Tales from Both Sides of the Brain : A Life in Neuroscience (9780062228819)
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21. J. S. Oppenheim, J. E. Skerry, M. J. Tramo, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Magnetic resonance imaging morphology of the corpus callosum in monozygotic twins,” Annals of Neurology 26 (1989): 100–104.
22. P. M. Thompson et al., “Genetic influences on brain structure,” Nature Neuroscience 4 (2001): 1253–58.
23. M. S. Gazzaniga and H. Freedman, “Observations on visual processes after posterior callosal section,” Neurology 23 (1973): 1126–30.
24. B. T. Volpe, J. J. Sidtis, J. D. Holtzman, D. H. Wilson, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Cortical mechanisms involved in praxis: Observations following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum in man,” Neurology 32 (1982): 645–50.
25. See video 7.
26. J. J. Sidtis, B. T. Volpe, J. D. Holtzman, D. H. Wilson, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Cognitive interaction after staged callosal section: Evidence for a transfer of semantic activation,” Science 212 (1981): 344–46.
27. M. S. Gazzaniga and C. S. Smylie, “Hemispheric mechanisms controlling voluntary and spontaneous facial expressions,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2 (1990): 239–45.
CHAPTER 7: THE RIGHT BRAIN HAS SOMETHING TO SAY
1. S. A. Hillyard and G. R. Mangun, “The neural basis of visual selective attention: A commentary on Harter and Aine,” Biological Psychology 23, no. 3 (1986): 265–79.
2. G. R. Mangun et al., “Monitoring the visual world: Hemispheric asymmetries and subcortical processes in attention,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6 (1994): 265–73.
3. J. C. Eliassen, K. Baynes, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Anterior and posterior callosal contributions to simultaneous bimanual movements of the hands and fingers,” Brain 123, no. 12 (2000): 2501–11.
4. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01s5b2d.
5. M. S. Gazzaniga, J. D. Holtzman, and C. S. Smylie, “Speech without conscious awareness,” Neurology 37 (1987): 682–85.
6. K. Baynes and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Right hemisphere language: Insights into normal language mechanisms?,” in F. Plum, ed., Language Communication and the Brain (New York: Raven Press, 1987).
7. M. S. Gazzaniga et al., “Collaboration between the hemispheres of a callosotomy patient: Emerging right hemisphere speech and the left hemisphere interpreter,” Brain 119 (1996): 1255–62.
8. M. Kutas, S. A. Hillyard, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Processing of semantic anomaly by right and left hemispheres of commissurotomy patients: Evidence from event-related potentials,” Brain 111 (1988): 553–76.
9. M. S. Gazzaniga, J. E. LeDoux, C. S. Smylie, and B. T. Volpe, “Plasticity in speech organization following commissurotomy,” Brain 102 (1979): 805–15.
10. E. Tulving, Episodic and Semantic Memory (New York: Academic Press, 1972), pp. 382–402.
11. Michael Miller, personal communication.
12. L. Nyberg, A. R. McIntosh, and E. Tulving, “Functional brain imaging of episodic and semantic memory with positron emission tomography,” Journal of Molecular Medicine 76 (1998): 48–53.
13. E. Tulving, S. Kapur, F. I. M. Craik, M. Moscovitch, and S. Houle, “Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: Positron emission tomography findings,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 91 (1994): 2016–20.
14. A. M. Owen, B. Milner, M. Petrides, and A. C. Evans, “Memory for object-features versus memory for object-location: A positron emission tomography study of encoding and retrieval processes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 93 (1996): 9212–17; W. M. Kelley et al., “Hemispheric specialization in human dorsal frontal cortex and medial temporal lobe for verbal and non-verbal memory encoding,” Neuron 20 (1998): 927–36; A. D. Wagner et al., “Material-specific lateralization of prefrontal activation during episodic encoding and retrieval,” Neuroreport 1219 (1998): 3711–17; M. B. Miller, A. F. Kingstone, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Hemispheric encoding asymmetry is more apparent than real,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14 (2002): 702–708.
15. D. Zaidel and R. W. Sperry, “Memory impairment after commissurotomy in man,” Brain 97 (1974): 263–72; E. A. Phelps, W. Hirst, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Deficits in recall following partial and complete commissurotomy,” Cerebral Cortex 1 (1991): 492–98.
