Between Giants
Page 48
4. Stolfi, R. (2003) German Panzers on the Offensive, Atglen: Schiffer, p.148
5. Haupt, W. (1987) Die 8. Panzer-Division im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Friedberg: Podzun, pp.136–37
6. Stolfi, p.150
7. Kriegstagebuch 8. Panzer Division 22/6/41, US National Archives, T315, Roll 483
8. Haupt (1987), p.139
9. Jones, p.19
10. Sebag Montefiore, S. (2004) Stalin, The Court of the Red Czar, London: Vintage, pp.369–70
11. Zolotarev, V. (1998) Velikaeia Otechestvennaia Voina 1941–1945, I: Surovye Ispytaniia, Moscow: Nauka, p.149
12. Richter, W. (1975) Die 1. (Ostpreussische) Infanterie-Division, Munich: Max Schmidt, pp.40–41
13. Zolotarev, V. (1958) Boevye Dokumenty po Oboronitelnoi Zapadnogo Fronta in Sbornik Boevykh Dokumentov Velikoi Otechestvennoi Viony, Moscow: Voenizdat, p.34
14. Haupt (1987), p.145
15. Quoted in Glantz, D. (2002) The Battle for Leningrad, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, p.33
16. Quoted on http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=5281 insert accessed date
17. For accounts of the battle, see Raus, E. (2003) Panzer Operations: the Eastern Front Memoir of General Raus, 1941–45, Cambridge: Da Capo Press, pp.14–34 and Luttichau, C. von (1985) The Road to Moscow: The Campaign in Russia, Washington DC: Center for Military History Project 26-P
18. Glantz, D. (1998) Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, p.126
19. Ivnskis, Z., Lithuania During the War: Resistance Against the Soviet and Nazi Occupants in Vardys, V. (ed.) (1965) Lithuania Under The Soviets, New York: Praeger, pp.67–68
20. Manteuffel, H. von (1965) Die 7. Panzer-Division im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Krefeld: Schaberg, pp.137–38
21. Manteuffel, pp.138–39
22. Haupt (1987), pp.145–46
23. Kriegstagebuch 8. Panzer Division 26/6/41, US National Archives, T315, Roll 484
24. Haupt (1987), pp.150–51; Stolfi, pp.160–61
25. Stolfi, p.167
26. Kriegstagebuch LVI A.K.(Mot), US National Archives, T314, Roll 1389
27. Zolotarev (1998), p.153
28. For Lasch’s personal account of the battle, see Lasch, O. (2002) So Fiel Königsberg, Stuttgart: Gräfe und Unzer, pp.17–21
29. Glantz (2002), p.35
30. Pavlov was arrested and charged with treason; he was executed within days
31. Stolfi, p.170
32. Richter, p.63
33. Röngelep, R. et al. (2003) ‘Tartu in the 1941 Summer War’ in Baltic Defence Review 9, Vol. 1, pp.165–82
34. Conze, p.219
35. Hubatch, W. (1961) 61. Infanterie-Division, Bad Neuheim: Podzun, p.168
36. Hiio, T. (2006) Estonia, 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, Tallinn: Kistler-Ritso, pp.424–25
Chapter 4
1. Quoted in Tauber, J., 14 Tage im Juni in Bartusevičius, V., Tauber, J., Wette, W. (eds) (2003) Holocaust in Litauen, Cologne: Böhlau, p.40
2. Tauber, p.41
3. Levin, D. (1997) Hidden History of the Kovno Ghetto, Boston: United States Holocaust Museum, p.222
4. Pakalniškis, A. (1980) Plungė, Chicago: Spaudė M. Morkūno spaustuvė, p.45
5. Maslauskienė, N. (2001) Lietuvos Tautinių Mažumų Įtraukimas į LSSR Administraciją ir Sovietinės Biurocratijos Tautiniai Santykiai 1940–1941 in Genocidas ir Rezistencija, I(9), p.38
6. Levin, D. (1995) The Lesser of Two Evils. Eastern European Jewry Under Soviet Rule, 1939–1941, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, p.60
