charity and (i)
Gospels (i)
persecution of (i), (ii)
see also paganism, late Roman
churches (i) see also Haghia Sophia; Constantine I; Galla Placidia; Helena; Justinian; Ravenna; Rome (ancient city), St Peter’s basilica
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman politician, orator, intellectual and writer (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
on Sparta (i)
Cimon son of Miltiades (i)
circumcision (i)
cities
Alexander III and (i), (ii)
Etruscan (i)
Hellenistic (i)
Philip II and (i)
Roman provincial (i), (ii)
Seleucids and (i)
see also bathing, bath houses; drainage; fortifications; houses; sanitation; theatres
city-state, Greek (polis) (i), (ii)
Archaic Greek settlement overseas and (i)
Aristotle and (i)
civil strife and (i)
local identity and (i)
city-state, Rome as (i), (ii)
citizens, citizenship
Athenian (i), (ii), (iii)
Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Roman provincials and (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Spartan (i), (ii)
civil strife (i)
civil wars, Roman (i), (ii), (iii) see also proscriptions
civilization (i), (ii)
Alexander and Greek (i), (ii)
Greek ideas about (i)
Greek prehistory and (i)
modern ideas about (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Roman ideas about (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Rome and Greek (i), (ii)
see also barbarian; cities; Mycenae
Classical, classical, definition (i)
Claudii Marcelli, Roman noble family (i)
Claudius, Roman emperor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Claudius Togidubnus, Tiberius, great king of Britain (i)
Cleisthenes (i)
Cleon, Athenian politician (i)
Cleopatra VII, last Ptolemaic ruler (i), (ii), (iii)
client rulers, Roman see Boudicca; Cleopatra VII; Claudius Togidubnus
coinage, coins
Carausius and (i)
Cleopatra and (i)
Greek (i)
Hadrian and (i)
Italian rebels and (i)
Lydian invention (i)
urbanisation and (i)
Colchester (i)
colonial attitudes, Greek (i)
colonies, colonists, Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
colonisation (i)
Hellenistic (i)
‘libidinous’ (i)
Macedonian (i)
see also Greeks, ancient
comedy, Greek (i)
Athenian (i), (ii), (iii)
Roman adaptations (i)
see also drama; music
Commodus, Roman emperor (i)
competition, competitiveness (i) see also athletes
computer see Antikythera, mechanism
Constantine I, Roman emperor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Constantinople, modern Istanbul (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi) see also Haghia Sophia; hippodrome; Topkapi Palace
Constantius II, Roman emperor (i), (ii)
constitution, Roman republican see Romans
consulate, consuls, Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Caligula and (i)
religious duties (i)
convivium, Roman drinking party (i)
Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (i), (ii)
copper (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Copts (i)
Coressia (i)
Corinth, Corinthians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
archaeological museum (i)
Roman destruction (i), (ii)
Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi (i), (ii)
Cornelia, Paulla (i)
Cornelii Scipiones, Roman patrician family (i), (ii), (iii)
Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Publius, Roman consul (205 BC) (i)
Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, Lucius, Roman consul (298 BC) (i)
Cornelius Sulla, Lucius, Roman dictator (81 BC) (i)
corruption (i), (ii) see also bribery
Corsica (i), (ii)
courts, courtiers, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
late Roman (i), (ii)
see also audience, rulers’; dress; eunuchs; flattery; palaces
courtesans see Aspasia; Rhodopis
Crassus see Licinius Crassus, Marcus
Crete (i)
Crimea (i)
Croesus, Lydian king (i)
Cronus, Greek god (i), (ii)
cross-dressing (i)
crucifixion (i), (ii) see also Jesus
Cumae (i)
Cyclades, (i), (ii), (iii)
Cycladic figurines (i)
Cynegirus son of Euphorion (i)
Cynisca, Spartan princess (i)
Cyprus (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Cyrene (i)
Cyrus the Great, Persian king (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Damascus (i), (ii)
Danaus, mythical king (i)
Danube, River (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Dardanelles (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Darius I, Persian king (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Darius II, Persian king (i)
Darius III, Persian king (i), (ii)
Decius, Roman emperor (i), (ii)
deification see Alexander III of Macedon; worship of rulers
Delian League see Athens
Delos (i), (ii)
slave market (i)
Delphi (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
inscribed maxims (i)
Romans and (i)
see also oracles
Delphic Charioteer (i)
Demeter, Greek goddess (i), (ii)
democracies, western (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
democracy
