (“You and I”); Leahy 320.

  19 Beschloss 71–75.

  20 Blum 342 (“castrate”), 344 (“wards”); FDR, remarks, 8/23/44, FDR-PP, 1944, 233 (“prisoners”).

  21 Beschloss 95–96.

  22 HLS, 8/21/44, 8/23/44.

  23 HLS, “Memorandum of Problems of Germany,” 8/25/44; HLS, 8/25–26/44, 10/28/43 (“eat”), 12/18/43; Harvey Bundy, “Memorandum of Conference with the President,” 8/25/44; Bundy, Active Service, 567–68.

  24 Blum, 351–52; Beschloss 100–01.

  25 Blum, 352–55 (“flood and dynamite”); Bundy, Active Service, 570, quoting Hull, memorandum, 9/5/44; Beschloss 100–04.

  26 HLS, 8/26/44, 9/4/44 (“Morgenthau is”).

  27 Blum 360 (“This Naziism”); HLS, 9/5/44; Beschloss 106

  28 McCloy, 9/5/44 (“greatly distressed”).

  29 HLS, 8/25/44, 9/5/44 (“I feel”); HLS, memorandum, 9/5/44, in HLS, 9/5/44.

  30 Usher’s Log and Stenographer’s Diary, 9/6/44, FDRL; Stenographer’s Log, 9/6/44, FDRL; HLS, 9/6/44; Bundy, Active Service, 573; Beschloss 107–08.

  31 HLS, 9/7–8/44 (“a Jew like Morgenthau”); Bundy, Active Service, 574.

  32 Usher’s Log and Stenographer’s Diary, 9/9/44, FDRL; HLS, 9/9/44.

  33 HLS, 9/9/44; Beschloss 118; FDR to Hull, 10/13/44, FDR-PL 2:1545–46.

  34 HLS, 9/11/44 (“spirit”), 9/20/44; Beschloss 117–18.

  35 H. Freeman Matthews, memorandum, 9/20/44, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 135–36 (“chained,” “angry); John McCloy, meeting notes, 9/20/44, in HLS, 9/20/44; Morison 609, citing Hull, Memoirs, 2:1614; WSC, Triumph and Tragedy, 156–57; Beschloss 125 (“unnatural”); Manchester and Reid 874; Blum 369 (“He turned”).

  36 HHA, “Memorandum of Conversation,” 9/14/44, in HHA, 9/14/44, LC (Arnold Papers, box 3); John McCloy, meeting notes, 9/20/44, in HLS, 9/20/44; H. Freeman Matthews, memorandum, 9/20/44, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 135–36; WSC, Triumph and Tragedy, 156–57; Morison 609–10; Manchester and Reid, 874.

  37 HLS, 9/16–17/44 (“I have ye
t”); John McCloy, meeting notes, 9/20/44, in HLS, 9/20/44; HLS to FDR, 9/15/44, in HLS, 9/16–17/44.

  38 “Morgenthau Plan is Criticized,” NYT, 9/28/44 (“hooligans”); “Morgenthau Plan Discussed,” NYT, 10/3/44 (“Carthaginian”); “Dutch Look Beyond War,” NYT, 10/3/44; Beschloss 139.

  39 HLS, 9/23/44, 10/3/44; “President Denies Rift on Germany,” NYT, 9/30/44; “F.D. Says Cabinet ‘Split’ Is Essentially Untrue,” Washington Daily News, 9/30/44, FDRL (Hopkins Papers, box 332); “President Sees Increase in Nazi Influence,” Christian Science Monitor, 9/29/44; “Administrative Puzzles,” NYT, 10/3/44, FDRL (Hopkins Papers, box 332); Blum 365.

  40 “F.E.A. Asked to Plan Curbs on Germany,” New York Herald-Tribune, 9/30/44, FDRL (Hopkins Papers, box 332) (“demons”); Pogue, Supreme Command, 342; Beschloss 143, quoting Morgenthau, 9/28/44 (“loudspeakers”).

  41 “Text of Dewey’s Speech,” NYT, 10/19/44 (“overnight”); “Dewey Denounces ‘Secret Diplomacy,’” NYT, 10/19/44; “Text of Address by Gov. Dewey,” NYT, 11/5/44 (“ten fresh divisions”).

  42 Beschloss 146.

  43 FDR, address, 10/21/44, FDR-PP, 1944–45, 352–53 (“enslaved”).

  44 “A Good Example of the Value of Publicity,” NYT, 9/29/44 (“high administration sources”); “F.E.A. Asked to Plan Curbs on Germany,” New York Herald Tribune, 9/30/44, FDRL (Hopkins Papers, box 332); Morison 610, citing John McCloy, notes, 9/20/44; “Morgenthau’s Absurd Plan Out,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 9/30/44, FDRL (Hopkins Papers, box 332); “F.D.R. Outlines Plan to Keep Reich Helpless,” New York Evening Post, 9/29/44, FDRL (Hopkins Papers, box 332); “Morgenthau Plan Shelved,” NYT, 9/28/44; McCloy, memorandum, 12/19/44; HLS, 12/19/44; Beschloss 169–70.

  45 HLS, 10/3/44 (“He was frankly”); John McCloy, memorandum, 10/3/44 (“boner”); FDR and WSC, memorandum, 9/15/44, in HLS, 9/20/44 (“pastoral”).

  46 HLS, 10/27/44.

  47 HLS, 11/4/44 (“punished”), 2/11/41 (“youngsters”).

  FORTY-SEVEN OLD WOUNDS

  1 Weintraub, Final Victory, 64–65.

  2 HLS, 11/10/44.

  3 Sherwood 819–20; Weintraub, Final Victory, 151 (“How can you”).

  4 GCM to Thomas Dewey, 9/27/44, MP 4:607–11; “Countercharge,” Time, 10/2/44; Weintraub, Final Victory, 155.