A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain

by Marc Morris

  4 Lunt, Financial Relations, 340–1; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 236, 240; Itinerary, ii, 34–9.

  5 Guisborough, 240; CPR, 1292–1301, 15 (the writ is vacated because the embassy was cancelled: see Trabut-Cussac, L’Administration, 108n).

  6 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 644; Guisborough, 241.

  7 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 645–6; P. Chaplais, ‘Réglement des Conflits Internationaux Franco-Anglais au 14e Siècle, 1293–1377’, Essays in Medieval Diplomacy, ix, 271–2; idem, English Medieval Diplomatic Practice, Part I (2 vols., HMSO, 1982), i, 394–5, Itinerary, ii, 43–6; AM, iv, 513.

  8 M. Vale, The Angevin Legacy and the Hundred Years War, 1230–1340 (Oxford, 1990), 183; Chaplais, ‘Réglement des Conflits’, 272–3.

  9 Duncan, Kingship, 320–1; Barrow, Bruce, 58–9, 62.

  10 Vale, Angevin Legacy, 184–7, 196; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 136–7.

  11DNB, xvii, 759.

  12CPR, 1292–1301, 33. The failure of the legal ambassadors by November is inferred from the reappearance of one of their number (Roger Brabazon) in England. RCWL, 117.

  13Foedera, I, ii, 794; Chaplais, English Medieval Diplomatic Practice, ii, 428n.

  14 Ibid.

  15 Vale, Angevin Legacy, 196–7; Strayer, Reign of Philip the Fair, 369.

  16 Vale, Angevin Legacy, 179, 196–200.

  17DNB, viii, 901; xxxii, 512; AM, iv, 515; Cotton, 232.

  18Foedera, I, ii, 794; Vale, Angevin Legacy, 190.

  19Itinerary, ii, 52–4; Cotton, 233.

  20 Salzman, Edward I, 111; Evesham, 573.

  21 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 648; Chaplais, English Medieval Diplomatic Practice, ii, 428n; Foedera, I, ii, 800.

  22Bury, 118; W. M. Ormrod, ‘Love and War in 1294’, TCE, viii (2001), 148–50.

  23Evesham, 573; Guisborough, 243; Langtoft, ii, 202–3.

  24 J. R. Strayer, ‘The Costs and Profits of War: The Anglo-French Conflict of 1294–1303’, The Medieval City, ed. H. A. Miskimin, D. Herlihy and A. J. Udovich (New Haven and London, 1977), 273; Trabut-Cussac, L’Administration, 108.

  25 Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 236.

  26 Kaeuper, Bankers, 209, 218–21 (although 12 June given wrongly as 2 June); Denton, Winchelsey, 61, 63.

  27 Morris, Bigod Earls, 118, 125–6, 155; PW, 259–62.

  28Itinerary, ii, 58; J. Gillingham, ‘Richard I, Galley Warfare and Portsmouth: The Beginnings of a Royal Navy’, TCE, vi (1997), 1–15; M. K. Vaughn, ‘“Mount the War-Horses, Take your Lance in your Grip…”: Logistics Preparations for the Gascon Campaign of 1294’, TCE, viii (2001), 97–111.

  29PW, 25; Evesham, 573–4; Rôles Gascons, ed. Francisque-Michel and Bémont, iii, no. 2934.

  30NHI, 260; Bury, 123.

  31AM, iv, 515–17; Evesham, 574; PW, 262–3.

  32 Prestwich, Edward I, 402–3; EHD, iii, 469; PW, 25–6.

  33PW, 263–4.

  34Itinerary, ii, 62; Evesham, 574; Guisborough, 244.

  35 Carpenter, Struggle, 268; Select Pleas in Manorial and Other Seignorial Courts, ed. F. W. Maitland (Selden Society, ii, 1889), 76–9; Morris, Welsh Wars, 241–2.