7. Hillgruber, A., War in the East and Extermination of the Jews in Marrus, M. (ed.) (1989) The Nazi Holocaust Part 3, The ‘Final Solution’: The Implementation of Mass Murder, Munich: Saur, pp.95–96
8. Orders of Berück Nord, 28 August 1941, Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, RH 22/6
9. Richtlinien für die Durchführung der Sicherungsaufträge (‘Regulations for the Execution of Security Tasks’), 5/7/41, 9/7/41, Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, RH 26-281/4
10. Orders of Commander 3rd Panzer Group, 28 June 1941, Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, RH 26-20/19
11. Office of the United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, (‘Red Series’), Vol. VII, pp.978–95, USGPO, Washington DC 1946, hereafter cited as ‘Stahlecker Report’
12. Stahlecker Report
13. Stahlecker Report
14. Budreckis, A. (1968) The Lithuanian National Revolt, Boston: Lithuanian Encyclopedia Press, pp. 62–63
15. Levin (1995), p.222
16. Brandišauskas, V. (1996) Siekiai Atkurti Lietuvos Valstybingumą, Vilnius: Valstybinis leidybos centras, p.90
17. Ginaitė, S. (1999) Atminimo Knyga, Vilnius: Margi raštai, p.41
18. Evidence prepared for the trial of Karl Jäger in 1959, subsequently published in Wilhelm, H.-H. (1991) Rassenpolitik und Kriegsführung. Sicherheitspolizei und Wehrmacht in Polen und der Sowjetunion 1939–1942, Passau: Wissenschaftsverlag Rother, Document 18, pp.186–89
19. Jäger Report of 1/12/41, available in translation from the Jewish Internet Consortium, available at http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/resource/document/DocJager.htm, hereafter cited as ‘Jäger Report’
20. Jäger Report
21. Jäger Report
22. Evidence of Fritz Bartmann, quoted in Wette, W. SS-Standartenführer Karl Jäger in Bartusevičius, V., Tauber, J., Wette, W. (eds) (2003) Holocaust in Litauen, Cologne: Böhlau, p.85
23. Evidence of Heinz Jost, quoted in Wette, W. in Bartusevičius et al, p.85
24. Jäger Report
25. Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, RH 26-403/4a
26. Arad, Y. et al (eds) (1989) The Einsatzgruppen Reports. Selections from the Dispatches of the Nazi Death Squads’ Campaign Against the Jews in Occupied Territories of the Soviet Union July 1941– January 1943, New York: Holocaust Library, p.44
27. Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, RH 26-403/4a
28. Rolnikaite, M. (2002) Ich Muss Erzählen, Hamburg: Rowohlt, pp.40–41
29. Good, P. (2001) Memoirs of Perella Esterowicz, available at http://web.me.com/michaeldg/Site/Plagge_Documents_files/MemoirsP.rtf, p.2
30. Rolnikaite, pp.52–54
31. Rolnikaite, pp.59–64
32. Good, P., p.29
33. Rolnikaite, p.97
34. Good, P., pp.33–34
35. Good, P., p.35
36. Eckert, C. (2003), Die Mordstätte Paneriai bei Vilnius in Bartusevičius et al, p.133
37. Sackowicz, K. (1999) Dziennik, Bydgoszcz, p.46
38. Klee, E. et al (eds) (1988) ‘Schöne Zeiten’ – Judenmord aus der Sicht der Täter und Gaffer, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, p.48
39. Tomkiewicz, W. (2008) Zbrodnia w Ponarach 1941–1944, Warsaw: IPN, p.203
40. Langerbein, H. (2004) Hitler’s Death Squads: The Logic of Mass Murder, Texas: A&M University Press, pp.67–68
41. Quoted in Eckert, p.137
42. Grossman, V., Ehrenburg, I. (1994) Das Schwarzbuch. Der Genozid an den Sowjetischen Juden, Reinbek: Rowohlt, p.504