16. J. E. LeDoux, G. Risse, S. Springer, D. H. Wilson, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Cognition and commissurotomy,” Brain 110 (1977): 87–104; J. Metcalfe, M. Funnell, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Right-hemisphere superiority: Studies of a split-brain patient,” Psychological Science 6 (1995): 157–63.
17. M. S. Gazzaniga and M. B. Miller, “Testing Tulving: The split brain approach,” in E. Tulving et al., eds., Memory, Consciousness, and the Brain: The Tallinn Conference (Philadelphia: Psychology Press, 2000), pp. 307–18.
18. M. S. Gazzaniga, ed., The New Cognitive Neurosciences, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).
CHAPTER 8: STATELY LIVING AND A CALL TO SERVICE
1. L. Thomas, “To Err Is Human,” in The Medusa and the Snail: More Notes of a Biology Watcher (New York: Viking Press, 1974).
2. M. B. Miller, A. Kingstone, P. M. Corballis, J. Groh, and M. S. Gazzaniga. “Manipulating encoding of faces and associated brain activations,” Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 25, no. 1 (1999): 646.
3. C. R. Gallistel, The Organization of Learning (Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press, 1990).
4. C. R. Hamilton and B. A. Brody, “Separation of visual functions with the corpus callosum of monkeys,” Brain Research 49 (1973): 15–189.
5. M. S. Gazzaniga, M. Kutas, C. Van Petten, and R. Fendrich, “Human callosal function: MRI verified neuropsychological functions,” Neurology 39 (1989): 942–46.
6. P. M. Corballis, S. J. Inati, M. G. Funnell, S. Grafton, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “MRI assessment of spared fibers following callosotomy: A second look,” Neurology 57 (2001): 1345–46.
7. J. D. Van Horn and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Why share data? Lessons learned from the fMRIDC,” Neuroimage 82 (2013): 677–82.
8. Conan O’Brien’s 2011 Dartmouth College Commencement Address, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmDYXaaT9sA.
9. M. G. Funnell, P. M. Corballis, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “A deficit in perceptual matching in the left hemisphere of a callosotomy patient,” Neuropsychologia 37 (1999): 1143–54.
10. A. Baird, J. Fugelsang, and C. Bennett, “‘What were you thinking?’: An fMRI study of adolescent decision making,” poster presented at the annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, New York, 2005.
11. A. A. Baird, M. K. Colvin, J. Van Horn, S. Inati, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Functional connectivity: Integrating behavioral, DTI and fMRI data sets,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 4 (2005): 1–8.
12. M. K. Colvin, M. G. Funnell, and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Numerical processing in the two hemispheres: Studies of a split-brain patient,” Brain and Cognition 57, no. 1 (2005): 43–52.
13. R. Seltzer, Mortal Lessons: Notes on the Art of Surgery (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974).
14. “Academy of Sciences urges ban on human cloning,” CNN.com, 2002, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/01/18/academies.cloning/index.html.
15. Transcript, President’s Council on Bioethics, February 12, 2002, Mielaender questioning Weissman, http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/pcbe/transcripts/feb02/feb13session2.html.
16. M. S. Gazzaniga, “Zygotes and people aren’t quite the same,” New York Times, April 25, 2002.
17. W. Safire, “The but-what-if factor,” New York Times, May 7, 2002.
18. “Human cloning and human dignity: An ethical inquiry,” President’s Council on Bioethics, July 2002, http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/cloningreport/execsummary.html.
19. S. G. Stolberg, “Bush’s bioethics advisory panel recommends a moratorium, not a ban, on cloning research,” New York Times, July 11, 2002.
20. G. Meilaender, “Spare embryos: If they’re going to die anyway, does that really entitle us to treat them as handy research material?,” Weekly Standard, August 26, 2002.
21. S. Yamanaka, “Induction of plur
ipotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors,” Cell 126, no. 4 (2006): 663–76.
22. S. Pinker, “The stupidity of dignity. Conservative bioethics’ latest, most dangerous ploy,” New Republic, May 28, 2008.