  36 Denton, Winchelsey, 67–75; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 484.

  37 Morris, Welsh Wars, 242; PW, 26–7.

  38 Morris, Welsh Wars, 242; Prests, xxvii–xxviii; KW, i, 364, 377.

  39 Guisborough, 251; Davies, Age of Conquest, 382–3; Prestwich, Edward I, 219.

  40 Langtoft, ii, 220–1; Morris, Welsh Wars, 242, 244; Guisborough, 244, says the delayed fleet left around 9 October.

  41EHD, iii, 469; Prestwich, Edward I, 404; Itinerary, ii, 64–5.

  42 Davies, Age of Conquest, 383; Prests, xxix–xxx.

  43KW, i, 348–50, 364; Prests, xxx.

  44 Ibid., xxxii–xxxiv.

  45Bury, 125; Cotton, 256; Guisborough, 251–2.

  46 Robert Winchelsea had reached the king and sworn fealty before 4 February: Prests, xxxii, n.

  47 Ibid., xxxiv; R. F. Walker, ‘The Hagnaby Chronicle and the Battle of Maes Moydog’, Welsh History Review, 8 (1976), 127.

  48 Ibid., 127–38; Prests, xxxviii; Prestwich, Edward I, 223.

  49Prests, xxviii, xxxix–xl; Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages, 49–50.

  50Prests, xxxv, xxxix–xliv.

  51 On his journey south in May he had travelled via Llanrug: Itinerary, ii, 72.

  52Prests, xliv–xlvi.

  53 Prestwich, Edward I, 382–3.

  54Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, 1293–1301 (HMSO, 1881), 88 (no. 204); AM, iv, 521; PW, i. 28–9.

  55Flores, iii, 94; Itinerary, ii, 64; R. C. Anderson, ‘English Galleys in 1295’, Mariners’ Mirror, 14 (1928), 221; PROME, 77.

  56PW, 226, 267; Cotton, 299; above, 178–9.

  57 NA E159/68, mm. 73–5. Cf. F. J. Willard, Parliamentary Taxes on Personal Property, 1290 to 1334 (Cambridge Mass., 1934), 111–12.

  58 Denton, Winchelsey, 72; HBC, 104; CCR, 1288–96, 422.

  59 E. B. Fryde, ‘Magnate Debts to Edward I and Edward III: A Study of Common Problems and Contrasting Royal Reactions to Them’, National Library of Wales Journal, 27 (1992), 263–7.

  60 Ibid., 262–3; Prests, xlviii; WPF, 236n.

  61 Fryde, ‘Magnate Debts’, 262.

  62 A. Z. Freeman, ‘A Moat Defensive: The Coast Defense Scheme of 1295’, Speculum, 42 (1967), 442–62; R. J. Whitwell and C. Johnson, ‘The “Newcastle” Galley, A.D. 1294’, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th series, 2 (1926), 143; HBC, 135.

  63Prests, xlvii; Select Cases in the Court of King’s Bench, vol. 3, ed. G. O. Sayles (Selden Society, lviii, 1939), xlv, 50–1; J. G. Edwards, ‘The Treason of Thomas Turbeville’, Studies in Medieval History Presented to F. M. Powicke (Oxford, 1948), 296–309; EHD, iii, 918–19.

  64RCWL, 125; PW, 391–2. These pardons were not simultaneous, but spread over several weeks: NA E159/68, m. 76.

  65 NA E159/68, m. 46v (Fryde, ‘Magnate Debts’, 263). The four pardoned their tax were Arundel, William de Vescy, Henry de Grey and Peter de Mauley: PW, 391–2.

  66PW, 29–31; D. A. Carpenter, ‘The Beginnings of Parliament’, Reign of Henry III, 381, 406–8.

  67PW, 32–3, 45–6; Cotton, 299; DNB, xi, 749.

