Eureka: The Unfinished Revolution
Page 69
77. Captain Thomas reports on the attack on the Eureka Stockade to the Major Adjutant General, 3 December 1854, VPRS 1085/P Unit 8, Duplicate 162, Enclosure No. 7.
78. Robert Rede’s evidence, 10 January 1855, ‘Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Condition of the Goldfields of Victoria’, p. 310.
79. Ibid.
80. Captain Thomas reports on the attack on the Eureka Stockade to the Major Adjutant General, 3 December 1854, VPRS 1085/P Unit 8, Duplicate 162, Enclosure No. 7.
81. Charles Pasley letter to his father, 27 June 1855, ML, B1564, p. 54.
82. Nicholls, W. H., ‘Reminiscences of the Eureka Stockade’, The Centennial Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 10, May 1890, p. 749.
83. Carboni, p. 70.
84. Nicholls, W. H., ‘Reminiscences of the Eureka Stockade’, The Centennial Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 10, May 1890, p. 749.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE QUEEN’S PEACE IS DISTURBED
1. Hotham to Sir George Grey, 20 December 1854, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Discovery of Gold in Australia’, July 1855, p. 66.
2. Charles Pasley letter to his father, 27 June 1855, ML, B1564, p. 54.
3. Thomas Pierson diary, Wednesday, 6 December 1854, SLV, MS 11646, Box 2178/4, p. 233.
4. The Examiner, 9 December 1854, p. 780.
5. Author’s note: The 40th had reportedly brought 140 gallons of rum to Ballarat, which had been accessed before and after the attack; MacFarlane, p. 92.
6. Charles Pasley letter to his father, 27 June 1855, ML, B1564, p. 55.
7. Blake, pp. 141-142.
8. Charles Pasley letter to his father, 27 June 1855, ML, B1564, p. 55.
9. Robert Rede to Chief Commissioner of the Goldfields, 2 December 1854, VPRS 1189, 54/J14462, Box 92.
10. Withers, p. 126.
11. Samuel Huyghue Diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, SLV, MS 7725 Box 646/9, p. 23.
12. Withers, p. 124.
13. Charles Pasley letter to his father, 27 June 1855, ML, B1564, p. 55.
14. Lynch, Story of the Eureka Stockade, p. 30.
15. Ferguson, Experiences of a Forty-niner in Australia and New Zealand, p. 284.
16. Ibid.
17. The Argus, 10 April 1855, pp. 14-16.
18. Withers, p. 118.
19. Author’s note: There are other candidates as to who fired the first shot, and it all depends on which account you judge to be most credible, but this is my conclusion.
20. Eureka Encyclopaedia, p. 452.
21. Lynch, Story of the Eureka Stockade, p. 30.
22. Thomas report on the attack on the Eureka Stockade to the Major Adjutant General, 3 December 1854, VPRS 1085/P Unit 8, Duplicate 162, Enclosure No. 7
23. Hackett to Chief Gold Commissioner, 3 December 1854, VPRS 1085/P Unit 8, Duplicate 162, Enclosure No. 9.
24. Carboni, p. 71.
25. Withers p.117.
26. Ferguson, p. 282.
27. Charles Pasley letter to his father, 27 June 1855, ML, B1564, p. 55.
28. Carboni, p. 71.
29. Ferguson, p. 285.
30. Lynch, p. 30.
31. Withers, p. 117.
32. Author’s note: In the subsequent trials, Harris went under the name of James.
33. Carboni, p. 71.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., p. 72.
36. Sameul Huyghue diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, State Library of Victoria, MS 7725, Box 646/9, p. 30.
37. Geelong Advertiser, 6 December 1854, p. 4.
38. Sameul Huyghue diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, State Library of Victoria, MS 7725, Box 646/9, p. 30.
39. Blake, p. 161.
40. Queen v. Joseph, p. 21.
41. Lynch, p. 30.
42. Carboni, p. 71.
43. Ibid.
44. Ferguson, p. 285.
45. Lynch, p. 12.
46. Ibid., 11.
47. Macdougall, p. 182.
48. Corfield, p. 317.
49. Blake, p. 394.
50. Craig, p. 267.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Lynch, p. 34.
54. Ferguson, p. 285.
55. Ferguson, p. 286.
56. Author’s note: There is a 4 December (p. 5) report in The Argus, subsequently picked up by many other newspapers, reporting that ‘the flag of the diggers, “The Southern Cross”, as well as the “Union Jack”, which they had to hoist underneath, were captured by the foot police’. However, in my opinion, this report of the Union Jack being on the same flagpole as the flag of the Southern Cross is not credible. There is no independent corroborating report in any other newspaper, letter, diary or book, and one would have expected Raffaello Carboni, for one, to have mentioned it had that been the case. The paintings of the flag ceremony and battle by Charles Doudiet, who was in Ballarat at the time, depicts no Union Jack. During the trial for High Treason, the flying of the Southern Cross was an enormous issue, yet no mention was ever made of the Union Jack flying beneath.
