Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind

by Sue Savage-Rumbaugh

  spontaneous-language acquisition syntactical structures and Theory of Mind

  Washoe

  word-learning

  See also specific chimpanzees by name

  Apes, compared to man Argument from Personal Incredulity Artistic creations, and origins of language Audenaerde, Dirk Thys van den Austin and Animal Model Project and contextual information in language comprehension games of pretend by

  self-recognition on television by and veridicality maintenance in word acquisition See also Animal Model Project; Sherman

  Australia

  Australian aborigines Australopithecus afarensis

  B

  Bakeman, Roger

  Bates, Elizabeth

  Bev

  Bever, Tom

  Bipedalism

  and vocal tract

  Blume, Harvey

  Boesch, Christophe

  Bonobo Protection and Conservation Fund Bonobos characteristics of

  compared to humans

  language learning compared to chimpanzees near extinction of

  as prehominid ancestor sexual behavior of

  study of social/communicative behavior See also Kanzi

  Booee

  Bosondjo

  Boysen, Sarah

  Bradford, Phillips Verner Brain

  brain size/linguistic capacity damage, and language impairment evolution in humans

  increase and evolution Branch dragging

  Broca’s area

  Bruno

  Byrne, Richard

  C

  Calvin, Bill

  Cartmill, Matt

  Categorical shift

  Cheney, Dorothy

  Cheney, Seyfarth

  Chimpanzee Intelligence (Yerkes) Chimpanzees

  biting by

  infanticide

  language learning compared to bonobos mirror-recognition by

  in monkey shows

  personality differences sexual behavior

  sharing by

  social life of

  teaching by mother

  tool use by

  use of American Sign Language vocalizations, nature of See also Bonobos; Kanzi; specific chimpanzees by name

  Chimp Farm

  Chomsky, Noam

  Cindy

  Clever Hans Conference Clever Hans effect

  Cognitive development, and language Comprehension

  nature of process

  of spoken English

  Connie

  Consciousness

  animal

  and humans

  Consonants

  lack of vocalization by apes relationship to vowels Coolidge, Harold J.

  Coula nuts

  CRAFT Annual Award

  Critical period, in language acquisition Cultural acts, transmission of

  D

  Darwin, Charles

  Descent of Man, The

  Expression of Emotions in Animals and Man, The

  language comprehension by animals Origin of Species, The

  study of animal emotions tool use by prehistoric humans Davidson, Iain

  Dawkins, Richard

  Deception, in animal kingdom Descartes

  Descent of Man, The (Darwin) Developmental Learning Center DNA, of apes

  Dogs, mirror recognition Drakensberg Mountains

  E

  Embedded phrases

  Emotions and animals, Darwin’s work Empiricists, doctrine of Engagement

  Epstein, Robert

  Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature (Huxley) Expression of Emotions in Animals and Man, The (Darwin)

  F

  Facial expression, interpretation by bonobos Fading

  Figan

  Food manipulation

  Fossey, Diane

  Fouts, Roger

  G

  Galdikas, Birute

  Gallup, Gordon

  Gardener, Beatrice

  Gardner, Allen

  Georgia Retardation Center GG rubbing

  Gibson, Kathleen

  Glaserfield, Ernst von Goliath

  Gombe Stream reserve

  Goodall, Jane

  Goodman, Morris

  Gorilla Foundation

  Graded system, of vocal communication Grammar

  Great Chain of Being

  Greenfield, Patricia

  Griffin, Donald Gua

  H

  Hard-hammer percussion Hayes, Catherine

  Hayes, Keith

  Heck, Heinz

  Hediger, Heini

  Herman, Lou

  Homo erectus

  Homo habilis

  Homo sapiens

  archiac

  evolution of

  rational mind of

  Homosexuality

  in bonobos

  in humans

  Homo troglodytes

  Hopkins, William

  Human evolution

  bipedalism

  and bonobos

  brain size, increase of history of study of

  Lucy

  and origins of language tool-making, significance of Human-reared apes

  Huxley, Julian

  Huxley, Thomas Henry

  I

  Imagination, pretend games and animals Infanticide

  Ingmanson, Ellen

  Ingold, Tim

  Institute for Primate Studies Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) International Primatological Society Isaac, Glynn

  J

  Jack

  Jill

  Johanson, Donald

  K

  Kano, Takayoshi

  Kanzi action-related utterances adoptive mother’s relationship with birth of

  communication gestures of comprehension of spoken English embedded phrases, understanding of first encounter with researchers formal analysis of language grammar of

  language instruction of language-learning method used multiword utterances

  novel vocalizations of spontaneous-language acquisition syntactical structures tool-making by

  vocalizations of

  weaning of

  Kellogg, Louise

  Kellogg, Winthrop

  Keyboard

  in ape-language projects in LANA

  lexigrams on

  Kitui

  Koko

  Koobi Fora

  Koola-kamba

  Kuroda, Suehisa

  L

  Lana

  LANA (LANguage Analogue) Project Language

  acquisition stages

  Chomsky’s view

  and cognitive development components of

  criteria for establishment of grammar critical period in learning of innate language capacity interaction and language acquisition and origins of

  symbolic communication “Language” and Intelligence in Monkeys and Apes: Comparative Developmental Prespectives