  68 Denton, Winchelsey, 7–12, 86–8.

  67 Barrow, Bruce, 63–4.

  70 Edwards, ‘Treason of Thomas Turbeville’, 298–9. Cf. Duncan, Kingship, 321–4.

  71 Prestwich, Edward I, 373–4; Barrow, Bruce, 59, 68; Duncan, Kingship, 321.

  72 Prestwich, Edward I, 470.

  73NHI, 169, 268–70; Duffy, Ireland in the Middle Ages, 126–7; DNB, viii, 786.

  74 S. Duffy, ‘The Problem of Degeneracy’, Law and Disorder in Thirteenth-Century Ireland, ed. J. Lydon (Dublin, 1997), 98; idem, Ireland in the Middle Ages, 127.

  75DNB, xix, 827; NHI, 260; PW, 262; J. Lydon, ‘Ireland in 1297: “At Peace after its manner”’, Law and Disorder in Thirteenth-Century Ireland, ed. Lydon, 21–2; idem, ‘An Irish Army in Scotland, 1296’, Irish Sword, 5 (1961–62), 184–9.

  76Itinerary, ii, 85–6; Prestwich, Edward I, 469–70; Duncan, Kingship, 322.

  77 M. Strickland, ‘A Law of Arms or a Law of Treason? Conduct in War in Edward I’s Campaigns in Scotland, 1296–1307’, Violence in Medieval Society, ed. R. W. Kaeuper (Woodbridge, 2000), 64–6; Guisborough, 274–5.

  78 Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 64, 67.

  79KW, ii, 563; Duncan, Kingship, 323; Prestwich, Edward I, 471–2; Barrow, Bruce, 71–2.

  80Itinerary, ii, 88–90; Barrow, Bruce, 73; Lydon, ‘Irish Army in Scotland’, 186 (cf. Guisborough, 279–80).

  81 E. L. G. Stones and M. N. Blount, ‘The Surrender of King John of Scotland to Edward I in 1296: some new evidence’, BIHR, 48 (1975), 94–106; Prestwich, Edward I, 473–4.

  82Itinerary, ii, 90–3; D. B. Tyson, ‘A Royal Itinerary: the Journey of Edward I to Scotland in 1296’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 45 (2001), 127–44; Barrow, Bruce, 75–7.

  83DNB, viii, 375–6.

>   84 Binski, Westminster Abbey, 135–40. Guisborough, 281, says the Stone was seized on the way back from Elgin.

  85 Watson, Hammer, 30–7; Scalacronica, ed. J. Stevenson (Edinburgh, 1836), 123.

  86 Prestwich, Edward I, 474–5; Davies, Empire, 33, 43; EHD, iii, 230–1. See similar comments in Bury, 133, and Lanercost, 182.

  87 Guisborough, 261–2 (cf. AM, iv, 525–6); DNB, xvii, 759.

  88Foedera, I, ii, 842; PW, 47–8; EHD, iii, 220.

  89Prests, lii; KW, i, 379–80.

  90EHD, iii, 469; Prestwich, Edward I, 402.

  91WPF, 118–21; D. Crook, ‘“Thieves and Plunderers”: an Anti-Ministerial Protest of 1296’, Historical Research, 67 (1994), 327–36.

  92PROME, 83; Flores, iii, 98.

  93PW, 47–8; DNB, lvi, 48.

  94 Denton, Winchelsey, 89–92, 95–6.

  95EHD, iii, 233; Prests, l; Prestwich, Edward I, 386–91; Documents 1297, 34; Foedera, I, ii, 850–1.

  96 Denton, Winchelsey, 101–7.

  97 Ibid., 107–12; EHD, iii, 232.

  98Evesham, 568; PW, 51–2.

  99 Prestwich, Edward I, 385; EHD, iii, 212, 235–6.

  100WPF, 121, 128.

  101 Morris, Bigod Earls, 162–3.

  102 Ibid., 163–4; EHD, iii, 226–7. The whereabouts of the earl of Cornwall, who would almost certainly have supported Edward, is unknown. Pace Prestwich, Edward I, 413, he was not in Gascony.

