The Great War
Page 63
rise in popularity 302
launch of second Russian Revolution 302–4
Bone, Captain Dave 313
Bonneau, General Louis 38, 39
Boseley (2nd Bedfordshire Regiment) 73, 74
Bosnia 5, 20–21, 23
Bosphorus 471
Boulogne 68
Bourlon Ridge 369, 374
Bourlon Wood 374
Bouvet (pre-dreadnought) 169
Bowen, Lieutenant Harold 118
Bowry, Lieutenant 349
Boxer Rebellion (1900) 67, 103
Bradley, Private Tom 55
Brady, Private James 420
Brassard, Corporal Maurice 200
Brec, Private Ernest 466
Brenta River 388, 389
Breslau (light cruiser) 167, 168
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918) 303, 304
Bristol (light cruiser) 111
Britain
financial cost of GW x
human loss x
colonialism 7
society before the GW 8
seeks a balance between the Great Powers 8
attempts to avert war 28
a guarantor of Belgian neutrality 29, 30, 31
ultimatum to Germany 30–31
German raids on east coast (1914) 114–15
Coalition Government 176
evacuation of Serbian troops 189
Germany sinks British shipping 307–8
Sykes-Picot Agreement 471
British Army 398–9
First Army 134, 138, 146, 149, 153, 330–31, 417, 421, 425, 428, 453, 455, 458, 459, 462
Second Army 141, 353, 361, 417, 421, 428, 430, 455, 459
Third Army 331, 369, 377, 401, 417, 421–2, 423, 425, 452, 455, 458, 459, 462
Fourth Army 210, 211, 213, 224, 225, 226, 231, 446, 451–52, 453, 455, 459, 460, 462
Fifth Army 337–8, 353, 359, 361, 363, 417, 421, 423, 425
Reserve Army 210, 211, 225, 229, 231
Territorial Army 141, 156
I Corps 52, 54, 57, 63, 70, 71, 75, 76, 153
II Corps 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 71, 369
III Corps 69, 450
IV Corps 69, 70, 71, 131, 138, 152–3, 369
V Corps 422
VIII Corps 178
IX Corps, 46th Division 459
IX Corps 178, 182, 183
XX Corps 401, 402
XXI Corps 401
Cavalry Corps 63, 369
Desert Mounted Corps 401, 402
Indian Corps 71, 131, 138
Machine Gun Corps 349
Tank Corps 369
Tigris Corps 280–81, 285, 290
Guards Division 376
4th Division 57, 63
8th Division 437
10th Division 177, 178, 183, 188
11th Division 177, 182
13th Division 177
22nd Division 189, 192
26th Division 189, 192
27th Division 189
28th Division 189
29th Division 169–70, 173, 183, 184
30th Division 222
31st Division 220
34th Division 221–2
42nd Division 170, 175, 393
50th Division 141
51st Division 239, 336
52nd Division 176, 398–9, 406
55th Division 429
53rd Division 177, 182, 398–9, 399, 400
54th Division 399, 400
60th Division 189
74th Division 399, 406
54th (East Anglian) Division 177, 182–3
63rd (Royal Naval Division, RND) 170, 175
2nd Mounted Division 183, 184
32nd Brigade 180, 181, 184
33rd Brigade 180
34th Brigade 181
86th Brigade 172
155th Brigade 176
157th Brigade 176
163rd Brigade 183
2nd Bedfordshire Regiment 73
2nd Black Watch 147
10th Devonshire Regiment 192, 193
Dorsetshire Regiment 275
6th East Yorkshire Regiment 182
1/6th King’s Liverpool Regiment 354
1st Lancashire Fusiliers 172
17th Lancers 210
2nd Manchester Regiment 462
1/7th Manchester Regiment 175
11th Manchester Regiment 181
1st Munster Fusiliers 173
1/5th Norfolk Regiment 183
2nd Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 72
1st Royal Dublin Fusiliers 173
2nd Royal Dublin Fusiliers 220
6th Yorkshire Regiment 180, 181
Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry 404
2nd Worcestershire Regiment 76
Royal Artillery 130–31, 136, 213, 214, 222, 236–7, 331, 338, 361, 417, 424–5, 447–8