43. Good, P., pp.40–42
44. Quoted in Lustiger, A. (2003) Feldwebel Anton Schmid in Bartusevičius et al, p.187
45. For an account of Schmid’s activities, see Lustiger, pp.185–97
46. Inčiūrienė, J. (2003) Rettung und Widerstand in Kaunas in Bartusevičius et al, pp.202–03
47. Neumann, A. (2003) Leben und Sterben im Ghetto Kaunas in Bartusevičius et al, p.150
48. Dieckmann, C. (1998) Das Ghetto und das Konzentrationslager in Kaunas 1941–1944, Göttingen: Wallstein, p.448
49. Ganor, S. (1997) Das Andere Leben, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, p.114
50. Inčiūrienė, pp.203–17
51. Neumann, A., p152
52. Rolnikaite, p.172
53. Good, P., pp.63–65
/>
54. Good, P., pp.70–71
55. Good, P., p.75
56. Good, P., pp.77–89
57. See Good, M. (2005) The Search For Major Plagge: The Nazi Who Saved Jews. New York: Fordham University Press
58. For an account of the Kaunas ghetto, see Mishell, W. (1988) Kaddish for Kovno: Life and Death in a Lithuanian Ghetto, 1941–1945, Chicago: Chicago Review Press
59. Stahlecker Report
60. Incident Report 40, 1/8/1941, Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv R-58/215, 129; see also Felder, B. (2009) Lettland im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, p.212
61. Ezergailis, A. (1996) The Holocaust in Latvia 1941–1944, Riga: Historical Institute of Latvia, p.290
62. Stahlecker Report
63. Angrick, A., Klein, P. (2009) The Final Solution in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation 1941–1944, New York: Berghahn, pp.133–50
64. Michelson, M. (2004) City of Life, City of Death. Memories of Riga, Colorado: University Press, p.112
65. Breitman, R. (1991) Architect of Genocide. Himmler and the Final Solution, London: Bodley Head, p.220
66. Report 51, 13/8/41, Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv R-58/216, 4
67. Quoted in Felder (2009), p.211
68. Truska, L. (2003) Litausiche Historiographie über den Holocaust in Litauen in Bartusevičius et al., p.263
Chapter 5
1. Myllyniemi, S. (1973) Die Neuordnung der Baltischen Länder 1941–44, Helsinki: Suomen Historiallinen Seura, p.63
2. Report 13, 5/7/41, Bundesarchiv B, R 58/214, 75
3. Letter from KdS Lettland, Abt IIIB to the Generalkommissar, 11/3/42, Bundesarchiv B, R 92/6, 121
4. Note from Generalkommissariat in Riga, 27/8/41, Bundesarchiv B, R 92/6, 158
5. Felder, B. (2009) Lettland im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, p.244
6. Felder (2009), pp.246–47
7. Kuusik, A., Estonian Omakaitse in 1941–1944 in Hiio, T. (2006) Estonia, 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, Tallinn: Kistler-Ritso, pp.797–806
8. Landwehr, R. (1999) Estonian Vikings, Halifax: Shelf Books, p.5
9. Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, 2 available at http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/conclusions.htm
10. Letter from Gruppenführer Berger to Himmler, 2/10/41, National Archives Washington DC, RG-242, T175, Roll 22, frame 2527942
11. Jokipii, M. (1969) Panttipataljoona, Helsinki: Weilin+Göös, pp.115–116
12. Landwehr, pp.31–33
13. Landwehr, pp.39–42
14. Nash, D. (2002) Hell’s Gate, Southbury: RZM, p.110
15. Press, B. (2000) The Murder of the Jews in Latvia, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, p.46
16. Felder (2009), pp.270–71
17. Internal communications of Schutzmann-Bataillon 22, Hoover Latvian Legion Collection, Box 1, Folder 9