  103EHD, iii, 227; Denton, Winchelsey, 116; G. O. Sayles, ‘The Seizure of Wool at Easter 1297’, EHR, 67 (1952), 543–7; Morris, Bigod Earls, 164.

  104Documents 1297, 4; EHD, iii, 213, 227.

  105 Denton, Winchelsey, 118, 126–30.

  106Evesham, 576; Davies, Lordship, 261; Documents 1297, 14.

  107PROME, 85; PW, 282; EHD, iii, 214; Itinerary, ii, 105–6; Denton, Winchelsey, 131.

  108Flores, iii, 101; RCWL, 131.

  109 Morris, Bigod Earls, 165.

  110 Ibid., 165–6; Evesham, 576; Documents 1297, 105–6, 141–2.

  111 Denton, Winchelsey, 132; EHD, iii, 237; Morris, Bigod Earls, 166.

  112 Ibid.; Evesham, 577; EHD, iii, 469, 472.

  113Itinerary, ii, 109; Documents 1297, 5, 8; EHD, iii, 473–6.

  114Itinerary, ii, 109; EHD, iii, 216, 228, 480–1; Denton, Winchelsey, 144–7; Morris, Bigod Earls, 166–7.

  115EHD, iii, 218, 223, 483; Denton, Winchelsey, 154–5; PW, 55–6, 297; CACW, 101 (for true date see Davies, Lordship and Society, 269).

  116Political Songs, 169–70.

  CHAPTER 10: UNITING THE KINGDOM?

  1DNB, lvii, 395–8.

  2 Watson, Hammer, 31, 39–41.

  3 Prestwich, Edward I, 476–7.

  4 Guisborough, 295–6; cf. Barrow, Bruce, 332, n. 30.

  5 Watson, Hammer, 45, 48; Stevenson, Documents, ii, 204–5.

  6 Ibid., 200–3, 206–7.

  7 A. Fisher, William Wallace (2nd edn, Edinburgh, 2002), 68–70.

  8DNB, lvi, 947–8.

  9 Stevenson, Documents, ii, 216–17; Watson, Hammer, 45–6.

  10 e.g. Stevenson, Documents, ii, 202.

  11 Guisborough, 298–303.

  12PW, 55–6; EHD, iii, 223, 228–9.

  13CDS, ii, 244 (no. 950); EHD, iii, 229.

  14 Carpenter, Struggle, 269–73.

  15 Ibid., 301–2, 307–9, 348; above, 92.

  16EHD, iii, 469, 472, 474; Denton, Winchelsey, 136.

  17EHD, iii, 472; Flores, iii, 296.

  18EHD, iii, 229, 485–6 (cf. the demands in De Tallagio, ibid., 486–7); PW, 62–3.

  19 Prestwich, Edward I, 392; EHD, iii, 218, 223 (where ‘Portuguese’ should read ‘men of the Cinque Ports’), 238–9; Bury, 143–4; Foedera, I, ii, 878–80.

  20Documents 1297, 162–4 (no. 159); M. Prestwich, ‘Edward I and Adolf of Nassau’, TCE, iii (1991), 132–3; EHD, iii, 230, 486.

  21 C. J. McNamee, ‘William Wallace’s Invasion of Northern England in 1297’, Northern History, 26 (1990), 40–58; Guisborough, 304; Lanercost, 190; Barrow, Bruce, 98–9.

  22EHD, iii, 219–20, 242; Documents 1297, 33, 174–5 (no. 176).

  23CDS, ii, 267 (no. 1044); PW, 306–7.

  24Foedera, I, ii, 885–6; Documents 1297, 183–4 (no. 193).