CHAPTER 9: LAYERS AND DYNAMICS: SEEKING NEW PERSPECTIVES
1. D. Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011).
2. G. A. Miller, “The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information,” Psychological Review 63, no. 2 (1956): 81–97.
3. C. Sherrington, Man on His Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1940).
4. R. Sperry, “The functional results of muscle transposition in the hind limb of the rat,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 73, no. 3 (1939): 379–404.
5. R. Sperry, “Functional results of crossing sensory nerves in the rat,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 78, no. 1 (1943): 59–90.
6. J. Topál, G. Gergely, A. Erdöhegyi, G. Csibra, and A. Miklosi, “Differential sensitivity to human communication in dogs, wolves, and human infants,” Science 325 (2009): 1269–72.
7. G. Csibra and G. Gergely, “Social learning and social cognition: The case for pedagogy,” in Y. Munakata and M. H. Johnson, eds., Processes of Change in Brain and Cognitive Development: Attention and Performance XXI (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 249–74.
8. N. Kapur, T. Manly, J. Cole, and A. Pascual-Leone, The Paradoxical Brain—So What? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
9. J. B. Clarke and L. Sokoloff, “Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain,” in G. J. Siegel et al., eds., Basic Neurochemistry, 6th ed. (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1999), pp. 637–69.
10. M. Kirschner and J. Gerhart, “Evolvability,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 95, no. 15 (1998): 8420–27.
11. Andy Clark, Sage Lecture Series, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011.
12. M. Rayport, S. Sani, and S. M. Ferguson, “Olfactory gustatory responses evoked by electrical stimulation of amygdalar region in man are qualitatively modifiable by interview content: Case report and review,” International Review of Neurobiology 76 (2006): 35–42.
13. J. Goldstein, “Emergence as a construct: History and issues,” Emergence: Complexity and Organization 1, no. 1 (1999): 49–72.
14. P. A. Anderson, “More is different,” Science 177 (1972): 393–96.
15. R. Sperry, “Brain bisection and mechanisms of consciousness,” in J. C. Eccles, ed., Brain and Conscious Experience (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1966), pp. 298–313.
16. Sara Bernal, personal communication.
17. D. Davidson, “Mental Events,” in L. Foster and J. W. Swanson, eds., From Experience and Theory (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1970), pp. 9–101.
18. D. K. Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986).
19. E. P. Hoel, L. Albantakis, and G. Tononi, “When macro beats micro: Quantifying causal emergence,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in press).
20. Time, March 28, 2001.
21. G. Ross, “An interview with Marc Kirschner and John Gerhart,” American Scientist 100, no. 5 (2013), retrieved August 22, 2013, from http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/marc-kirschner-and-john-gerhart.
APPENDIX I
1. M. S. Gazzaniga, “1981 Nobel prize for physiology or medicine,” Science 214, no. 4520 (1981): 517–20.
VIDEO FIGURES
All links current as of publication.
CHAPTER 2: DISCOVERING A MIND DIVIDED
Video 1: https://vimeo.com/96626442
Early documentary on split-brain work where I was asked to describe how we tested the early split-brain patients. Believe it or not, I was old enough to shave. The experimental set-up at the time of this filming was a step up from the original back-projection screen that was hanging from an exposed pipe in one of the lab rooms in Alles Hall.
Video 2: https://vimeo.com/96626444
Case N.G. swimming not long after her surgery and demonstrating the full callosal sectioning seemingly did not disrupt basic bilateral coordination in any way. In short, the untrained observer would be hard-pressed to detect that the two halves of the brain had been surgically separated.
Video 3: https://vimeo.com/96626445
The original film was shot by Baron Wolman a talented young photographer and one of the founders of Rolling Stone magazine. It shows Case W.J. easily putting together four colored blocks with his left hand to match a sample picture provided to him. His left hand gained its major control from the right hemisphere. When the dominant right hand tried, he simply failed. When both were free to try, one seemed to undue the accomplishments of the other.
CHAPTER 3: SEARCHING FOR THE BRAIN’S MORSE CODE
Video 4: https://vimeo.com/96626446
Case D.R. A patient from the East Coast series of cases carrying out command to posture either her left or right hand. Watch a few times and you will begin to see how she uses self-cueing strategies to achieve her goal.