Greek see assemblies; Athens, Athenians; law courts, Athenian; lottery; merit, meritocracy
Roman (i)
Demosthenes (i), (ii), (iii)
Dendera, Egypt (i)
diaspora
Jewish (i)
Italian (i)
Persian (i)
dialectic (i) see Socrates
dictator see Romans
Dido, Carthaginian queen (i)
Didyma (i), (ii)
Diocletian, Roman emperor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
edict on prices (i)
dining
Alexander III of Macedon and (i)
Athenian democracy and (i)
Etruscan (i)
Germanic (i)
Greek (i)
Near Eastern influence (i)
Roman (i), (ii)
see also symposium; convivium
Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian (i), (ii)
dioiketes, Ptolemaic finance minister (i)
Dionysus, Greek god (i), (ii), (iii)
Athenian festival of (i), (ii)
diplomacy, diplomats (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
grain diplomacy (i)
see also alliance, ally; treaty
disease see epidemic; sanitation
discipline, military
Greek (i), (ii)
Macedonian (i)
Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Spartan (i), (ii), (iii)
divination
Etruscan (i)
Greek (i)
Roman (i), (ii)
Domitian, Roman emperor (i), (ii)
Dorian, Dorian Greeks, Doric (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Dorchester (i)
drainage (i) see bathrooms; sanitation
drama
Alexander III of Macedon and (i)
Greek (i), (ii), (iii)
ori
gins (i), (ii)
Roman (i)
women in the audience (i)
see also actors; Aeschylus; Aristophanes; comedy; Epicharmus; Euripides; mask, theatrical; Medea; Sophocles; Stesichorus; theatres; tragedy
Dreros, Crete (i), (ii)
dress
Alexander III of Macedon and (i)
Aristotle and (i)
Athenian democracy and (i), (ii)
effeminacy and (i)
Goths (i)
Huns (i)
late Roman emperors (i)
Livia and (i)
Lydian influence on Greek (i)
philosophers and (i)
Romans and Greek (i)
see also cross-dressing; toga
drought (i), (ii), (iii)
dynastic principle, dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
earthquakes (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Ecbatana (i)
economics, household (i)
economy
farming (i)
Hellenistic royal (i)
and Linear B (i)
see also agriculture; empire; farmers; imperialism; landowners; metallurgy; mines, mining; piracy; slavery; trade
education
Greek (i)
Roman (i), (ii), (iii)
see also gymnasium; orators; philosophers; rhetoric
Edward VII (i)
Egesta see Segesta
Egypt, Egyptians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Alexander III of Macedon and (i), (ii)
Christianity and (i)
Greek colonial attitudes and (i)
Greek temple building and (i)
Minoans and (i)
Persians and (i), (ii)
pharaohs (i)
Ptolemies and (i), (ii), (iii)
Roman province (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
see also Alexandria; Apries; Aswan; Cleopatra VII; Dendera; obelisk; Oxyrhynchus; Psammetichus; Thebes, Egypt
Elba, ancient Aethalia (i)
electioneering, elections see lottery; Romans
Elgin Marbles (i)
Elizabeth II (i)
Elpinice (i)
emperors, Roman, ideology and role (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) see also Augustus; courts; monarchy; princeps; Tetrarchy; worship of rulers
empire, empires (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Alexander’s approach to (i)
Athenian (i), (ii)
Macedonian (i), (ii)
Ptolemaic (i)
Spartan (i), (ii)
Roman (i), (ii)
see also Alexander III of Macedon; Athens, naval alliance; Carthage; imperialism; land hunger; Lydia; Macedon; Persia; Rome; tribute
engineers, engineering, Greek (i), (ii)
England (i), (ii), (iii)
English Channel (i), (ii), (iii)
Ephesus (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Ephippus, Greek writer (i)
Epicharmus, Sicilian Greek poet (i)
Epicurus, Greek philosopher (i)
Epidaurus (i)
epidemic, Athenian (i)
Epigraphical Museum, Athens (i), (ii)
eques, equestrian, equites see Romans, knights
Erasistratus, Greek scholar and medical researcher (i)
Eretria (i), (ii)
erōs, Greek sexual love (i)
estates, landed
Hellenistic kingdoms as (i)
Macedonian (i), (ii)
Persian (i)
Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Spartan (i)
Etna, Mt (i)
Etruria, ancient Italy (i), (ii)
Etruria, Staffordshire, England (i)
Etruscan language (i)
Etruscans, ancient (i)
kings of Rome (i)
Etruscomania (i)
Euboea, Greek island, Euboean (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) see also Lefkandi
Eumenes II, Pergamene king (i)
eunuchs (i) see also castration
Euphrates, River (i), (ii)
Euripides, Athenian playwright (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Europe (i) see Asia
Eurotas, River (i)
Eurymedon, River (i)
Eusebius, Christian writer (i), (ii), (iii)
Evans, Sir Arthur (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Eve, and Adam (i)
exchange
Minoan (i)
see also trade
exiles, Greek (i)
extispicy (i), (ii) see also divination
fake news (i)
farmers, farming, farmland, farm produce (i), (ii)
Archaic Greece (i), (ii), (iii)
Athenian (i)
Bronze Age Greece (i)
Carthage (i)
Hellenistic (i)
