Elizabeth

by Arlene Okerlund

  2Paston, V: 85.

  3Stow, 410.

  4Gervase Rosser, Medieval Westminster 1200–1540 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 69.

  5Rosser, 68.

  6Rosser, 86-7.

  7Baldwin, 47.

  8CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 154 and 547.

  9Weightman, 93.

  10Weightman, 210.

  11Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV, in England and the Finall Recouerye of His Kingdomes from Henry VI. A.D. M.CCCC.LXXI, ed. John Bruce (London: Camden Society, 1838). ; CWR, 38; GC 432n.

  12Arrival, ; CWR, 51.

  13Arrival, ; CWR, 57.

  14Philippe de. Commynes, Memoirs: The Reign of Louis XI 1461–83, trans. Michael Jones (Penguin, 1972).

  15Fabyan, 660.

  16Ross, Edward IV, 166.

  17Arrival, ; CWR, 60.

  18Arrival, ; CWR, 60-61.

  Chapter 13. York Restored

  1Arrival, ; CWR, 82.

  2Arrival, ; CWR, 87.

  3Arrival, ; CWR, 91.

  4Croyland,

  5Thomas Wright, ed., Political Poems and Song relating to English History, composed during the Period from the Accession of Edward III to that of Richard III, (London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts: 1861), II: 278.

  6Davies, 133.

  7CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 547 and 336.

  8Wright, 281-2.

  9Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century (NY: Burt Franklin, 1963, Reprint Oxford, 1913), 379.

  10Strickland, I: 603.

  11Paston, V: 130-31.

  12Francis Leary, The Golden Longing (London: John Murray, 1959), 341.

  13CWR, 128n.

  14Hicks, Clarence, 112.

  15John Cherry, The Middleham Jewel and Ring (York: Yorkshire Museum, 1994), 9.

  16Ellis, Third Series I: ix-x.

  17CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 455; emphasis mine.

  18CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 455.

  19CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 457.

  20Kingsford, 386.

  21Kingsford, 387-8.

  22Kingsford, 382.

  23Kingsford, 382.

  24Kingsford, 383.

  Chapter 14. Problems in Paradise

  1More, II: 11.

  2More, II: 55.

  3The Hastings Papers o.s. Box 14. The Huntington Library.

  4CPR Edward IV 1467–1477: 456.

  5Baldwin, 63 and 206n.

  6Anne Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, ‘The Royal Burials of the House of York at Windsor: II. Princess Mary, May 1482, and Queen Elizabeth Woodville, June 1492’, The Ricardian 11 (1999), 456.

  7More, II: 56.

  8Mancini, 138; Paston, VI: 81.

  9Kingsford’s Stonor Letters and Papers 1290–1483, ed. Christine Carpenter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 123.

  10Kingsford’s Stonor Letters, 123.

  11Kingsford’s Stonor Letters, 383-4, 406.

  12Coronation, 40.

  13Paston, V: 106.

  14Ross, 206.

  15Paston, V: 157.

  16Anthony Wydeville, Earl Rivers, The Dictes or Sayengis of the 17 Philosophres (Westminster, 1477, reprint: Amsterdam: Walter J. Johnson, Inc., 1979), 1.

  17Ross, 96.

  18Lander, ‘Marriage’, 142.

  19Lander, ‘Marriage’, 122.

  20Letters of the Kings of England, ed. James Orchard Halliwell (London: Henry Colburn, 1846), 137.

  21Letters, 137.

  22Letters, 138.

  23Letters, 140.

  24CPR Edward IV 1467–1477: 417.

  25Fields, 64.

  26Paston, V: 179.

  Chapter 15. Life at Ludlow

  1H.T. Evans, Wales and the Wars of the Roses (Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton, 1915, reprint 1998), 116.

  2Evans, 117

  3CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 429.

  4Evans, 117.

  5CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 574.

  6David Lloyd, The Concise History of Ludlow (Ludlow: Merlin Unwin Books, 1999), 32.

  7Lloyd, Concise History, 20.

  8Letters, 140.

  9Letters, 142.

  10Letters, 144.

  11R.B. Pugh, ed., ‘House of Dominican Friars’, The Victoria History of the Counties of England (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), II: 92.

  12Dorothy Cromarty, Everyday Life in Medieval Shrewsbury (Shrewsbury: Shropshire Books, 1991, reprint 1995), 104.

  13Lansdowne MS. 285, f. 57, quoted from Excerpta, 242-43.