57. Carboni, p. 72.
58. Author’s Note: There is a strong and well-known story to the effect that Hafele had the top of his head cleaved off with a single blow by a Lieutenant Richards, as detailed by Henry GylesTurner in his book Our Own Little Rebellion (p. 73). It is the strong view of Gregory Blake, however, after comparing first-hand accounts for two years for his book To Pierce the Tyrant’s Heart, that it did not happen - and on the evidence presented, I agree with him.
59. Gold, p.46.
60. The Argus, 27 February 1855, p. 5.
61. Carboni p. 74.
62. Lynch, p. 41.
63. O’Brien, p. 99.
64. Deposition of William Wills, 11 December 1854, Trial Brief for Arthur Purcell Akehurst for the manslaughter of Henry Powell, VPRS 30/P Unit 40, Case no.2, Criminal Sessions Melbourne.
65. Thomas Pierson diary, Wednesday, 6 December 1854, p. 244, SLV, MS 11646, Box 2178/4.
66. Samuel Lazarus diary, 24 September 1853-21 January 1855; Sunday, 3 December 1854, p. 136, SLV, MS BOX 1777/4.
67. Carboni, p.83.
68. Geelong Advertiser, 6 December 1854, p. 4.
69. Johnson, pp. 40-41.
70. Ibid., p. 41.
71. Carboni, p. 74.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. Geelong Advertiser, 6 December 1854, p. 4.
75. Charles Pasley letter to his father, 27 June 1855, ML, B1564, p. 56.
76. Ibid.
77. Withers, p.117.
78. The Ballarat Times, 3 December 1854.
79. Carboni, p. 75.
80. Samuel Lazarus diary, 24 September 1853-21 January 1855; Sunday, 3 December 1854, SLV, MS Box 1777/4, p. 132.
81. Sameul Huyghue diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, SLV, MS 7725 Box 646/9, p. 37.
82. Geelong Advertiser, 6 December 1854, p. 6. Author’s note: The correspondent does not name Hafele, but with 15 wounds it is quite likely the same man.
83. Geelong Advertiser, 6 December 1854, p. 4.
84. Withers, p. 124. The manner of this ‘dispatching’ is not recorded, only that it occurred.
85. Carboni, p. 75.
86. Samuel Huyghue diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, SLV, MS 7725 Box 646/9, p. 32.
87. Ferguson, p. 287.
88. Carboni p. 76.
89. Ibid.
90. Ferguson, p. 287
91. Ibid.
92. Geelong Advertiser, 6 December 1854, p. 4
93. Captain Thomas reports on the attack on the Eureka Stockade to the Major Adjutant General, 3 December 1854, VPRS 1085/P Unit 8, Duplicate 162, Enclosure No. 7.
94. Geelong Advertiser, 6 December 1904, p. 4.
95. Geelong Advertiser, 4 December 1854, p. 4.
96. Geelong Advertiser, 6 December 1854, p. 4.
97. The Melbourne Morning Herald, 5 December 1854, p. 4.
98. Sameul Huyghue Diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, SLV, MS 7725 Box 646/9, p. 32.
99. Lynch, p. 31.
100. Ben
jamin Welch’s evidence, 20 December 1854, ‘Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Condition of the Goldfields of Victoria’, p. 112.
101. Ibid.
102. Samuel Huyghue Diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, SLV, MS 7725 Box 646/9, p. 32-33.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: AFTER THE TEMPEST
1. Lawson, A Camp-fire Yarn, p. 117.
2. Queen v. Hayes, p. 75.
3. Ibid., p. 77.
4. Craig, pp. 268-69.
5. Withers, p. 119.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Carboni, p. 82.
10. The Argus, 4 December 1854, p. 5.
11. Lynch, p. 32.
12. Ibid., p. 31.
13. Ibid.
14. The Ballarat Times, 3 December 1854.
15. Wickham, p. 35.
16. Author’s footnote: It is difficult to determine precisely the number of diggers who immediately died as a result of the battle or later from their wounds. The government kept no strict figures on the number of insurgent deaths. Macfarlane (p. 92) lists 16 immediate digger deaths and nine later from their wounds. Captain Thomas in his report to the Major Adjutant General (VPRS 1085/P Unit 8, Duplicate 162, Enclosure No. 7), states ‘no less than thirty killed on the spot, and I know that many have since died.’ However, as MacFarlane notes, ‘this figure probably included military casualties as well. From the eyewitness journalist accounts on the morning of 3 December, between 15 and 20 bodies were counted in the Stockade. Gregory Blake notes that there were a large number of unidentified digger bodies buried and numbers these as high as 21 and that together with MacFarlane’s figure of 23, 44 insurgents died as a result of the battle. Towards the end of the battle, wounded escaped south-east towards Warrenheip and as McFarlane notes (p. 104) at least 3 bodies were buried in locations other than Ballarat.
