Wolf Country

by John Theberge

  At the University of Waterloo a number of administrators in the Office of Research have managed financial and business affairs, and we thank especially Liz Vinnicombe, Joan Hadley, and Colleen Richardson. Linda Youngblut, Mary Jane Bauer, and Vera Reeve in the School of Planning have provided years of assistance.

  In the field, Jim and June Maika, who run Lakeside Variety Store in Bonnechere, extended a great deal of logistic help both to us and our students, from vehicle assistance to message reception. On the Achray road, Gerhardt Schinke and his family, who run Algonquin Portage Store, have played a similar role. On field excursions, Colin Fabian of Bonnechere and Tom Stephenson of Pembroke are always ready to go, and their skills in the bush have been most helpful, especially when the wolves took us to remote places in winter. Other people in the Round Lake area have befriended and helped us or our students, and we thank Delmar and Janet Royce, Ben Burchat, Barry Keetch, and Phil Davies.

  We cannot name all the pilots who have flown for us, but want to acknowledge Pem Air as a company — pilots, mechanics, administrators. Officials of the company know our financial constraints and have flown at rates that really represent a donation to our research, and we thank owner Del O’Brien.

  We thank Jenny and Michelle Theberge and Mark Lindstrom for comments on parts of the manuscript. Jonathan Webb, senior editor at McClelland & Stewart, provided many constructive suggestions and editorial comments that improved the manuscript.

  Finally, Monte Hummel has stuck with us, pledging WWF financial support, furnishing moral support, and insisting in meetings with the MNR that our results be translated into conservation gains. Monte once taught at the University of Toronto with Doug Pimlott. Like Mary and me, he had his life rearranged by Doug’s passionate regard for nature, his intolerance of government malaise, and his expectations of us. We hope, between the three of us, that Doug would approve.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Included in this bibliography are some of the sources to which reference is made in the text. Our study of Algonquin Park has also given rise to a considerable body of published research, including articles, addresses to scientific meetings, and dissertations. These are listed as well.

  General

  Bakker, R. L. 1993. The Dinosaur Heresies. New York: Zebra Books, Kensington Publishing Corp.

  Errington, P. L. 1967. Of Predation and Life. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.

  Heinrich, B. 1989. Ravens in Winter. New York: Summit Books.

  Theberge, J. B. 1989. “The future of the wolf: biology or bioethics?” Seasons, 29(1): 15-20.

  Theberge, J. B. 1992. “Wolves, Algonquin Park and the hierarchy of ecology.” In Island of Hope. L. Labatt and B. Littlejohn (eds.). Willowdale, Ontario: Firefly Books, 247-256.

  Theberge, J. B. 1994. “Why Fear the Wolf.” Equinox, 73:4251.

  Theberge, J. B., and M. T. Theberge. 1991. “Wolves and wolf research in Algonquin Park.” Wolf Research Publication Series No. 1. Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

  Theberge, J. B., and M. T. Theberge. 1993. “Adventures with Algonquin Wolves.” Wolf Research Publication Series No. 2. Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario. 11 pp.

  Wilson, E. O. 1975. Sociobiology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belnap Press.

  Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1962. Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

  Scientific Articles

  Baier, P., and D. R. McCullough. 1990. “Factors influencing white-tailed deer activity patterns and habitat use.” Wildlife Monographs, 109:1-51.

  Ballard, W. B., J. S. Whitman, and C. L. Gardner. 1987. “Ecology of an exploited wolf population in southcentral Alaska.” Wildlife Monographs, 98:1-54.

  Ballard, W. B., L. A. Ayers, S. G. Fancy, D. J. Reed, and M. A. Spindler. 1990. “Demography and movements of wolves in relation to the western arctic caribou herd of northwest Alaska.” Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Research Report.

  Barker, I. K., J. B. Theberge, P. S. Carman, and A. I. Wandeler. 1996. “Prevalence of antibody to canine parvovirus-2, infectious canine hepatitis, canine distemper and rabies in gray wolves (Canis lupus) from Algonquin Park, Ontario.” Abstract. 45th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Disease Association, Fairbanks, Alaska.

  Brown, W. K., and J. B. Theberge. 1990. “The effects of extreme snow-cover on feeding site selection by woodland caribou.” Journal of Wildlife Management, 54:161-168.

  Carbyn, L. N. 1982. “Coyote population fluctuations and spatial distribution in relation to wolf territories in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba.” The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 96:176-183.

  Carbyn, L. N., S. M. Oosenbrug, and D. W. Anions. 1993. “Wolves, bison, and the dynamics related to the Peace-Athabasca Delta in Canada’s Wood Buffalo National Park.” Circumpolar Research Series Number 4, Edmonton, Alberta.

  Delgiudice, G. D, R. O. Peterson, and W. M. Samuel. 1997. “Trends of winter nutritional restriction of ticks and numbers of moose on Isle Royale.” Journal of Wildlife Management, 61:895-903.