18. See Kurzem, M. (2007) The Mascot, London: Ebury
19. Silgailis, A. (1986) Latvian Legion, San Jose: Bender, p.17
20. Silgailis, pp.19–20
21. Silgailis, pp.24–26
22. Silgailis, pp.30–39
23. Knezys, S. (2000) Genocidas ir Rezistencija, Vilnius: Lietuvos Gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras 1(7), p.133
24. Bubnys, A. (2009) Lithuanian Police Battalions and the Holocaust, p11, available at http://www.komisija.lt/Files/www.komisija.lt/File/Tyrimu_baze/Naciu%20okupacija/Instituciju,%20asmenu%20vaidmuo/Bubnys.%20Batalionai/ENG/Research%20by%20A.Bubnys%20(english).pdf
25. Knezys, pp.133–34
26. Browning, C. (2004) The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, p.289
27. Gerlach, C. (2000) Kalkulierte Morde, Hamburg: HIS, pp.612–13
28. Masinės Žudinės Lietuvoj, pp.314–17, quoted in Bubnys, p.16
29. Evidence presented at the trial of A. Impelivičius, LYA, f. K-1, ap. 58, file 47386/3, Vol. 9, pp.378–79
30. Bubnys, p.32
31. Misiunas, R., Taagepera, R. (1993) The Baltic States – Years of Dependence 1940–1990, London: Hurst, p.65
32. Nepriklausoma Lietuva (1943) pp.11–12
33. Lester, D., Stockton, R. (2005) Suicide and the Holocaust, Nova, p.7
34. Budreckis, A. Lithuanian Resistance, 1940–52 in Gerutis, A. (1984) Lithuania: 700 Years, New York: Manyland Books pp.347–48
35. Situation report of Abwehrstelle Ostland 1/7/42-30/9/42, Latvias Valsts Vēstures Arhīvs, Riga, P-70/5/37, p.75
36. Report on Winterzauber for Wehrmacht High Command Ostland, 20/3/43, Latvias Valsts Vēstures Arhīvs, Riga, P-70/5/36, pp.66–69
37. Felder (2009), p.331
38. Myllyniemi (1979), p.141
39. Swain, G. (2004) Between Stalin and Hitler, London: Routledge, p.140
40. Felder (2009), p.325
41. Štrauss, A. (1985) Autobiographical account, Latvijas Zinātŋu Akadēmijas Centrālais Arhīvs Riga, P-40/5/22
42. Balashov, A. (2006) Ystoriya Velykoye Otechiestvennoye Voinyi 1941–1945, St Petersburg: Peter, p.464
43. Report of SS-Jagdverband Ost, Latvijas Zinātŋu Akadēmijas Centrālais Arhīvs Riga, PO 40/5/2, p.61
44. Hoover Latvian Legion Collection, Box 11, Folder 2
Chapter 6
1. See for example Glantz, D. (2002) The Battle for Leningrad, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press; Jones, M. (2008) Leningrad: State of Siege, London: John Murray
2. Glantz (2002), p.327
3. Glantz (2002), p.329
4. Ziemke, E. (2003) Stalingrad to Berlin: the German Defeat in the East, Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, pp.248–51
5. Platonov, S. (1964) Bitva za Leningrad, Moscow: Voenizdat, p.304
6. Jones, p.284
7. Kardel, H. (1953) Die Geschichte der 170 iInfanterie-Division, Bad Neuheim: Podzun, p.88
8. Silgailis, A. (1986) Latvian Legion, San Jose: Bender, pp.39–40
9. Lohse, G. (1957) Die Geschichte der Rheinischwestfälischen 126 iInfanterie-Division 1940–1945, Bad Neuheim: Podzun, p.223
10. Seaton, A. (1971) The Russo-German War 1941–1945, New York: Praeger, p.411
11. Jones, p.283
12. Ziemke, p.256
13. Ziemke, p.256
14. Carius, O. (2003) Tigers in the Mud, Mechanicsburg: Stackpole, pp.46–47
15. Carius, pp.117–19
16. Platonov, p.359, quoted in Glantz (2002), p.353
17. Tieke, W. (2001): Tragedy of the Faithful – a History of the III. (Germanisches) SS-Panzer-Korps, Winnipeg: Fedorowicz, p.41
18. Platonov, p.373
19. Glantz (2002), p.364