see also British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
British Empire
size of 7
self-government and independence 8
and Royal Navy 94
and Mesopotamia 288, 294
Lloyd George on 393
and Suez 393, 394
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Joffre’s plans for 18
size of 51, 53, 380
commanded by General Sir John French 51
a highly trained force 52
weaponry 52–3, 213, 331
artillery 53, 130–31, 134, 214–15, 346
begins landing in France 53
at Mons 53–7, 463
casualties at Le Cateau 58
in retreat 58–9, 63
final operations in northern France 68
part of Northern Group of Armies 69
expansion of 69, 155, 156, 196
and Entente Cordiale 97
transport across the Channel 104
French poor opinion of BEF 130, 131
relationship with the RFC 136
at Second Battle of Ypres 144
priority for munitions 175–6
and Battle of Verdun 199
casualties at the Somme 224, 240
and Battle of Arras 331, 346–7
Haig’s concerns 329–30
at Third Battle of Ypres 363, 365, 368
short of troops 409
Lloyd George reduces number of men 414, 420
Ludendorff plans to destroy 416
statistics of casualties 461
see also British Army
British High Command 144, 232, 239, 290, 329, 341, 413
Broodseinde Ridge, Battle of (1917) 363
Brown, Captain Roy 435
Bruchmüller, Colonel Georg 300, 369, 416
Bruchmüller Bombardment 300–301
Bruges Canal 319, 322, 323
Brusilov, General Alexei 243–5, 246, 247, 299, 473
Brusilov Offensive (1916) 231, 244–6, 247, 299, 326, 382
Brussels 64
Buchanan, Sir George 289
Bucharest 248
Bucharest, Treaty of (1918) 303
Buckell, Signaller Ron 238–9
Bukovina province 248
Bulair Isthmus 182
Bulair neck of Gallipoli Peninsula 170
Bulfin, Lieutenant General Edward 401
Bulgaria
Bismarck on 2
independence 10
resolves to stay out of the war 83
Battle of Gorlice-Tarnow 164
sides with Central Powers 164, 165, 166, 184
potential attack on Serbia 187, 188
forbidden to press into Greece 189
on Petit Courroné 193
retreat of Bulgarians 194–5, 461
surrender of 195, 462
fall of 470
Bulgarian Second Army 165
Bullecourt, France 331, 338, 346
Bullecourt, Second Battle of (1917) 345
Bülow, General Karl von 51
Bush, Lieutenant Athelstan 264
Buzzard, Lieutenant Colonel Charles 383, 384
Byng, General Sir Julian 417, 451, 452
C
Cadorna, General Luigi 379, 381, 385, 388
Calais 68, 70, 428
Callaghan, Admiral Sir George 103
Cambrai 455
Cambrai, Battle of (1917) 367, 369–77, 416, 421
Canadian Corps 367, 450, 453–4, 463
Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF)
1st Canadian Division 140–41
Canadian infantry at Battle of Arras 333, 336
Canal du Nord 454, 458
Canopus (pre-dreadnought) 111, 112
Caporetto 381
Caporetto, Battle of (1917) 367, 369–70, 385, 392, 415
Capron, Lieutenant John 425–6
Carden, Vice Admiral Sackville 168, 169
Carnarvon (armoured cruiser) 111
Carniola 392
Carpathian Mountains 159, 161, 168, 245, 247, 248
Carpathian Offensive 160, 161
Carpenter, Captain Alfred 322, 323
Carso Plateau 382, 383, 384, 387
Carson, Lord 312–13
Carter, Major (Indian Medical Service) 278–9
Castelnau, General Édouard de 39, 40, 202
Central Powers 9, 30, 82, 195, 246, 298, 304
German Army as the driving force ix
competition with Triple Alliance 11
Italy bails out 29, 378, 382
Bulgarians side with 164, 165, 166, 184
Serbia captured 165
King Constantine favours 187
Sarraill’s role 191–2