Video 5: https://vimeo.com/96626447
Case N.G. is presented words and pictures exclusively to her right hemisphere. She cannot name them, even though her left hand is able to find the correct object.
Video 6: https://vimeo.com/96627695}
Emotional states spread throughout the brain rapidly. Here Case N.G. was shown evocative nude photos to the right hemisphere. While her left hemisphere couldn’t say what the picture had been, it could recognize something funny had happened.
CHAPTER 4: UNMASKING MORE MODULES
Video 7: https://vimeo.com/96627698
Filmed in our original trailer set-up, we would lateralize questions to the right hemisphere by first saying “Who is your favorite____?” and then lateralize the last part of the question to either the right or left hemisphere. Here we asked the right hemisphere “Who is your favorite girlfriend?” Since he was a patient that could control both hands from one hemisphere, both cooperated in arranging Scrabble letters to spell “LIZ.”
Video 8: https://vimeo.com/96627699
We examined Case P.S.’s right hemisphere on many dimensions. Here we ask “Who are you?” The right hemisphere answers “Paul.”
Video 9: https://vimeo.com/96627700
Case P.S.’s right hemisphere tells us about his favorite TV show and Henry Winkler.
Video 10: https://vimeo.com/96627702
Case J.W. working on a simple experiment a few years later and filmed by Robert Bazell at NBC News. It was “live” science and it all worked.
CHAPTER 6: STILL SPLIT
Video 11: https://vimeo.com/96628407
A double grid with each hemisphere seeing one grid of nine cells. Lights would appear randomly, four at a time, in each field—an overwhelming experience for normal subjects. Split-brain patients could manage the task with ease.
Video 12: https://vimeo.com/96628410
J.W. being examined by me in our GMC Eleganza van. The word “sun” had been flashed to left brain and a black-and-white line drawing of a traffic light to his right brain. Teaching him how to play Twenty Questions also taught him how to gain access to the right-brain information from the left brain.
Video 13: https://vimeo.com/96628408
Case J.W. being instructed to smile from the left hemisphere. Watch the asymmetrical retraction of his face muscles on right side of his face, followed by the left-side response. Also notice the asymmetry as the face starts to regain the neutral posture.
CHAPTER 7: THE RIGHT BRAIN HAS SOMETHING TO SAY
Video 14: https://vimeo.com/96628409
Jim Eliassen’s task where J.W. is able to do two things at once whereas most of us cannot.
INDEX
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
Note: Italicized page numbers refe
r to picture captions.
A.A. (case), 223
Abel, Ted, 354
abortion: and stem-cell discussions, 314–15, 320
abstracting, 4–5, 223, 335–36, 350
academia: bullying and personal conflict within, 25. See also specific institution
activity wheel, for rats, 125–26, 126
administration: Gazzaniga’s views about, 106
Akelaitis, Andrew J., 15–16, 20, 44, 64, 114
Akelaitis patients. See University of Rochester, corpus callosum patients at
Alda, Alan, 265
Allen, Steve, 24, 25, 29, 30–32, 31, 103–4, 143–44, 282
Allen, Steve, Jr., 143
Alles Laboratory (California Institute of Technology), 91
Allport, G. W., 157
Alpha Delta Phi (Animal House), 13–14, 13, 18
Alvarez, Luis, 4
Alvin’s camera shop (Pasadena), 61
American Psychological Association, 188
American Scientist journal: Gazzaniga’s review of split-brain research for, 131–32
Andersen, Richard, 283
Anderson, Philip, 343
Animal House. See Alpha Delta Phi
animals: anterior commissure in, 145; and origins of split-brain research, 42, 44, 49; and sensory-motor integration studies, 69, 70; and treatment of lab animals, 74. See also specific animal or research
anterior commissure, 140, 145–46, 195, 196, 197, 223
apes: brains of, 340
archaeology, 205
Aristotle, 113
arithmetic, 89
Arora, Harbans, 22
Association for Psychological Science: Gazzaniga’s orchestra metaphor and, 352–54
associationism, laws of, 121
Attardi, Domenica “Nica,” 20