The Great War
Page 67
Sarrail, General Maurice 188, 190, 191–2, 192–3, 194
Sassoon, Siegfried 462
Saucke, Lieutenant A. 370–71
Sava River 165
Savière River 445
Scapa Flow 101, 103, 117, 252, 253
Scarborough 114
Scarpe River 331, 416, 425, 426, 452
Scarpe, Second Battle of the (1917) 338
Scarpe, Third Battle of the (1917) 345
Scarpe River 331, 416, 425, 426, 452
Scarpe Valley 336
Scharnhorst (armoured cruiser) 110, 112, 113
Scheer, Admiral Reinhard
commander of the German High Seas Fleet 250–52
Battle of Jutland 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 260–63, 266
attempts submarine trap at Sunderland 306
Chief of German Admiralty Staff 323
Schleicher, Lieutenant 460–61
Schlieffen, General Alfred von 13, 16, 80, 469
and the Austrian Army 15
Schlieffen Plan 13–14, 32, 87
Battle of Liège 35–8
advance through Belgium 50–51
failure of 67
and Ludendorff 85
Schulze, Corporal 208
Schwaben Redoubt, Somme 212, 221, 235
Schwieger, Lieutenant Walther 121
Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 182
Sea War 94–123, 250–67, 305–25
British naval power 94–5
German threat to British dominance 7, 8, 95, 97
German Navy deficiencies 95
Tirpitz appointed to Imperial Naval Office 95–6
‘risk fleet’ concept 96
Entente Cordiale 97
naval race 97, 98
dreadnoughts 98–9
Tirpitz’s concern with buoyancy 99–100
submarines and torpedoes 100–101
mines 101
German destroyers 101
Britain operates distant blockade 101
early mobilisation by Britain 101–2
‘fleet in being’ concept 102
roles of Grand Fleet 103–4
Battle of Heligoland Bight 104
U-boat living conditions 105–6
U-boat successes 106–7
resumption of U-boat campaign 250–51
Scheer’s determination to trap Grand Fleet 251–52
Fifth Battle Squadron super-dreadnoughts 252
Battle of Jutland 253–67, 305–6, 308
crisis of the submarine war, 1917 308–25
US declaration of war (1917) 309–10, 311
Zeebrugge Raid 319–23
Seckinger, Corporal 128
Second Balkan War (1913) 21
Second Brusilov Offensive 299
Seeckt, General Hans von 246
Sefik, Lieutenant Colonel Mehmet 171
Seine River 63
Senegalese infantry 444
Serbia
relationship with Russia 5–6, 27
supports Slavic groupings within Austro-Hungarian Empire 9
independence 10
Austrian plans to invade 20
in Balkan Wars 22
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 24–5, 27
Austria’s ultimatum 26, 27
Austria declares war on 83, 91
Mackensen Offensive 164–5, 188
captured by Central Powers 165
Bulgaria’s potential attack on 187, 188
and secret Treaty of London 379
Serbian Army 26, 91–2, 409
First Army 91–2
Second Army 91–2
Third Army 91–2
and Austro-Hungarian Army 19, 187
fights on after Serbia captured 165
evacuated to Corfu 189
reconstituted Serbian divisions 189
Serre 220, 239
Servon 442
Seven Years War (1754–63) viii
Seydlitz (battlecruiser) 115, 116, 117, 254, 256, 264, 324
Shaiba, Battle of (1915) 271
Shaitan (armed tug) 274, 275
Shannon, Major William Boyd 180–81
Shatt al-Arab 268, 269
Shatt-al-Hai Canal 275
Shea, general 407
Sheikh Sa’ad 279, 281, 289
Sheikh Sa’ad, Battle of (1916) 281
Shrewsbury Forest 356
Shumran Bend 291
Sinai Campaign 393–7
Sinai Desert 185, 394, 395, 396
Skagerrak 253, 262
Skilbeck-Smith, Second Lieutenant Richard 190
Skopje 195
Smith-Dorrien, General Sir Horace
commands BEF II Corps 52, 71
at Mons 53–4
Battle of Le Cateau 57