17. Samuel Lazarus diary, 24 September 1853-21 January 1855; Thursday, 30 November 1854, SLV, MS Box 1777/4, p. 122.
18. Samuel Lazarus diary, 24 September 1853-21 January 1855; Sunday, 4 December 1854, SLV, MS Box 1777/4, p. 138.
19. Lynch, p. 32.
20. Samuel Huyghue diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, SLV, MS 7725, Box 646/9, p. 41.
21. Carboni, p. 83.
22. Samuel Huyghue diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, SLV, MS 7725, Box 646/9, p. 39.
23. Captain Thomas reports on the attack on the Eureka Stockade to the Major Adjutant General, 3 December 1854, VPRS 1085/P Unit 8, Duplicate 162, Enclosure No. 7.
24. Victorian Government Gazette Extraordinary (No. III), 4 December 1854, p. 2753.
25. Hotham to Denison, Enclosure 11 in No. 7, 4 December 1854; Hotham despatch to Grey, 20 December 1854, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Discovery of Gold in Australia’, July 1855, p. 85.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Hotham’s military report to the Secretary of State, 22 December 1854, British National Archives, CO309/28.
29. Foster to Rede, Enclosure 12 in No. 7, 4 December 1854; Hotham despatch to Grey, 20 December 1854. ‘Further Papers Relative to the Discovery of Gold in Australia’, July 1855, p. 86.
30. Ibid.
31. The Ballarat Times, 3 December 1854.
32. Charles Jeffries Carter’s evidence, State Trials, Queen v. Seekamp, VPRS 30/P Unit 40, Case No. 23, Criminal Sessions Melbourne.
33. Carboni, p. 84.
34. Hill, p. 185.
35. Johnson, p.40.
36. Ferguson, p. 290.
37. Carboni, p. 86.
38. Carboni, p. 86.
39. Author’s note: Such, I am expertly advised, would be the result of having received a musketball in that spot the day before.
40. The Argus, 11 February 1889, p. 8.
41. Peter Lalor letter to his brother Richard, 1855, SLV, AJCP M Series M2039, p. 2.
42. Author’s note: Such, I am expertly advised, would be how amputating the arm at the shoulder would have been done on a man in Lalor’s condition at that time on the gold fields.
43. The Argus, 4 December 1854, p. 4.
44. Samuel Huyghue diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, SLV, MS 7725 Box 646/9, p. 40.
45. Samuel Lazarus diary, 24 September 1853-21 January 1855; Monday, 4 December 1854, p. 141, SLV, MS Box 1777/4.
46. Ibid. Author’s note: Sameul Huyghue’s diary contains a happier outcome for mother and child, namely that, ‘They miraculously escaped with their lives, their clothes being actually riddled with bullet holes.’ Nevertheless, on 7 December 1854, The Argus (p.4) reported that, ‘The real harm done is the death of one woman and child.’
47. Geelong Advertiser, 6 December 1854, p. 4. Author’s note: Again, I believe this to be a report only, without substance. And yet the point remains - such reports were circulating on the gold fields and enraged the diggers.
48. Samuel Lazarus diary, 24 September 1853-21 January 1855; Monday, 4 December 1854, SLV, MS Box 1777/4, p. 141.
49. The Melbourne Morning Herald, 5 December 1854, p. 4.
50. The Age, 5 December 1854, p. 4.
51. The Argus, 6 December 1854, p. 7.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. The Age, 6 December 1854, p. 5.
56. The Argus, 6 December 1854, p. 7.
57. Withers, p. 112.
58. The Argus, 6 December 1854, p. 7.
59. Victoria Government Gazette Extraordinary (No. III1/2), Monday, 4 December 1854, p. 2755.
60. Samuel Huyghue diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, SLV, MS 7725 Box 646/9, p. 43.
61. Craig, p. 272.
62. Ibid.
63. The Argus, 5 December 1854, p. 5.
64. The Melbourne Morning Herald, 9 December 1854, p. 6.
65. Geelong Advertiser, 12 December 1854, p. 4.
66. The Melbourne Morning Herald, 7 December, p. 6.
67. The Argus, 7 December 1854, p. 4.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. The Argus, 7 December 1854, p. 5.