20. Guderian, H. (1974) Panzer Leader, London: Penguin, p.336
21. D’Este, C., Model, in Barnett, C. (ed.) (1989) Hitler’s Generals, New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, p.323
22. Mellenthin, F. von (1977) German Generals of World War II, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p.149
23. Misiunas, R., Taagepera, R., (1993) The Baltic States – Years of Dependence 1940–1990, London: Hurst p.70
24. Tieke, p.55
25. Krivoleev, E. (1984) I Sraženie Dlinoj v Polgoda, Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, p.87
26. Casualty figures: Tieke, p.64
27. Platonov, p.385
28. Zolotarev, V. (1999) STAVKA VGK 1944–1945, Moscow: Terra, p.44
29. Ziemke, p.262
30. Zolotarev (1999), pp.267–68
31. Carius, p.84
32. Carius, pp.89–90
33. Carius, pp.91
34. Carius, pp.94–95
35. Burnett, T. (2005) Conspiracy Encyclopedia, London: Collins & Brown, p.48
36. Carius, pp.103–10, 114
37. Haupt, W. (1997) Army Group North, Atglen: Schiffer, pp.212–13
38
. Orlov, K. (1966) Borba za Sovetsjuiu Pribaltiku v Velikoi Otechestvennoi Vione, 1941–1945, Moscow: Liesma, Vol. I, p.120
39. For an account of the Latvian defence of the Velikaya, see Silgailis, pp.72–83
Chapter 7
1. Niepold, G. (1985) Mittlere Ostfront Juni 1944, Hamburg: Mittler, p.22
2. Newton, S. (1995) Retreat from Leningrad: Army Group North, 1944/1945, Philadelphia: Schiffer
3. Grigorenko, P. (1984) Memoirs, New York: Norton & Company, p.90
4. Erickson, J. (1999) The Road to Stalingrad, New Haven: Yale University Press, p.359
5. Manteuffel, H. von (1965) Die 7. Panzer-Division im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Krefeld: Schaberg, p.416
6. Report from 7th Panzer Division in Manteuffel, p.418
7. Plato, A. von (1978) Die Geschichte der 5. Panzer Division, Regensburg: Walhalla & Praetoria, p.353
8. Piotrowski, T. (1997) Poland’s Holocaust, Jefferson: McFarland & Co, p.88
9. Piotrowski, pp.88–89
10. Report by Beria, L., to Stalin, Molotov and Antonov, 18 July 1944, available from http://www.doomedsoldiers.com/armia-krajowa-in-NKVD-NKGB-documents-pt-2.html
11. For a Polish account of Operation Ostra Brama and its aftermath, see Erdman, J. (1990) Droga do Ostrej Bramy, Warsaw: PWN
12. Silgailis, A. (1986) Latvian Legion, San Jose: Bender, pp.98–100
13. Carius, O. (2003) Tigers in the Mud, Mechanicsburg: Stackpole, pp.46–47, p.164
14. Carius, pp.166–71
15. Tsentralnyi Archiv Ministertsva Oborony f.3404, op.1, d.102, ll.55–56
16. After-action report of Schwere Panzer Abteilung 502 4–27 July 1944, quoted in Carius, pp.295–96
17. Carius, pp.183–84
18. After-action report of Schwere Panzer Abteilung 502 4–27 July 1944, quoted in Carius, pp.300–02
19. Silgailis, pp.108–15
20. Grier, H. (2007) Hitler, Dönitz, and the Baltic Sea, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, p.121
21. Tieke, W. (2001): Tragedy of the Faithful – a History of the III. (Germanisches) SS-Panzer-Korps, Winnipeg: Fedorowicz, pp.88–94
22. Kattago, S. (2008) ‘Commemorating Liberation and Occupation: War Memorials Along the Road to Narva’ in Journal of Baltic Studies 39 (4), pp. 431–49
23. For casualty figures, see Laar, M. (2006) Sinimäed 1944: II Maailmasõja Lahingud Kirde-Eestis, Tallinn: Varrak, and Krivosheev, G. (1997) Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, London: Greenhill Books