military career 52
Second Battle of Ypres 141
Smith-Dorrien Line 136, 138
Snow, Lieutenant General Sir Thomas D’Oyly 63
Soissons 443
Somme 63, 68, 406, 413, 414, 415, 446, 453
Somme Front 333, 435
Somme Offensive (1916) x, 73, 209–40, 246, 288, 326, 327, 330, 334, 347, 359
Joffre’s choice of location 197
start of British and French bombardment 205
Rawlinson’s plans 210–11
German defences and defensive tactics 211–13, 232
British artillery 213
creeping barrage innovation 213, 222, 225, 229, 232–3, 239
role of aircraft 213–16
preliminary barrage 216–18, 219
letters home 218–19
the first day 219–24
casualties 224, 240
Falkenhayn’s dictat 226
Battle of Bazentin Ridge 226–8
Battle of Flers-Courcelette 231–5
introduction of the tank 231–5, 340
Battle of Morval 235
Battle of the Ancre 239–40
Somme Offensive (1918) see Spring Offensive
Somme River 222, 414, 417, 421, 424, 434, 453
Sophia, Queen of Greece 188
Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg 24
Sotheby, Second Lieutenant Lionel 146
Souchez 151
Souchon, Rear Admiral Wilhelm 167, 168
South Tyrol 392
Soviet of People’s Commissars 303
Spanish-American War 412
Spartacist Uprising (1919) 470
Spee, Vice Admiral Maximilian von
commands East Asiatic Squadron 109–10
Battle of Coronel 110, 111
Battle of the Falkland Islands 111–13
Speiss, Captain Lieutenant Johannes 105–6, 316–17
Spitfire 263
Spithead Review (1914) 102
Spring Offensive (1918)
aim of 315
Operation Michael 416–27
failure of Operation Mars 425–7
Operation Georgette 428–38
Operation Blücher 438–41, 443
Operation Gneisenau 441–2
Friedensturm (Peace Offensive) 442–3
Second Battle of the Marne 442–6
Steenbeek Valley 354, 357
Stopford, Lieutenant General Sir
Frederick 178, 182, 183, 184
Straussenburg, General Arthur Arz von 299, 389
Streicher, Lieutenant 386
Struma Valley 192, 195
Strumnica 195
Stumpf, Seaman Richard 324, 466–7
Sturdee, Vice Admiral Doveton 111
submarines 11, 100–101
Suez Canal 185, 269, 393–7, 409
Suez Expeditionary Force (SEF) 394
Sulzbach, Lieutenant Herbert 417
Supreme War Council 388, 414–15, 464
Sussex (ferry steamer) 251
Suvla Bay 176, 177, 178, 180–82, 184, 185
Suvla Plain 177, 182–3
Sydney, HMAS 110
Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) 471
Syria 5, 471, 472
/> T
Tagliamento Line 388
tank, the
first use of 231–5, 340
French tank development 344–5
use at Cambrai 370–71, 372–3, 374, 377
at Second Battle of Gaza 401
first clash between opposing tanks 435–7
Tannenberg, Battle of (1914) 81, 86, 88, 125, 162
Tarnopolm 299
Teichmann, Captain Oscar 404–5
Tekke Tepe 177, 181, 182, 183
Tel es Sheria 403
Thetis (cruiser) 319, 322
Thiepval 212
Thiepval Spur 224, 229, 235
Thierry, Sergeant 44
Thomason, Second Lieutenant John 444
Thorpe-Tracey, Lance Corporal Reginald 153–4
Three Year Law (1913) 17
Thunderer 264
Tiger (battlecruiser) 115
Tigris River 268, 270, 272, 274–7, 281, 282, 285, 289, 291, 293, 396
Timberlake, Private Morley 454
Tipperary 263, 264
Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred 325
Secretary of State of Imperial Naval Office 95–6, 102
personality 96
buoyancy issue 99–200
British supremacy at sea 102–3, 472
Tolmein 386
torpedo, long-range 100
Tower Hill 273
Townsend, Captain Robert 195
Townshend, Major General Charles 290, 291
commands 6th Indian Division 272