  25 Watson, Hammer, 53, 56; Itinerary, ii, 119.

  26 Morris, Bigod Earls, 168; PW, 65; Prestwich, Edward I, 431–2; Guisborough, 324.

  27 Prestwich, Edward I, 479; AM, iv, 536; RCWL, 133; EHD, iii, 244.

  28 Fisher, William Wallace, 119, 126; Guisborough, 324–6.

  29 Guisborough, 326–7.

  30 Ibid., 327–8. Barrow, Bruce, 101, 345n.

  31 Trivet, 281–2, 372; Guisborough, 327–8.

  32 Ibid., 327–8.

  33 Ibid., 328. Barrow, Bruce, 102. The myth of noble treachery began with Fordun in the fourteenth century, and was, of course, massively reinforced by Braveheart.

  34 Watson, Hammer, 67.

  35 Ibid.; Barrow, Bruce, 101–3; Guisborough, 328–9; Itinerary, ii, 126.

  36 Prestwich, Edward I, 191, 204; Guisborough, 329 (cf. Watson, Hammer, 68, 95 and NHI, 199).

  37 Watson, Hammer, 68; Guisborough, 329; PW, 317; EHD, iii, 248.

  38 Watson, Hammer, 69–70, 77; Guisborough, 329; Itinerary, ii, 127–30.

  39 Carpenter, Struggle, 92, 197–8.

  40EHD, iii, 338, 347.

  41PROME, 87; Guisborough, 324; PW, 397.

  42 D. A. Carpenter, The Minority of Henry III (London, 1990), 384–5, 392–3.

  43PW, 78–9; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 650–2; DNB, vi, 444. Guisborough, 329, thought that the earl of Hereford supported the opposition in 1299, but was probably as confused as Langtoft (EHD, iii, 245–6). Cf. below, 375.

  44 Guisborough, 329–30; Bury, 151; Itinerary, ii, 135.

  45EHD, 491–4; Guisborough, 330; CPR, 1292–1301, 403.

  46PW, 80; Williams, Medieval London, 260–2; PROME, 92.

  47Bury, 152 (cf. Guisborough, 330); Itinerary, ii, 138; Foedera, I, ii, 904–5; RCWL, 137; NA SC6/922/6; Chepstow Castle: Its History and Buildings, ed. R. Turner and A. Johnson (Logaston, 2006), 168, 285.

  48CPR, 1292–1301, 424; AM, iv, 541.

  49 Salzman, Edward I, 147; Foedera, I, ii, 906–7; E. H. Hallam, English Royal Marriages: The French Marriages of Edward I and Edward II: 1299 and 1307 (HMSO, 1982).

  50Bury, 153 (Bigod had returned to East Anglia in August: NA SC6/1000/20); Prestwich, Edward I, 521.

  51HBC, 465, 468, 477, 486.

  52PW, 321–4.

  53 Barrow, Bruce, 103–4, 145.

  54CDS, ii, 279 (no. 1101); Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 651.

  55Foedera, I, ii, 906; DNB, xxx, 172; Barrow, Bruce, 107.

  56 Watson, Hammer, 80–90.

  57 Guisborough, 332.

  58 Watson, Hammer, 88–9; RCWL, 138–9; Bury, 154.

  59PW, 325–6; Prestwich, Edward I, 530–1.

  60 Ibid., 483–4.

  61PROME, 93; EHD, iii, 246, 248. See also Guisborough, 332. Rishanger, 402–3, is rendered suspect by idem, 445–6, and vice versa (see below, n. 77).

  62PW, 82–4; Watson, 92–3.

  63 Rishanger, 404–5; Prestwich, Edward I, 522–3.

  64Bury, 154; EHD, iii, 495–501.

  65PW, 397; CPR, 1292–1301, 506; AM, iv, 544.

  66PW, 327–8.

  67PW, 330–9, 341–2; Prestwich, Edward I, 523.

  68PW, 326, 329; C. M. Fraser, A History of Antony Bek (Oxford, 1957), 139–40; Bury, 156; EHD, iii, 247; Documents and Records illustrating the History of Scotland, ed. F. Palgrave (HMSO, 1837), 218–19.

