The Little Girl Who Fought the Great Depression: Shirley Temple and 1930s America
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Nobel Prize, 186
Norris, Kathleen, 213
Northwestern Miller, 43
Now and Forever, 75, 78, 82, 152, 161, 218
Nugent, Frank, 165–66, 174–75, 179, 184–85, 192, 197
Oakie, Jack, 195
“Oh My Goodness,” 173
Oh Yeah? (Angly), 13
Oliver Twist, 53
“On Account’a I Love You,” 81
“On the Good Ship Lollipop,” 5, 85–86, 173, 215
orphans, 82–83
Oscars (Academy Awards), 88, 167
Our Gang comedies, 53, 157
Our Little Girl, 152, 153, 161, 213
Our Movie Made Children (Forman), 126–27
Oursler, Fulton, 42
Out All Night, 209
Pacific Gas and Electric, 240
Pangborn, Franklin, 173
Panic of 1893, 11
parades, 61–62, 63, 149
Paramount, 65–67, 75, 95, 152, 173, 261n
Parents Magazine, 138
Patterson, J. R., 103
Payne Fund studies, 68, 126–27, 263n
pedophelia, 81–82
Peple, Edward, 104
Perkins, Frances, 21, 22–23, 40, 45, 261n
Perry, Lincoln, see Fetchit, Stepin
personality rights, 201
Peter Pan (Barrie), 53, 86
Photoplay, 5
Pickford, Mary, 133–34, 181, 196, 203, 204, 224, 237, 243
Pierce, John and Lizzie, 118
Pinocchio dolls, 148
Pitts, ZaSu, 209
Playthings, 143
Pokrass, Samuel, 176
poliomyelitis, of FDR, 23–26, 29–30, 171
Pollock, Jackson, 129
Polly Tix in Washington, 50, 50, 52
“Polly-Wolly-Doodle,” 5, 105, 109
Poor Little Rich Girl, 155, 173, 174, 181, 213, 287n
Pour Vous, 125
poverty, poor:
pride and, 79–80
ST appeal to, 117–18, 146–47
Poverty Row, 48, 51
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 112
Powell, Sterling, 214
Powell, William, 117
Power, Tyrone, 204
press:
Depression coverage in, 13
FDR’s relationship with, 32–33, 41, 43
Hoover’s antagonism toward, 16, 32
and Lindbergh kidnapping, 210–11
sensationalist, 210–13
ST coverage in, 5, 52, 119
see also specific publications
pride, masculinity and, 77–80
Prince and the Pauper, The (Twain), 53
privacy:
blurring of line between celebrity and, 201–2, 205, 233
right to, 200–201
ST’s lack of, 206–10, 214–17
“Private Life of Shirley Temple, Wonder Child of the Screen, The,” 220
Production Code Administration (PCA), 69
Public Enemy, The, 153
publicity stunts, 202
Purachatra Jayakara, Prince of Siam, 116
Quaker Oats, 138
Quigley, Martin J., 70
radio:
in American culture, 33–34, 193, 255n
entertainment on, 48, 157
FDR’s use of, 32–40, 44–45
Hoover’s delivery on, 16–17, 21, 36
Nazi use of, 44–45
ST’s broadcast threat, 217
Radio City Music Hall, 103
Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO), 65–67, 93, 94
Rainger, Ralph, 95
Rand, Ellen Emmet, 42
ransoms, 210
Raymond, Gene, 267n
Reaching Juvenile Markets: How to Advertise, Sell, and Merchandise through Boys and Girls (Grumbine), 137
Reagan, Ronald, 238
Rebecca, 237
Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, 161, 172–76, 180, 181, 224–25, 266n
Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 14
Reebok, Ann, 144
Republican party, 9–10, 13, 20, 26, 32, 36, 38, 42, 43, 59, 90, 189, 194, 228, 244
Rice, Thomas D., 97
Ricketson, Frank H., Jr., 123
Rieff, Philip, 243
Rin-Tin-Tin, 154
Roach, Hal, 157
Robinson, Bill “Bojangles,” 88–113, 92, 97, 108, 175
African American assessment of, 110–13
critical acclaim for, 94–95, 267n
dancing of, 4, 91, 93, 95–96, 98, 100–101, 107, 270n
death and funeral of, 112–13
and FDR, 90–91, 112
joy projected by, 93, 96
philanthropy of, 110
as proponent of civil rights, 111–12
racist constraints on, 109
smile of, 2, 89, 91, 96, 111, 112, 113
staircase dance of, 101–3, 102
stereotyping of, 91, 93, 96–97