  Language-impaired humans augmentative language systems of and brain damage

  developmental approach to language teaching effectiveness of language program Kanzi approach used with LANA system for

  learning of lexigrams

  remedial approach to language teaching social behavior and language acquisition spontaneous communications of Language learning and apes. See Ape-language research

  Language Perspectives

  Language Research Center (LRC) Lanza, Robert

  Laura

  Leakey, Louis

  Lemmon, Bill

  Lieberman, Philip

  Linda

  Linguistic representation, components of Linguistic Society of Paris Linneaus, Carolus

  Little One

  Lokelema

  Lorel

  Lucy

  Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis)

  M

  McDonald, Kelly

  McGrew, Bill

  McHenry, Henry

  Man the Tool-Maker (Oakley) Matata

  sexual activity

  as Kanzi’s adoptive mother Maternal behavior studies Maternal deprivation

  M
ax

  Mel

  Mentally-retarded language learning projects See also Language-impaired humans

  Menzel, Emil

  Midgely, Mary

  Miles, Lynn

  Mirror-recognition

  chimpanzees

  dogs

  retarded children

  Monkeys, compared to apes Morgan’s Canon

  Mulika

  Multiword utterances

  Murphy, Alia

  Murphy, Jeannine

  N

  Nagel, Thomas

  National Institutes of Health (NIH) Natural selection

  Neema

  Neo-Darwinian Synthesis New Guinea

  Nim

  Nina

  Noble, William

  Nut cracking

  O

  Oakley, Kenneth P.

  Object offering

  Oklahoma Primate Institute Oldowan assemblages

  Orangutan

  tool-making by

  Origins of the Species (Darwin)

  P

  Panbanisha

  Pancho

  Panda nuts

  Panzee

  Pate, James

  Patterson, Francine

  Patterson, Penny

  Paul

  Pepperberg, Irene

  Pepys, Samuel

  Petito, Laura

  Phineas

  Pisani, Pier

  Plooij, Frans

  Potato washing

  Predation, animal defenses Premack, David

  Pretend games

  Primate Research Center Primates, throwing by Prince Chim

  Project FACTT (Facilitating Augmentative Communication Through Technology) Pygmies

  Pygmy chimpanzee

  See also Bonobos

  R

  Recreational activities, of bonobos Representation, in language acquisition Ricci

  Ristau, Carolyn

  Robbins, Donald

  Romanes, George

  Romski, Mary Ann

  Rubert, Elizabeth

  Rumbaugh, Duane

  LANA Project

  work with mentally retarded children Ruth

  S

  St. Louis World’s Fair Salome

  Sambia stone-age people Sarah

  Satre

  Saunders, Richard

  Scala Natura

  Schick, Kathy

  Schouteden, Henri

  Schusterman, Ron

  Schwarz, Ernst

  Sebeok, Thomas

  Self-concept, mirror-recognition studies Self-defense, and throwing Sevcik, Rose

  Sexual behavior

  of bonobos

  of chimpanzees

  communication activities during sex homosexual

  Seyfarth, Robert

  Sharing by chimpanzees Sherman and Animal Model Project and contextual information in language comprehension games of pretend by

  self-recognition on television by and veridicality maintenance in word acquisition See also Animal Model Project; Austin

  Silverman, Sydel

  Skinner, B.F.

  Social behavior, and language Speech sounds

  categorical shift

  graded system

  humans

  vocalizations of chimpanzees Speech synthesizer

  Stone knapping

  Stone tools

  SuperWolf

  Susman, Randall

  Swenson, Dr. Brent

  Symbolic communication Syntax

  System for Acquiring Language(SAL) Systema Naturae (Linnaeus)

  T

  Taï National Park

  Tamuli

  Tasmanians

  Teaching, by primates Terrace, Herbert

  Tervuren Museum

  Thelma

  Theory of Mind

  Thompson-Handler, Nancy Thorndike, Edward

  Throwing

  by apes

  by humans

  as self-defense

  Toilet training

  Tool-making

  Acheulian handaxe

  artistic expression in by chimpanzees

  and cognitive ability

  by contemporary stone tool-makers criteria for assessment of tools by early humans, significance of hard hammer percussion by Kanzi

  and linguistic ability lives of early tool-makers Oldowan assemblages

  by orangutan

  spatial aspects of

  Tools, stone tools

  Tool use animals

  chimpanzees

  tool kit of chimpanzees Toth, Nick

  Tratz, Edward

  Turin, Carolyn

  U

  Umiker-Seboek, Jean

  Upper Paleolithic period Upright position

  and human vocal tract

  V

  Vervet monkeys

  Vickie

  Viki

  Vocal tracts

  apes

  of early hominids

  human

  Von Osten, Wilhelm

  Votrax voice synthesizer Vowels

  relationship to consonants vocalization of

  W

  Wallace, Alfred Russel Warner, Harold

  Washoe

  Wenner-Gren conference Wenner-Gren Foundation White, Charles

  White, Leslie

  Whiten, Andrew

  Wilkerson, Beverly

  Wittgenstein, Ludwig

  Women, elimination from evolutionary theory Word learning

  Words’ Personal Voice II System Wright, Richard

  Wynn, Tom

  Y

  Yerkes, Ada

  Yerkes Great Ape Committee Yerkes Primate Center Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center Yerkes, Robert

  Yerkish language

  Z

  Zihlman, Adrienne