Macedonian (i), (ii)
Megara Hyblaea (i)
Neolithic Greece (i)
Roman (i)
see also agriculture; estates
Fayum (i)
feasting, feasts
Etruscan (i)
Lydian (i)
Macedonian (i), (ii)
Minoan (i)
sacrificial, Greek (i), (ii)
see also symposium
fertility, female (i), (ii), (iii)
fetialis (i)
film (i) see also Ben Hur; Spartacus, film; 300
fish (i)
Fishbourne, Roman villa (i)
Flamininus see Quinctius Flamininus, Titus
flattery (i), (ii), (iii)
Flaubert, Gustave (i)
fortifications (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Justinian and (i)
see also Hadrian’s Wall
France (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) see also Gaul, Gauls
Franchthi Cave (i)
Franks (i), (ii)
freedmen, freedwomen, Roman (i), (ii)
freedom (i), (ii), (iii) see also liberty
friendship (i)
frontiers (i), (ii) see also Hadrian’s Wall
Gaeseric, Vandal leader (i), (ii)
Galba, Roman emperor (i)
Galilee, Lake (i)
Galla Placidia (i)
Galla Placidia, ‘mausoleum of’ (i)
galleys
Greek (i), (ii)
Persian (i)
Roman (i)
see also triremes
Game of Thrones, TV series (i)
Ganymede (i)
gardens (i)
Gaugamela, battle of (331 BC) (i)
Gaul, Gauls (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Gela (i), (ii)
Gelon, Sicilian tyrant (i), (ii)
genealogies (i), (ii)
Roman (i), (ii)
geographers, geography, Greek (i), (ii)
Germania, Roman definition (i)
Germani, ancient peoples known as (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
appearance (i)
Tacitus’s book about (i)
see also Burgundi; Butheric; Lombardi; San Giovanni di Ruoti; Saxons; Visigoths
Germanic dialects (i)
Germany (i)
Geronthrae (i)
Getty Museum, California (i), (ii), (iii)
ghosts, Greek belief in (i), (ii)
Gibbon, Edward, historian (i)
Gilgamesh, Epic of (i)
Glabrio see Acilius Glabrio, Manius
gladiators (i), (ii)
Golan Heights (i)
gold (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
coins (i)
Golgotha (i)
Gospels (i)
Gothi, Goths (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also Ostrogoths; Visigoths
Goulandris Museum, Athens (i)
Gracchus, Sempronius see Sempronius Gracchus, Gaius; Sempronius Gracchus, Tiberias, brother of Gaius; Sempronius Gracchus, Tiberias, Roman consul
graffiti (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also inscriptions
grain (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
doles, Roman (i), (ii), (iii)
granaries (i), (ii)
‘Gr
aecia’, ‘Graeci’ see Greeks
‘Graeco-Roman’, definition (i)
Great North Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne (i)
Greece, Roman
conquest (i)
‘dark age’ (i)
Justinian and (i)
see also Athens; Hadrian; Heruli; Sparta
Greek, Ancient, language (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
‘common language’ (koine) (i)
see also inscriptions; literature; papyrus
‘Greekling’, Roman insult (i)
Greekness, definition (i), (ii)
Greeks, ancient (i)
origin of name (i)
identity (i), (ii)
overseas settlements (i) see also Naucratis
Rome, resistance to (i)
see also civilization
gymnasium
aristocracy and (i)
Athenian (i), (ii)
gymnastic exercises (i) see also sport
Hadrian, Roman emperor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Greek culture and (i), (ii), (iii)
Jews and (i)
military concerns and (i)
provinces and (i)
Hadrian’s Wall (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Haghia Sophia, Istanbul (i)
hairstyles (i), (ii)
Halicarnassus, modern Bodrum (i), (ii)
Hannibal (i)
haruspices (i) see also divination
Hatshepsut, Egyptian pharaoh (i), (ii)
Hattusa, Hittite capital (i)
Helen ‘of Troy’ (i)
Helena, Roman empress (i)
Helicon, Mt (i)
Hellas, Hellen, Hellenes (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also Greek; Greeks
‘Hellas, Great’ see Magna Graecia
Hellenistic, definition (i)
Helots, Spartan (i), (ii), (iii)
hēmerotēs see civilization, Greek ideas about
Hera, Greek goddess (i)
Heracles (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Herculaneum (i)
Hercules (i), (ii)
Herodotus, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Persian Wars and (i)
truthfulness (i)
Herophilus, Greek medical researcher (i)
Hertfordshire, England (i)
Heruli, migrating people (i)
Hesiod, Greek poet (i), (ii)
hieroglyphs, Egyptian (i), (ii), (iii)
Hieron I, Sicilian tyrant (i)
Hieron II, Sicilian king (i), (ii)
Himera (i)
battle (i), (ii), (iii)
hippodrome see Constantinople; horses
hippopotamus (i)
history-writing, ancient (i)
Alexander III of Macedon and (i), (ii)
Greek (i)
Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
see also Ammianus Marcellinus; Cassius Dio; Diodorus Siculus; fake news; Herodotus; Livy; Polybius; Tacitus; Thucydides; Xenophon
Hittite Empire (i)
Hobbes, Thomas (i)
Hollywood (i) see also film
Homer (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Alexander III of Macedon and (i)
Alexandria and (i)
Iliad (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
The Story of Greece and Rome Page 45