in ST films, 88–89, 106, 174, 179, 266n, 268n; see also specific films
temper of, 111–12, 271n
Robinson, Elaine, 112
Robles, June, 212
Rockefeller, Nelson, 116
Rogers, Ginger, 162, 224
Rogers, Lela, 224, 250n
Rogers, Will, 12–13, 17, 39–40, 97–98, 152, 154, 251n, 261n, 268n
Rolph, James “Sunny Jim,” 26
Romero, Cesar, 161, 168
Rooney, Mickey, 198
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 4, 23, 24, 25, 40, 59, 80, 116, 146–47, 227
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 3, 4, 14, 189, 198, 253n, 257n, 261n
African American support for, 90, 94
attempted assassination of, 29
background of, 22–23
critics and opponents of, 43, 45
cultivation of charisma by, 22–25, 27, 33, 37–38, 40, 45
deliberate speaking style of, 256n
Depression recovery strategy of, 1–3, 6, 21, 29–32, 34–45, 69, 77, 148
fictional film version of, 59, 61
first inauguration of, 28, 29–31, 34–40, 59, 254n
humor of, 41, 42, 43–44
Hundred Days innovations of, 21, 31–32
laugh of, 42
in New York politics, 14, 22–23, 26, 36
in 1932 election, 19–20
optimism and confidence projected by, 27, 31, 34–39, 45, 59
polio contracted by, 23–26, 29–30, 171
Robinson and, 112
smile of, 2, 6, 22–25, 27, 31, 32, 34–35, 38, 40–44, 59, 89, 243
ST’s meeting with, 59, 60, 64, 116, 243
suspicion and fear of, 44
use of media by, 21, 32–40, 44–45
voice of, 36–40, 45
Roosevelt, James, 25, 29
Roosevelt, Sara, 25
Roosevelt, Theodore, 23, 141, 153, 253n
Rosita, 203
Ross, Charley, 212
Roxy Theatre, 66
Runt Page, 49, 50, 78
Runyon, Damon, 75, 77
Russell, Johnny, 187, 188
Russia, 10, 20
Santa Monica, Calif., 9
Sara Crewe; or, What Happened at Miss Minchin’s Boarding School (Burnett), 181
Schallert, Edwin, 191, 192
Schenck, Joseph, 67, 187, 228
Schoenberg, Arnold, 116
Scott, Hazel, 102
Scott, Randolph, 161, 173–74, 184
Screen Actors Guild, 238
Screen Guild Theater, 217
Screenland, 208
Sears, Roebuck company, 141
Seiter, William, 221
Sellon, Charles, 84
Selznick, David O., 104, 153, 237–38, 239, 241, 291n
Sendak, Maurice, 212
Sennwald, Andre, 103
Shean, Al, 190
Shearer, Norma, 117
Sheehan, Winfield, 73–75, 80, 141, 151–55, 163, 197, 221, 236
Zanuck vs., 152
Shelby, Juliet (Mary Miles Minter), 104
&n
bsp; Shirley Temple badges, 227
Shirley Temple Black and Bill Robinson White (Colescott), 106
Shirley Temple formula, 3–4, 58, 83, 119, 148, 151–52, 155, 196–98, 237
innovations to, 188–90
waning appeal of, 163–70, 176–80, 197–98
Zanuck and, 166–68, 170, 172–74, 176–78, 181–84, 187, 189, 194, 197–98
“Shirley Temples,” as term, 155
Silver Screen, 5, 125
Simplicissimus, 115
Since You Went Away, 237, 291n
slavery, film image of, 104–8
smiles:
in African American stereotype, 88, 98
of Eisenhower, 243
of FDR, 2, 6, 22–25, 27, 31, 32, 34–35, 38, 40–44, 59, 89, 243
negative response to, 43
postwar symbolism of, 243
of Robinson, 2, 89, 91, 96, 98, 111, 112, 113
of ST, 1, 6, 48, 59, 88, 89, 103, 109, 146, 150, 164, 165, 168, 198, 239
symbolism of, in Depression, 1–2, 26, 34, 80–81, 89, 111, 233
Smith, Alfred E., 19–20, 26
Smith, C. Aubrey, 168
Smith, Charlotte, 224
Snow White dolls, 148
Solomon, Aubrey, 278n, 282n–83n
Sondergaard, Gale, 190
So Red the Rose, 104
South, 89–90
mythic, 97–98, 99, 104, 107, 109
songs of, 101
Southern California Edison Company, 7–8
Soviet Union, 12
Spyri, Johanna, 170
Square Crooks, 80–81
Stafford, John, 192
stage/screen fathers:
dilemma of, 229–30
see also Temple, George
stage/screen mothers, 9, 46–47, 54, 125, 132, 224, 227
satire of, 127–28