  14Coventry Leet, 391-4.

  15Coventry Leet, 407.

  16Coventry Leet, 407.

  17Coventry Leet, 405-6.

  18CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 394.

  19Cooper, Memorials, I: 289.

  20CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 394.

  Chapter 16. War and Peace

  1Ross, 214.

  2John Twigg, A History of Queens’ College, Cambridge 1448–1986 (Bury St Edmunds: Boydell, 1987), 9.

  3A Miscellany containing the host foundation of the college, the names of the first Benefactors… Misc. A. (Queens’ College, University of Cambridge, QCV 76); Searle, 45, 72.

  4Excerpta, 369.

  5Excerpta, 369.

  6Excerpta, 378.

  7Commynes, Book 4, Ch. 9.

  8Ross, 233; Commynes, Book 6, Ch. 11.

  9Commynes, Book 4, Ch. 10.

  10James Gairdner, History of the Life and Reign of Richard the Third (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1898; Kraus Reprint, New York: 1968), 27-28.

  11Milan, 198.

  12CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 571.

  13Anne Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, The Reburial of Richard Duke of York 21-30 July 1476 (London: The Richard III Society, 1996).

  14Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Reburial, 33.

  15Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Reburial, 19.

  16Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Reburial, 19.

  17Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Reburial, 37.

  Chapter 17. George, Duke of Clarence: Perpetual Malcontent

  1Croyland,

  2Commynes, Book 6, Ch. 1.

  3J.R. Lander, Crown and Nobility 1450–1509 (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1976), 248.

  4CPR Edward IV. Edward V. Richard III. 1476–1485: 72, emphasis mine.

  5CPR Edward IV. Edward V. Richard III. 1476–1485: 73.

  6CPR Edward IV. Edward V. Richard III. 1476–1485: 73.

  7Lander, Crown, 248.

  8Hicks, Clarence, 135.

  9Hicks, Clarence, 136.

  10Croyland,

  11Croyland,

  12Mancini, 63.

  13Mancini, 63.

  14Mancini, 63.

  15Hicks, Clarence, 143.

  16Illustrations of ancient state and chivalry from manuscripts preserved in the Ashmolean museum, ed. William Henry (London: W. Nicol, 1840), 29.

  17Illustrations, 30.

  18Illustrations, 32-3.

  19Illustrations, 40.

  20Hicks, Clarence, 152-3, emphasis mine.

  21Hicks, Clarence, 154.

  22Hicks, Clarence, 158.

  23CPR Edward IV. Edward V. Richard III. 1476–1485: 115, emphasis mine.

  24Hicks, Clarence, 142.

  25CPR Edward IV. Edward V. Richard III. 1476–1485: 212.

  26CPR Edward IV. Edward V. Richard III. 1476–1485: 139.

  Chapter 18. Anthony Wydeville, Courtier Par Excellence

  1Mancini, 61.

  2Mancini, 63.

  3Mancini,
69.

  4Excerpta, 240.

  5Foedera XI: 630.

  6Warkworth, 9.

  7David Grummitt, ‘William, Lord Hastings, the Calais Garrison and the Politics of Yorkist England’, The Ricardian 12 (June 2001), 269.

  8CPR Edward IV 1467–1477: 450.

  9D.E. Lowe, ‘Patronage and Politics: Edward IV, the Wydevills, and the Council of the Prince of Wales, 1471–83’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 29 (1981), 561.

  10Milan, 196.

  11Milan, 222.

  12Paston, V: 258 (21 March, 1476).

  13Dictionary of National Biography (London: Oxford University Press, 1959–60), XXI: 883.

  14Milan, 228.

  15Anthony Wydeville, Earl Rivers, Cordiale siue de quatuor nouissimis (Westminster: W. Caxton, 1479), 150.

  16Wydeville, Dictes, 2.

  17Wydeville, Dictes, 4-5.

  18Wydeville, Dictes, 11.

  19Wydeville, Dictes, 14.

  20Wydeville, Dictes, 22, passim.

  21Curt Bühler, ‘The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers’, The Library 15 (1934), 316.

  22Wydeville, Dictes, 146.

  23The Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, MS 265, Lambeth Palace Library.

  24Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard III’s Books: Mistaken Attributions’, The Ricardian (1992), 309, n17.