  Forbes, G. J., and J. B. Theberge. 1992. “Importance of scavenging on moose by wolves in Algonquin Park, Ontario.” Alces, 28:235-241.

  Forbes, G. J., and J. B. Theberge. 1993. “Multiple landscape scales and winter distribution of moose, Alces alces, in a forest ecotone.” The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 107:201-207.

  Forbes, G. J., and J. B. Theberge. 1996. “Response by wolves to prey variation in central Ontario.” Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74:1511-1520.

  Forbes, G. J., and J. B. Theberge. 1996. “Cross-boundary management of Algonquin Park wolves.” Conservation Biology, 10:1091-1097.

  Forbes, G. J., and J. B. Theberge. 1996. “Influences of a migratory deer herd on wolf movements and mortality, in and near Algonquin Park, Ontario.” In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication 35, Edmonton, Alberta, L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts, and D. R. Seip (eds.). 303-314.

  Fritts, S. H., and L. D. Mech. 1981. “Dynamics, movements, and feeding ecology of a newly protected wolf population in northwestern Minnesota.” Wildlife Monographs, 80:1-79.

  Gasaway, W. C., R. O. Stephenson, J. L. Davis, P. K. Shepherd, and O. E. Burns. 1983. “Interrelationships of wolves, prey and man in interior Alaska.” Wildlife Monographs, 84:1-50.

  Gauthier, D. A., and J. B. Theberge. 1987. “Wolf predation.” In Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America. M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch (eds.). Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto. 119-127.

  Gese, E. M., and L. D. Mech. 1991. “Dispersal of wolves (Canis lupus) in northeastern Minnesota, 1969-1989.” Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69:2946-2955.

  Keith, L. B. 1983. “Population dynamics of wolves.” In Wolves in Canada and Alaska. L. N. Carbyn (ed.). Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 45, Ottawa, Ontario. 66-77.

  Mech, L. D. 1977. “Productivity, mortality and population trends of wolves in northeastern Minnesota.” Journal of Mammalogy, 58:559-574.

  Mech, L. D., L. D. Frenzel, Jr., and P. Karns. 1971. “The effects of snow conditions on the vulnerability of white-tailed deer to wolf predation.” In Ecological Studies of the Timber Wolf in Northeastern Minnesota. L. D. Mech and L. D. Frenzel (eds.). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Research Paper NC-52. St. Paul, Minnesota. 35-51.

  Messier, F. 1985. “Social organization, spatial distribution, and population density of wolves in relation to moose density.” Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63:1068-1077.

  Nelson, M. E., and L. D. Mech. 1981. “Deer social organization and wolf predation in northeastern Minnesota.” Wildlife Monographs, 77:1-53.

  Nelson, M. E., and L. D. Mech. 1986. “Relationship between snow depth and gray wolf predation on white-tailed deer.” Journal of Wildlife Management, 50:471-474.

  Nowak, R. M. 1995. “Another look at wolf taxonomy.” In Ecology and Conservation of Wolves i
n a Changing World. L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts, and D. R. Seip (eds.). Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication 35. Edmonton, Alberta. 375-397.

  Parker, G. R. 1973. “Distribution and densities of wolves within barren-ground caribou range in northern mainland Canada.” Journal of Mammalogy, 54:341-348.

  Peterson, R. O., J. D. Woolington, and T. N. Bailey. 1984. “Wolves of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.” Wildlife Monographs, 88:1-52.

  Peterson, R. O., and R. E. Page. 1988. “The rise and fall of Isle Royale wolves, 1975-1986.” Journal of Mammalogy, 69:89-99.

  Pimlott, D. H., J. A. Shannon, and G. B. Kolenosky. 1969. “Ecology of the timber wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park.” Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, Research Report 87. Toronto, Ontario.

  Potvin, F. 1988. “Wolf movements and population dynamics in Papineau-Labelle reserve, Quebec.” Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66:1266-1273.

  Stephenson, R. O. and D. James. 1982. “Wolf movements and food habits in northwest Alaska.” In Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. F. H. Harrington and P. C. Paquet (eds.). Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Data Corporation. 26-42.

  Theberge, J. B. 1969. “Observations of wolves at a rendezvous site in Algonquin Park.” The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 83:122-128.

  Theberge. J. B. 1989. “Guidelines to drawing ecologically sound boundaries for national parks and nature reserves.” Environmental Management, 13:695-702.

  Theberge, J. B. 1990. “Potentials for misinterpreting impacts of wolf predation through prey:predator ratios.” Wildlife Society Bulletin, 18:188-192.

  Theberge, J. B. 1991. “Ecological classification, status, and management of the gray wolf, Canis lupus, in Canada.” The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 105 (4) 1459-463.

  Theberge, J. B. 1992. “Concepts of conservation biology and boundary delineation in parks.” In Ecosystem Management of National Parks, Western Region. Canadian Parks Service: Seminar Proceedings. J. D. Henry and B. Lieff (eds.). Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary.