military career 272–3
advance along the Tigris 272–7
orders retreat 278
siege at Kut 279, 280, 281, 282, 287
surrender at Kut 287
Transylvanian Alps 248
Trenchard, Lieutenant Colonel Hugh
commander of First Wing, RFC 135, 238, 332
Battle of Neuve Chapelle 135
relationship with Haig 135, 136
and Battle of the Somme 213–14
and Battle of Arras 334
Trent Front 379, 380, 388, 389
Trentino Offensive 382
Trentino region 10, 378
Trentino Salient 379, 382
Trentino Sector 392
Trianon, Treaty of (1920) 471
Trieste (port) 379, 392
Trieste region 10, 378
Triple Alliance
formed (1882) 2, 10
competition with Central Powers 11
Triple Entente 9, 18, 22, 27, 324, 469
Tripolitania 21
Trotha, Rear Admiral Adolf von 324–5
Trotsky, Leon 300, 302, 303
Tudor, Brigadier General Hugh 369
Tudor St John, Captain Beauchamp 58–9, 76–7
Tunisia 5, 10
Turkey
Russia’s plans for Constantinople 6, 19–20
relationship with Germany 10–11
Churchill’s confiscation of Turkish dreadnoughts 167–8
Russia declares war on Turkey 168
Mehmed V declares Holy War 168, 271, 394
signs Armistice 409, 462
fall of 470
Turkish Army
Fifth Army 170
III Corps 402
7th Division 182
12th Division 182
19th Turkish Division 171
38th Division 269
2/27 Regiment 171
3/26th Regiment 172
and German Military Mission 10, 167
close military co-operation with Germany 22
Liman promoted to Inspector General 22
and British defeat at Gallipoli 184, 185, 280, 288
mobilisation of troops 268
weak opposition to IEF ‘D’ 270
and Sinai Campaign 394–7
and T.E. Lawrence 398
and Palestinian Campaign 399–409
Turkish Navy
and British Naval Mission 22, 167
dreadnoughts 98, 167–8
raid on Black Sea ports 168
Tussum Post 394
Tyrol 379
Tyrolean Offensive 382
Tyrwhitt, Commodore Reginald 104, 115
U
U-boats (Unterseeboots)
U-9 105
U-17 120
U-19 316, 317
U-24 122
U-27 122
U-82 314
U-94 314
UB-29 251
undetectable menace 100–101
and Scapa Flow 103
armoured cruiser incident 106–7
blockade by 120–23
importance of convoys 120–21, 311–12, 319
redeployment of 123
resumption of campaign 250–51
Scheer’s failed submarine ambushes 253, 306
unrestricted submarine warfare 307–9
Allied merchant shipping losses 308
Jellicoe establishes Anti-Submarine Division at Admiralty 310
wireless silence 314, 323
net and mine barrages 318, 319
and Portugal 428
Udet, Lieutenant Ernst 422–3
Udine 379
United States
and British blockade of Germany 119
and sinking of civilian liners 121–2, 123
and German submarine warfare 307, 308, 309
declares war on Germany 309, 311, 411
response to Sussex incident 251
Upper Isonzo 380, 385
Urbal, General Victor d’ 145
US Army
expansion of 411
National Guard called up 411
conscription 411
immediate logistic problems 411
see also American Expeditionary Force
V
Valley of Esdraelon 407
Vardar River 191
Vardar Valley 188, 194
Varela, SS 278
Vendhuile 459
Venerable (pre-dreadnought) 70
Venizelos, Eleutherios 188, 191, 194
Verdun 62, 65, 198
Verdun, Battle of (1916) 73, 198–209, 211, 229, 230, 231, 236, 238, 240, 242, 246, 288, 326, 327, 328, 338, 359, 374, 382
Versailles, Treaty of (1919) 470
Victor Emanuel, King of Italy 379
Vierzy 444
Villers-Bretonneux 427, 437, 438
Vimy Ridge 127, 144–5, 149, 151, 331, 334, 335, 346, 417
Vimy Ridge, Battle of (1917) 335–6
Vindictive 319, 320, 321, 322
Vistula River 85, 88, 90, 161