  25Carol Meale, ‘Manuscripts, Readers and Patrons in Fifteenth-Century England: Sir Thomas Malory and Arthurian Romance’, Arthurian Literature IV, ed. Richard Barber (Totawa, NJ: Barnes and Noble, 1985), 118.

  26Lambeth MS 265.

  27Montague Rhodes James, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Lambeth Palace (Cambridge, 1930), I: 414.

  28Anthony Wydeville, Earl Rivers, The Morale Prouerbes of Christyne (Westminster, 1478; Reprint: Da Capo Press, Amsterdam, 1970).

  29Anthony Wydeville, Earl Rivers, Cordiale siue de quatuor nouissimis (Westminster: W. Caxton, 1479).

  30Wydeville, Cordiale, 150.

  31Wydeville, Cordiale, 151.

  32Lotte Hellinga, Caxton in Focus (London: British Library, 1982), 89.

  33Hellinga, 90.

  34Anthony Wydeville, Earl Rivers, ‘Balet’, published in Joseph Ritson, Ancient Songs and Ballads, ed. Joseph Ritson, Rev. W. Carew Hazlitt (London, 1877), 150-51.

  35M.A. Hicks, ‘The Changing Role of the Wydevilles in Yorkist Politics to 1483’, Patronage, Pedigree, and Power in Later Medieval England, ed. Charles Ross (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1979), 74.

  36Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry VII, ed. William Campbell (London: Longman & Co., 1873), II: 562.

  Chapter 19. The Queen’s Happy Years, 1475–1482

  1Meale, 93-4.

  2British Library MS Harleian 4431.

  3Myers, Crown, 318.

  4British Library, Royal MS 14E.iii.

  5Huntington Library, MS R.B. 62222.

  6Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘A “Most Benevolent Queen”: Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s Reputation, her Piety and her Books’, The Ricardian 10 (June 1995): 230.

  7Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘The Cult of Angels in Late Fifteenth-Century England: An Hours of the Guyardian Angel presented to Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, Women and the Book: Assessing the Visual Evidence, ed. Lesley Smith and Jane Taylor (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), 234.

  8N.F. Blake, Caxton’s Own Prose (London: André Deutsch, 1973), 104.

  9CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 592.

  10John Anstis, ed., The Register of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, from its Cover in Black Velvet Usually Called the Black Book (London: John Barber, 1724), 197.

  11Illustrations, 30.

  12Herbert Francis Westlake, Westminster Abbey the Church, Convent, Cathedral and College of St. Peter, Westminster (London: Philip Allan & Co., 1923), 153; CPR Edward IV Edward IV. Edward V. Richard III. 1476–85: 133.

  13CPR Edward IV Edward IV. Edward V. Richard III. 1476–85: 133

  14Liber Niger Cartulary (Westminster Abbey), folio 93.

  15Acts of Court of the Mercers’ Company, 1453–1527, ed. Laetitia Lyell and F.D. Watney (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936), 123.

  16Acts of Court, 125.

  17Acts of Court, 128.

  18Davies, 177;Weightman, 134.

  19Weightman, 134-5.

  20The Gentleman’s Magazine (January 1831), 25.

  21Paul Lee, Nunneries, Learning and Spirituality in Late Medieval English Society: The Dominican Priory of Dartford (Suffolk: York Medieval Press, 2001), 30.

  22MacGibbon, 132.

  23Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Royal Burials’, 446-51.

  24Coventry Leet, 505.

  25Ross, Edward IV, 292.

  26Croyland,

  Chapter 20. 1483 Begins

  1Scofield, II: 359.

  2E.W. Ives, ‘Andrew Dymmock and the Papers of Antony, Earl Rivers, 1482-3’, BIHR 41 (1968), 223.

  3Ives, 229.

  4Croyland,

  5Mancini, 81.

  6Commynes, Book 6, Ch.1.

  7Ross, 280.

  8More, II: 13.

  9More, II: 13.

  10More, II: 11

  11Croyland,

  12More, II: 176, n 14/2.

  13Croyland,

  14More, II: 17.

  15C.E. Moreton, ‘A Local Dispute and the Politics of 1483: Roger Townshend, Earl Rivers and the Duke of Gloucester’, The Ricardian 107 (1989), 305-6.

  16More, II: 17.

  17More, II: 19.

  18Mancini, 77-79.

  19Letters, 144

  20More, II: 184, n 20/13-14.

  21More, II: 20-21.

  22More, II: 21-22.