  Theberge, J. B. 1993. “Ecology, conservation and protected areas in Canada.” In Parks and Protected Areas in Canada, Planning and Management. P. Dearden and R. Rollins (eds.). Toronto: Oxford University Press, 137-153.

  Theberge, J. B. 1993. “Parks — isolated patch or regional matrix.” In Ecosystem Management for Managers. Canadian Parks Service National Workshop. S. Woodley (ed.). Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo.

  Theberge, J. B. 1995. “A faunal species approach to landscape linkages.” Presented Second International Symposium on Science and the Management of Protected Areas, Halifax, Nova Scotia. May 1994. In Ecosystem Monitoring and Protected Areas. T. B. Herman, S. Bondrup-Nielsen, J. H. M. Willison, and N. W. P. Munro (eds.). Science and Protected Areas Association, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

  Theberge, J. B., and J. B. Falls. 1967. “Howling as a means of communication in timber wolves.” American Zoologist, 7:331-338.

  Theberge, J. B., S. Oosenbrug, and D. H. Pimlott. 1978. “Site and seasonal variation in the food of wolves in Algonquin Park, Ontario.” The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 92:91-94.

  Theberge, J. B., and D. A. Gauthier. 1985. “Models of wolf-ungulate relationships: when is wolf control justified.” Wildlife Society Bulletin, 13:449-458.

  Theberge, J. B., G. J. Forbes, I. K. Barker, and T. Bollinger. 1994. “Rabies in wolves of the Great Lakes Region.” Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 30:563-566.

  Theberge, J. B., M. T. Theberge, and G. Forbes. 1996. “What Algonquin Park wolf research has to instruct about recovery in the northeastern United States.” In Wolves of America Conference Proceedings. Albany, New York, November 1996. Defenders of Wildlife, Washington, D.C., 34-40.

  Theberge, M. T., J. B. Theberge, G. Forbes, and S. Stewart. 1996. “Is the Algonquin canid a wolf or a coyote?” In Wolves of America Conference Proceedings. Albany, New York, November 1996. Defenders of Wildlife, Washington, D.C., 208-211.

  Wilson, P. J., S. Grewal, A. Sipek, J. B. Theberge, M. T. Theberge, and B. N. White. 1996. “A molecular-genetic estimate of the extent of wolf-coyote hybridization in the wolf population of Algonquin Park, Ontario.” In Wolves of America Conference Proceedings. Albany, New York, November 1996. Defenders of Wildlife, Washington, D.C., 204-207.

  Unpublished Conference Proceedings

  Theberge, J. B., G. J. Forbes, M. T. Theberge, and S. J. Cook. 1995. “Does a 7500 km2 park protect a wolf population?” Algonquin Research 1987 to present. Presented at Wolves and Humans Conference, Duluth, Minnesota.

  Graduate Theses

  Cook, S. J. 1996. Behaviour and conservation of winter populations of migratory wolves within and adjacent to Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. M.A. thesis, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

  Forbes, G. J. 1990. Moose winter habitat, and habitat disturbance in Algonquin Provincial Park. M.A. thesis, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo.

  Forbes, G. J. 1994. Wolf-ungulate relationships in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Geography, University of Waterloo.

  Swanson, L. 1993. Migratory behaviour and management of a white-tailed deer herd in Algonquin Region, central Ontario. M.A. thesis, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo.

  Undergraduate Theses

  Atwell, L. 1996. Seasonal changes in the summer diet of wolves (Canis lupus) in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo.

  Grancock, A. 1998. Microsattelite analysis of two Laurentian Highland canid populations outside of Algonquin Provincial Park. Department of Biology, McMaster University.

  Grewal, S. 1996. Genetic assessment of the wolf population in Algonquin Park. Department of Biology, McMaster University.

  Hebblewhite, M. 1995. Habitat separation of white-tailed deer and moose, and the refuge hypothesis of P. tenuis, Algonquin Park, Ontario. Department of Biology, University of Guelph.

  Norris, R. 1997. Spatial dynamics of a winter migratory wolf population: eastern Algonquin Provincial Park, 1990-1993. Department of Geography, University of Waterloo.

  Poszig, D. 1998. Gray wolf responses to shifts of white-tailed deer adjacent to Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. University of Waterloo and Philipps-University of Marburg, Germany.

  Stewart, S. 1996. Tooth and skull analysis of wolves (Canis lupus) from Algonquin Park, Ontario. Department of Geography, University of Waterloo.

  Swanson, L. 1993. Differences in diet among wolf packs in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo.

  Vogel, H. 1990. Changes in numbers of white-tailed deer, Algonquin Park, Ontario. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo.

  Wamberra, P. 1996. Correlates of body size in wolves (Canis lupus) in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Department of Geography, University of Waterloo.