Vitart, Lieutenant Colonel 42
Vittorio Veneto, Battle of (1918) 390–92
Vivian, Captain Gerald 119
Voie Sacrée (supply route to Verdun) 203
Von der Tann 254
W
Wadi, Battle of (1916) 281
Wadi Fara Pass 408
Wainwright, Able Seaman Wilfred 319–21
Walker, Major Ernest 280, 282–3
Wancourt 337
War Office 277, 288
War Policy Committee 312
Warren, Second Lieutenant Frank 427
Warren, Lieutenant Peter 334–5
Warrior 258–60
Warsaw 89, 162, 165
Warsaw, Second Battle of (1914) 90
Warspite 260
Watson-Armstrong, Captain William 142
Weddigen, Captain Lieutenant Otto 105, 106–7
Wegener, Captain Lieutenant Bernard 122
Weimar Republic 470
Weinert, Sergeant 234–5
Weltpolitik 4
Wemyss, Vice Admiral Rosslyn 315
Werner, Captain 95
Western Front 32–80, 124–56, 196–241, 326–77, 400, 410–67
Plan XVII 32
Alsace-Lorraine offensive 38–41
Ardennes offensive 41–50
Schlieffen Plan
the capture of Liège 32, 35–8
advance through Belgium 50–51
Battle of Mons 51–9<
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Joffre’s plans 59–64
Battle of the Marne 65–7
1st Battle of the Aisne 67
1st Battle of Ypres 69–77
trench system 124–5, 144, 145
French series of major offensives (1914–15) 126–30
Battle of Neuve Chapelle 130–39
2nd Battle of Ypres 139–44
spring offensives 144–8
autumn offensives 148–52
Loos Offensive 152–4, 155
balance of power changing 196
Battle of Verdun 198–209
Battle of the Somme see Somme Offensive
reorganisation of German defences 327
Joffre replaced by Nivelle 328
Lloyd George’s schemes 328–9
British Arras offensive 330–38
Nivelle Offensive 338–45
Battle of Messines 347–51
Third Battle of Ypres 351–68
Battle of Cambrai 367, 369–77
German divisions transfer from Eastern Front 410
creation of the American Expeditionary Force 411–13
Lloyd George warned of Central Powers’ plans 413–14
Supreme War Council 414–15
Spring Offensive see Spring Offensive
Battle of Hamel 447
Battle of Amiens 447–52
Battle of Albert 452–3
Battle of Saint Mihiel 454–5
Westfalen 263
Westhoek Ridge 356
Westmacott, Major Thomas 463
Wheatstone Bridge 349
Wheeler, Private Harold 287–8
White Army 304
Widdison, Able Seaman Cyril 321, 322
Wiese, Lieutenant 419
Wilhelm, Crown Prince 199, 202
Wilhelm I, Kaiser, crowned German Emperor (1871) 1
Wilhelm II, Kaiser
aims for Germany 2
visits Jerusalem 405
dismisses Bismarck 2, 410
character 3–4
inflammatory speech in Tangier (1905) 20
flawed world vision 22
prepared for a general European war 26
telegrams with the Tsar 28
at Posen conference 90
and sea power 95
interest in his fleet 102
and Falkenhayn 125–26
and Ludendorff’s resignation 462
refuses to resign 464
exile and abdication 464
Wilhelmshaven naval base 95, 102, 266, 324
Willcocks, Lieutenant General Sir James 131, 138
William-Powlett, Sub-Lieutenant Newton 263
Willmer, Major Wilhelm 182
Wilson, Lieutenant General Sir Henry 415, 423, 448–9, 464
Wilson, Woodrow 251, 309
Woodward, Captain Oliver 349
Wooldridge, Captain Jesse 442–3
Wootton, Lieutenant Kenneth 372, 373
Württemberg, Duke Albrecht von 41, 70
Wysthaete 76
Wytschaete 351
Y
Yarmouth 114, 252
York, Sergeant Alvin 460
Ypres 68, 329, 348, 414, 428
Ypres, First Battle of (1914) 69–77, 130
Ypres, Second Battle of (1915) 139–44, 186, 200
Ypres, Third Battle of (1917) 348, 351–68, 369, 413
Ypres Salient 141, 144, 347, 351, 428, 430, 459