Russian prisoners 242
main power lies with Germans 299
collapse of 408, 461
casualty statistics 468
Chamberlain, Austen 272
Chamberlain, Lieutenant 365–6
Champagne, First Battle of (1914–15) 127–9, 133, 144
Champagne, Second Battle of (1915) 149, 151–2, 202
Champagne region 197, 296
Channel Ports 351, 415, 417, 423, 430
Chantilly conference (July 1915) 149
Chantilly conference (December 1915) 164, 197, 243
Chantilly conference (November 1916) 328
Charleroi, Battle of (1914) 51, 64
Charteris, Brigadier General John 75–6, 196, 210, 330, 351
Château de Vaux-le-Pénil 65
Château-Thierry 440, 442
Chatfield, Flag Captain Alfred 255
Chauveau, Lieutenant 439
Chauvel, Major General Sir Harry 399, 401
Chemin des Dames Ridge 67, 329, 338, 339, 341, 342, 438
Chenu, Lieutenant Charles-Maurice 340
Chetwode, Lieutenant General Sir Philip 399, 401
China 4, 5, 8
Chitral fort, North-West Frontier 272–3, 279, 280
Chocolate Hill 181, 184
Christmas Truce (1914) 78–80
Chunuk Bair 171, 177, 179, 180
Churchill, Sir Winston
Lord of the Admiralty 98
and Fisher 111
confiscates Turkish dreadnoughts 167–8
deposed as First Lord 177
and Dardanelles Committee 176–7
Cisterne, Lieutenant Jacques 47–8
Clausewitz, Carl Philipp Gottfried von 189
Clemenceau, Georges 94, 423
Cliff, Private Norman 365–6, 376
Clio (sloop) 274
Coalition Government 413–14
Cobbe, Lieutenant General Alexander 290
Cocos Islands 110
Colland, Captain 37
Colombier, Colonel 47, 48
Colonialism 4, 5, 7
Colyer, Lieutenant William 220
Comet (armed tug) 274, 275
communism
rise of the concept x
Bolshevik success viii
Soviet communist state 470
Compiègne Forest 465
Congress of Berlin (1878) 5
Conrad von Hötzendorf, General Franz 15, 87, 89, 92, 159, 160, 164, 245–6, 299, 382
Conrick, Lieutenant Clive 408
conscription
German Army 3
French Army 15
Russian Army 81
Conservative Party 328, 413–14
Constantine, King of Greece
favours Central Powers 187
married to the Kaiser’s sister 188
dismisses Venizelos 188
Allies force his abdication 193–4
Constantinople
Russia aims to secure 6, 19–20, 22, 27
German Military Mission in 22, 167
British Naval Mission 167
and Sykes-Picot Agreement 471
promised to Russia 471
Corfu 189
Cornwall (armoured cruiser) 111
Coronel, Battle of (1914) 110–11, 113
Cousins, Sergeant Jack 346
Cracow 88, 89, 91, 160, 161
Craddock, Rear Admiral Sir Christopher 110, 112
Craiglockhart War Hospital, Edinburgh 462
Crawford, Lieutenant Andrew 180
Cressy (armoured cruiser) 106, 107
Crete 194
Crewe, Lord 272
Crimean War (1853–6) 1, 6
Cromarty 114
Croome, Midshipman John 250, 253
Cros, Second Lieutenant Jean-Louis 341–2
Crozat Canal 421
Ctesiphon, Battle of (1915) 277–78
Currie, Lieutenant General Sir Arthur 458
Currie, Lieutenant Colonel John 140–41
D
Dalhousie (armed merchantman) 268
Dalmatia 392
Dalmation coast 379
Damascus 398, 408
Danube River 165, 248
Danzig Alley British Cemetery, Somme 219
Dardanelles
importance of 168
Allies bombard forts 168
Allied efforts to force open 168–9
and Sykes-Picot Agreement 471
Dardanelles Campaign (1915) 111
Dardanelles Committee 176–7
Davidson, Brigadier General John 358
de Lisle, Major General Sir Henry de Beauvoir 183
de Robeck, Vice Admiral John 169
Debeney, General Marie-Eugène 448
Decauville light railway 360
Defence 258
Derfflinger (battlecruiser) 115, 254, 324
Dermody, Private Charles 456–7