see also Temple, Gertrude Krieger, as determined screen mother
Stalin, Joseph, 45
Stand Up and Cheer!:
African Americans in, 88–89
as ST’s breakthrough film, 2, 48, 55, 56–63, 56, 58, 62, 69, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 82, 87, 118, 119, 143, 149, 152, 155, 171, 179, 185, 194, 205, 207, 243
“Starvation Blues,” 18
State Department, U.S., 66
State of the Union Address (1931), 14
Steamboat Round the Bend, 152
Stearns, Marshall and Jean, 95–96
Stephens, Frank, 214–15
stereotypes:
of African Americans, 88–89, 91, 93, 95, 99–100, 104, 106–7, 110–12, 113
of Southern gentleman, 99
Stimson, Henry L., 16
stock market crash (1929), 11–14, 21, 67, 93
Stokowski, Leopold, 116
Stowaway, 87, 162, 173, 279n
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 53, 97, 164
Stratton, Charles (General Tom Thumb), 163
Strauss, Theodore, 238
Stuart, Gloria, 173, 175
Sturges, Preston, 87
Styne, Jule, 228, 229
Sullivan’s Travels, 87
Summerville, Slim, 173, 175
Superior Court, California, 241
Supreme Court, U.S., 59
Susannah of the Mounties, 161, 174, 184–85
Swanson, Gloria, 203, 220
talent scouts, 47
tap-dancing, 4, 89, 93, 95, 127, 171
Tarzan, 52
Technicolor, 26
Teddy bears, 141
“teenagers,” as term, 238
television, 33, 241, 243
Temple, Francis, 8
Temple, George, 2, 51, 55, 206–7, 207, 214, 215, 225, 239
breadwinner dilemma of, 202, 228–30
courtship and marriage of, 7–9
financial mismanagement by, 240–41
in ST’s career, 55, 73, 74, 187, 188–89, 229, 232–33, 237
upward mobility of, 8–9, 228
Temple, George Francis, Jr. “Sonny,” 8–9, 205, 208, 222, 241
Temple, Gertrude Krieger, 2, 47, 60, 214, 215, 239
conflict between Zanuck and, 174, 180, 184, 187–89, 195–96, 237
courtship and marriage of, 7–9
as determined screen mother, 9, 46–48, 50–52, 55, 56, 118, 201, 205, 218–19, 224–25
as disciplinarian, 225–28, 290n
dismissive justification of, 52
financial mismanagement by, 240–41
perceived as child-rearing expert, 222–23, 225–26
as protective of ST, 222–25, 227, 232
relationship of ST and, 223–27
salary of, 48, 73–74, 220, 229
in ST’s career management, 73, 74, 144, 174, 177, 180, 184, 188, 195, 209, 218, 220–21, 223–25, 232, 237
in ST’s private life, 200, 205–7
Temple, Grace, 7
Temple, Herbert, 8
Temple, John “Jack,” 8–9, 205, 208, 222, 241
Temple, Shirley, 3, 47, 50, 56, 58, 62, 63, 74, 76, 100, 102, 108, 140, 158, 160, 182, 187, 207
adulthood of, 238–244, 242
altered birth date of, 74, 119, 217
American cultural legacy of, 6
birthday parties of, 119–20, 121, 137
birth of, 2, 9
as central in family dynamic, 233
cottage of, 220, 228
curls of, 46, 75, 114, 129, 131–32, 134, 148, 159, 174, 218
cuteness factor of, 157–58, 163–64, 171, 176–78, 186, 198, 205
as Depression-era cultural phenomenon, 1–6
in Depression recovery strategy, 2–3, 45, 59, 106, 148–49, 178–79, 243
diminutive stature of, 159–62, 177, 193, 279n–80n
ear infection of, 50–51
FDR’s meeting with, 59, 60, 64, 116, 243
fear experienced by, 215–16
financial exploitation of, 240–41
flirtatiousness of, 48, 81–82, 86
and J. Ford, 166–69
imitation of, 114, 123–33, 205
innocence of, 48, 69, 78, 85, 86, 89, 122, 155, 168, 205, 216
as jealous, 183
marriage of C. Black and, 239–40
marriage of J. Agar and, 239–40
merchandising of, 5, 82, 120, 137, 145
name of, 118
naughtiness and brattiness of, 227–28
“normality” projected by, 217–23
parodies of, 122–23
personal charm of, 226, 228
in postwar politics, 244
precocity of, 218–19
private life of, 199–202, 205–10, 213–36
prodigious talent of, 4, 86, 103, 107, 157, 161–63, 169, 175, 179, 197, 218–19