  69 Watson, Hammer, 104 (extrapolated from Prestwich, Edward I, 484–5); Prestwich, Edward I, 479, 485–6; PW, 343; CPR, 1292–1301, 526, 534; Davies, Age of Conquest, 386, says the subsidy was £2,400.

  70Roll of Arms… Caerlaverock, ed. T. Wright (London, 1864), 1.

  71 Watson, Hammer, 68, 74, 81, 87, 107–8; D. Grove, Caerlaverock Castle (2nd edn, Edinburgh, 2004), 18–19, 23–5; Strickland, ‘Law of Ar
ms’, 71.

  72PW, 344–5; Prestwich, Edward I, 486, 489; Itinerary, ii, 160.

  73 Ibid., 160–1; J. S. Richardson, Sweetheart Abbey (2nd edn, Edinburgh, 1995), 2–4, 8; Prestwich, Edward I, 491.

  74 Ibid., 332, 395; EHD, iii, 504.

  75 Denton, Winchelsey, 179; Barrow, Bruce, 116; Anglo-Scottish Relations, 1174–1328, ed. E. L. G. Stones (2nd edn, Oxford, 1970), 162–75.

  76AM, iv, 547; WPF, 96; Prestwich, Edward I, 490; Itinerary, ii, 161. For a much later report of Edward’s reaction to the pope’s letter, see Thomae Walsingham, quondam monachi Sancti Albani, Historia Anglicana, ed. H. T. Riley (2 vols., Rolls Series, 1863–66), i, 82.

  77CDS, v, 162 (no. 226); AM, iv, 547; cf. Rishanger, 445–6, dubious because repeated from idem, 402–3 (see above, n. 61).

  78PW, 88–91.

  79 K. Staniland, ‘Welcome, Royal Babe! The Birth of Thomas of Brotherton in 1300’, Costume, 19, (1985), 1–13; Barrow, Bruce, 114; Foedera, I, ii, 924–5.

  80EHD, iii, 249; Prestwich, Edward I, 525.

  81 Ibid., 527.

  82CCR, 1296–1302, 410; Prestwich, Edward I, 527; EHD, iii, 347.

  83PROME, 98.

  84EHD, iii, 249–50, 510–12.

  85 Rishanger, 460; J. R. Maddicott, ‘“1258” and “1297”: Some Comparisons and Contrasts’, TCE, ix (2003), 1–14.

  86 Ibid., 13.

  87EHD, iii, 250; Watson, Hammer, 114–15.

  88 Ibid.; PW, 347–8; Itinerary, ii, 170–2; DNB, xvii, 772.

  89RCWL, 147; Foedera, I, ii, 922, 928 (for more details see M. C. L. Salt, ‘List of English Embassies to France, 1272–1307’, EHR, 44 (1929), 274); T. S. R. Boase, Boniface VIII (London, 1933), 211, 271; Denton, Winchelsey, 200–1.

  90 H. Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 1284–1307 (Manchester, 1946), 13, 51, 55–63, 73; Salzman, Edward I, 157–8; CDS, ii, 305 (no. 1191).

  91PW, 347–8; CDS, v, 168–9 (no. 262).

  92PW, 347–56; WPF, 96–7; J. F. Lydon, ‘Irish Levies in the Scottish Wars, 1296–1302’, Irish Sword, 5 (1961–62), 214. Some troops from Ireland had been used in 1298 and 1300. NHI, 199.

  93 Prestwich, Edward I, 494; Barrow, Bruce, 26.

  94 Ibid., 96, 120; Itinerary, ii, 178; Prestwich, Edward I, 494.

  95 Watson, Hammer, 123–5.

  96 Ibid., 98, 126; WPF, 97.

  97 Prestwich, Edward I, 493; Watson, Hammer, 129–31; CDS, v, 168–9 (nos. 260–2).