72. Hotham dispatch to Grey, 20 December 1854, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Discovery of Gold in Australia’, July 1855, p. 67.
73. The Argus, 7 December 1854, p. 5.
74. Ibid.
75. Record of public meeting held near St Paul’s Church, 8 December 1854, VPRS 4066/P Unit 1, December 1854, No. 50.
76. The Argus, 7 December 1854, p. 5.
77. Ibid.
78. Withers, p. 119.
79. Lynch, p. 33.
80. Carboni, p. 86.
81. The Argus, 11 December 1854, p. 5.
82. Carboni, p. 86.
83. William Revell deposition to E. P. Sturt, 9 December 1854, VPRS 5527/P Unit 2, Item 4.
84. Hotham despatch to Sir George Grey, 28 February 1855. Further papers, July 1855, p. 103.
85. Molony, Eureka, p. 175.
86. Hotham to George Grey, 20 December 1854, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Discovery of Gold in Australia’, July 1855, p. 69.
87. Geelong Advertiser, 6 December 1854, p. 4.
88. MacFarlane, p. 113.
89. Ibid., p. 115.
90. The Argus, 15 December 1854, p. 6.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Deposition of William Wills, 11 December 1854, Trial Brief for Arthur Purcell Akehurst for the manslaughter of Henry Powell, VPRS 30/P Unit 40, Case No. 2, Criminal Sessions Melbourne.
95. Deposition of Gordon Evans, 11 December 1854, Trial Brief for Arthur Purcell Akehurst for the murder of Henry Powell, VPRS 30/P Unit 40, Case No. 2, Criminal Sessions Melbourne.
96. The Argus, 20 January 1855 p. 4.
97. Geelong Advertiser, 13 December 1854, p. 4.
98. Withers, p. 130.
99. McCombie, p. 277.
100. Stoney, p. 90.
101. Carboni, p. 92.
102. Ibid., p. 93.
103. Ibid., p. 98.
104. ‘Report of the
Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Condition of the Goldfields of Victoria’, p. vii.
105. Carboni, p. 104. Author’s note: This James Grant is quite distinct from the aforementioned James Grant, the digger imprisoned for being without a license.
106. Ibid.
107. Corfield, p.452.
108. Samuel Huyghue diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, SLV, MS 7725 Box 646/9, p. 47.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS
1. The Sydney Morning Herald, 1 January 1855, p.5.
2. Barrier Miner, 16 March 1899, p. 3. Author’s note: The mounted policeman may well have been overstating the reward and its conditions to elicit assistance. A PS400 reward had been offered by the Victorian Government on 18 December 1854 for the apprehension of Lalor and Black (PS200 per man) and there was no mention of ‘dead or alive’. In the article it says PS500, but this was a mistaken recollection by Carroll. At the time the reward was PS200.
3. Author’s note: Musha, actually spelt ‘muise’, means somewhere between ‘indeed!’ and ‘well, well!’ in Irish.
4. Barrier Miner, 16 March 1899, p.3.
5. Ibid.
6. The Argus, 14 July 1904 p.5.
7. Samuel Huyghue Diary, The Ballarat Riots 1854, SLV, MS 7725, Box 646/9, p. 49.
8. ‘Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Condition of the Goldfields of Victoria’, p. lxiv.
9. ‘Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Condition of the Goldfields of Victoria’, pp. lxv-lxvi.
10. Ibid., p. lxvi.
11. Author’s note: The initial charge against him of ‘willful murder’ was downgraded once he was placed in the hands of the Melbourne legal authorities.
12. MacFarlane, p. 132.
13. Ibid.
14. The Argus, 16 January 1855, p. 5.
15. The Age, 3 January 1855, p. 3.
16. The Age, 5 February 1855, p. 6.
17. Empire, 26 December 1854, p. 4.
18. The Age, 14 February 1855, p. 5.
19. David Goodman, p. 42.
20. Queen v. Joseph, p. 3.
21. MacFarlane, p. 140.
22. Geelong Advertiser, 27 February 1855, p. 2.
23. Queen v. Joseph, p. 10.
24. Ibid., p. 11.
25. Ibid., p. 19.
26. Ibid., p. 25.
27. Ibid., p. 35.
28. Ibid., p. 43.
29. The Anti-Transportation League flag, was designed in 1849 and used from 1851. The flag is very close to the current Australian flag, with the Union Jack in the top left-hand corner and the five stars of the Southern Cross in yellow across the fly. (It did not have the seven-pointed star beneath the Union Jack.) It is thought to be the oldest known flag to feature a representation of the Southern Cross with the stars arranged as seen in the sky. While both flags bear stars, in actuality they look quite different, the Eureka flag bearing a star at the four end-points of a central cross.