protective solicitude toward, 220–21
puberty and adolescence of, 185, 192–93, 196, 198, 238
purported IQ of, 221
relationship between George Temple and, 229–30
relationship between Gertrude Temple and, 223–27
reminiscences of, 52, 165, 180, 187, 223, 224, 233
and Robinson, 91, 98–99, 101–2, 104–8, 112, 113, 174, 179
schooling of, 218, 221
security issues for, 206, 209
smile of, 1, 6, 48, 59, 88, 89, 103, 109, 146, 150, 164, 165, 168, 198, 239
threats to, 213–17
trust fund of, 232
Temple, Shirley, film career:
actors as unnerved by, 218
attempts to preserve, 150–98
breakthrough of, 2, 5, 47, 56–63, 69, 73, 75, 80, 87, 116, 122, 123, 149, 152, 155, 185, 194, 198, 206, 219–20
celebrity and stardom of, 2, 5, 63–64, 75, 88, 114–49, 150, 154, 178, 197, 199–201, 205, 206
contracts of, 48, 55, 73–75, 74, 122–23, 148, 151, 152, 173, 196, 217, 220, 229, 237, 241
critical acclaim for, 64, 103, 107, 165–66, 172, 174–75, 179–80, 183–84, 191, 196–97, 237–38
critical disparagement of, 165–66, 169–70, 176–80, 184–85, 191–92, 19
6–97, 237–39
demanding work schedule of, 217–18, 233
discarded projects of, 186
earnings of, 48, 73–75, 88, 154–55, 180, 196, 208, 228–33, 240–41, 259n
emotional healing through, 3–4, 57, 88, 99, 190
emphasis on ST’s youth in, 81, 139, 157–59, 163, 166–67, 169, 171, 176, 185, 193
end of, 238–39, 241
as family’s financial support, 51
fan mail of, 205–6
fans of, 5–6, 114, 123–33
film output of, 2, 75, 218, 237
film persona of, 4, 48, 51, 199–201, 205, 226
foils for, 83–84, 89, 100
global fame of, 5, 115, 119–20, 121, 124–25, 126, 131–32, 147–48
after leaving Twentieth Century–Fox, 237–38
maturity dilemma in, 148, 163, 166–67, 169, 172, 176, 177–78, 184–85, 192–93, 196
merchandising through, 143–44
more demanding, 168, 195
mother’s control of, see Temple, Gertrude Krieger, as determined screen mother
movie set routine of, 221
“natural talent” breakthrough myth of, 219–20
onset of, 47–52, 55–56, 127, 217
popularity polls for, 117
possible erotic subtexts in, 81–82, 86, 106
publicity and promotional events for, 5, 48, 119–31, 137, 218
recurring formula in, see Shirley Temple formula
redemption and reconciliation themes in, 78–79, 80–81, 103, 131, 168, 173, 184, 196, 213
with Robinson, 88–89, 91, 101–2, 104–8
scene stealing by, 165
sensational articles about, 217
ST’s retirement from, 195, 196–97
waning of, 2, 148, 166, 169–70, 176–78, 181, 185–98, 216–17, 237–39
Temple, Shirley, films of:
Baby Burlesks, 49–50
Bright Eyes, 79, 82–87, 84, 152, 153, 190, 214
Dimples, 163–66, 173, 266n, 268n
Heidi, 87, 148, 170–72, 173, 175, 209, 224, 279n
The Little Colonel, 89, 97, 98–103, 102, 144, 152, 153, 155, 163, 168, 226
Little Miss Marker, 75–78, 76, 82, 89, 152, 155, 159, 218, 224
The Little Princess, 53, 87, 159, 161, 181–84, 182, 209, 226, 282n
The Littlest Rebel, 89, 97–99, 100, 103–9, 108, 112, 155, 161, 163, 168, 227, 269n
Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, 161, 172–76, 180, 181, 224–25, 266n
Square Crooks, 80–81
Stand Up and Cheer!, 2, 48, 55, 56–63, 56, 58, 62, 69, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 82, 87, 88–89, 118, 119, 143, 149, 152, 155, 171, 179, 185, 194, 205, 207, 243
Susannah of the Mounties, 161, 174, 184–85
Wee Willie Winkie, 148, 155, 160, 161–62, 167–71, 174, 183, 184, 204
Temple family, 7–9, 148
financial status of, 51, 88, 229, 232–33, 240–41
as Hollywood elite, 209
increasingly grandiose homes of, 206–10, 214
transformative effect of celebrity on, 5–6, 88, 199–202, 205–10, 213–36