  23Registrum Thome Bourgchier, Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi, AD 1454–1486, ed. F.R.H. DuBoulay (Canterbury and York Soc., Liv, 1957), 52; I wish to thank my friend and colleague Marianina Olcott for the translation.

  24Excerpta, 379.

  25Mancini, 59-61.

  26Croyland,

  27Alison Weir, The Princes in the Tower (New York: Ballantine, 1992), 63.

  28Excerpta, 378.

  29Excerpta, 13.

  30Mancini, 85.

  31Mancini, 122.

  32Excerpta, 16.

  33Letters, 150.

  34More, II: 47.

  35More, II: 48.

  36More, II: 48.

  37GC, 231.

  38Mancini, 91.

  Chapter 21. The Mother v. The Protector

  1More, II: 33.

  2More, II: 39.

  3More, II: 40.

  4More, II: 41.

  5More, II: 42.

  6CL, 190.

  7More, II: 66-68.

  8Michael K. Jones, Bosworth, 1485: The Psychology of a Battle (Stroud, Gloucestershire:Tempus Publishing, 2002), 65-71.

  9Rotuli, VI: 194.

  10Wills from Doctors’ Commons, ed. John Gough Nichols and John Bruce (London: Camden Society, 1863), 1, emphasis mine.

  11More, II: 68.

  12More, II: 59; GC, 435n.

  13More, II: 72.

  14More, II: 73.

  15GC, 668.

  16Excerpta, 246.

  17Excerpta, 248.

  18CWR, 209.

  19Mancini, 101.

  20Excerpta, 382.

  21More, II: 82.

  22More, II: 85.

  23Excerpta, 16-17.

  24Croyland,

  25Mancini, 93.

  26Mancini, 93.

  27Croyland,

  28Livia Visser-Fuchs, ‘English Events in Caspar Weinreich’s Danzig Chronicle, 1461–1495’, The Ricardian 7 (1986), 316.

  29Weightman, 145.

  30Croyland,
/>
  31CL, 191.

  32GC, 236.

  33Commynes, Book I, Ch. 7.

  34Croyland,

  35Mancini, 91, 126.

  36Croyland,

  37Polydore Vergil, Three Books of Polydore Vergil’s English History, comprising the Reigns of Henry VI., Edward IV., and Richard III, ed. Henry Ellis (London: John Bowyer Nichols, 1844), 37.

  Chapter 22. A Woman Alone

  1Calendar of Papal Letters (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1960), XIV: 20.

  2Michael K. Jones, The King’s Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 60.

  3Vergil, Three Books, 195; Jones, King’s Mother, 63.

  4Vergil, Three Books, 195.

  5Vergil, Three Books, 196.

  6GC, 670.

  7Vergil, Three Books, 200.

  8J.A.F. Thomson, ‘Bishop Lionel Woodville and Richard III’, BIHR 59 (1986): 132.

  9Fabyan, 670; GC, 235, 436.

  10CPR Edward IV. Edward V. Richard III. 1476–1485: 371; Proclamation of Richard III at Leicester, October 23, 1483.

  11Thomson, 134.

  12Thomson, 134; CPR Edward IV. Edward V. Richard III. 1476–1485: 387.

  13DNB, XXI: 885.

  14Excerpta, 16.

  15

  16

  17Arrival, 4.

  18Excerpta, 354.

  19John Ashdown-Hill, ‘Edward IV’s Uncrowned Queen: The Lady Eleanor Talbot, Lady Butler’, The Ricardian 11 (1997), 188 n.33; W.E. Hampton, ‘A Further Account of Robert Stillington’, The Ricardian (1976), 27.

  20Croyland,

  21Ellis, Letters, Second Series, 4: 149-50.

  22Croyland,

  23Croyland,

  24Croyland,

  25Croyland,

  26George Buck, The History of King Richard the Third (1619), ed. Arthur Kincad (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1979), 191.

  27Polydore Vergil, The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil A.D. 1485–1537, ed. Denys Hay (London: Royal Historical Society, 1950), 3.

  28Gairdner, History of the Life and Reign of Richard the Third, 202.

  29GC, 236.

  30GC, 237.

  31Croyland,

  Chapter 23. Queen Dowager Elizabeth

  1Materials, I: 121.

  2Materials, I: 122.

  3Materials, I: 123.

  4Materials, I: 338, 347-50; CPR Henry VII 1485–1494: 75.

  5Lease Book Number 1, 1486-1505 (Westminster Abbey), folio 9.