Desert Column 399, 400, 401
Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division 399
Imperial Camel Corps 395, 399
Imperial Mounted Division 399
D’Espèrey, General Louis Franchet 64, 194
Diaz, General Armando 388, 390
Dillon, Captain Harry 72–3
Dimitriev, General Radko 161
Dixon, Lieutenant Richard 364–5, 410, 466
Diyala River 292, 293
Dniester River 163
Dobell, Lieutenant General Sir Charles 397, 398, 400, 401
Dogger Bank, Battle of (1915) 115–17
Doiran, Second Battle of 194
Dompierre, Somme 224
Dose, Lieutenant Gerhard 426
Doullens emergency conference (1918) 423
Dover Straits 318
Downing, Sergeant William 437–8
Doyle, Sir Arthur 279–80
Drax, Commander Reginald 104
Dreadnought 97, 98, 99, 111
Dresden (light cruiser) 109, 113
Driant, Colonel Émile 200–201
Drina River 92
Drocourt-Quéant Switch Line 453–4
Dual Alliance 2
Dubail, General Auguste 39, 40
Duchêne, Denis August 438
Duff, General Sir Beauchamp 271
Dujaila Redoubt, Battle of (1916) 282
Duke, Private Charles 179
Dunajec River 161
Dunajec River-Biala River line 88, 89, 91, 161
Du
nkirk 68, 70, 428
Dunn, Sergeant Reuel 334
Dupouey, Lieutenant Pierre 77–8
Dvina River 300
E
East Africa campaign 413
East Prussia, German offensives in (1915) 157
Eastern Force 398–9
Eastern Front 81–93, 157–66, 242–9, 295–304, 374
influence of ix
German intention 18
Russian offensive 64
size of 83
and railways 83–4
Hoffmann’s plan 85–6
Battle of Tannenberg 86
Lemberg captured 87
Battle of Rawa-Russkaya 87
Przemyśl besieged 87–8, 90–91
Lodz captured 90
Austro-Serbian War 91–3
winter conditions 93
Falkenhayn sends reserves 126, 157, 160–61
Russian debate over course of action 157–8
North Front 163–4, 243, 299
North-West Front 158, 161
South-West Front 158, 160, 161, 164, 243, 245, 246, 299
West Front 164, 243, 246, 299
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 158–9
fall of Przemyśl 162
Lemburg recaptured 162
Russia reorganises High Command 163–4
Mackensen Offensive 164–5
Serbia captured 165
successful German campaigns 196, 197
Brusilov Offensive 231, 244–6, 247, 299, 326
Battle of Lake Naroch 243
Rumanian interlude 247–9
Russian Army reforms 295
collapse of Russian home front 296–7
Second Brusilov Offensive 299
Kerensky and Bolsheviks differ on continuation of war 300
loss of Riga 300–301
Kornilov dismissed 302
Bolsheviks’ rise in popularity 302
Operation Albion 302
Red Guard created 302
and second Russian Revolution 302–4
German divisions retained in the East 304
collapse of 410
Ebert, Friedrich 464, 470
École Supérieure de Guerre 69
Edgar class (cruisers) 118
Egerton, Major General Granville 176
Egidy, Captain Moritz von 264
Egypt 400
Turkish threat to 269
British control 393
Sultan Mehmed tries to ferment revolt 394
Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) 395, 396, 409
Ehrenbreitstein fortress, Germany 50
El ’Affule 408
El Arish, Egypt 395, 396–7
Emden (light cruiser) 110
Emergency Line 417, 421
Engesser, Sergeant 376
English Channel
blockade by Royal Navy 101, 109
Grand Fleet maintains cross-Channel links 103–4
Sussex torpedoed 251
Entente Cordiale 8, 62, 97, 298, 300, 378
Erzberger, Matthias 464, 467
Es Sinn positions 282, 285
Espiegel (sloop) 268, 274
Estonian islands 302
Euphrates River 268, 270, 271, 275, 293
Evert, General Alexei 246
Ewart, Lieutenant 254, 255
F
Fabeck, General Max von 75