by Bonine, Michael E. ; Amanat, Abbas; Gasper, Michael Ezekiel
Oxus River and, 259–60n11
Travel literature: French, 257n31
the Holy Land and, 128–30, 239, 256–57n22
The Land and the Book (Thomson), 130–36
Persian travel narratives, 149–51
sacred geography and, 137–38
Tree planting projects, 182, 185
Trickle-down economics, 200
“Tricontinental Junction,” 74
Truman, Harry, 48
Trust, personal identity and, 264n37
Tunisia, 104, 110–11, 178, 180, 236
Turan, 141, 259n8. See also Central Asia
Turkestan, 82, 96, 98–99
Turkey: atlases and maps, 86, 92
Cold War and, 48
defining the “Middle East” and, 4, 73, 86, 232
economic development and, 272n53
historical divisions and cultural context, 6
North African nation-states and, 106–7
Western economic structures and, 192
World War II, 44
Turkmenistan, 142
Turkmen people, 141–42, 146–48, 151, 260n30, 261n32
Twain, Mark, 129, 137
Umar ibn al-Khattab, 256n14
United Arab Emirates, 187, 203
United Nations, 47–48, 198
United States: Cold War and, 47–50
colonialism and, 269n11
“Eastern Question” and, 12
economic policies and, 194–95, 201–3
the Holy Land and, 136–37
international relations theory, 211–12
Middle East exceptionalism and, 213–30
New International Economic Order (NIEO) and, 198–200
oil wars and, 36, 50–54
post-World War I period, 43
World War II and, 46, 47
Universities, the Maghrib and, 108, 254n22
Upham, Francis, 21
Urbanization, 96, 98
Urquhart, David, 34–35, 249n105
U.S. dollar, 198
U.S. terminology and usage: area studies and, 61–62
Central Asia, 51
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 88, 90
defining the “Middle East” and, 55, 67, 73, 233
Middle East exceptionalism and, 210, 213–15
modern Middle East and, 52, 53–54
Near East and, 250n28
post-World War II period, 101–2
Southwest Asia, 82
Uzbekistan, 142, 143
Uzbek people, 140, 146
Vambéry, Arminius, 25, 140
Vámbéry, Hermann, 18
Van Lennep, Emile, 21
The Venture of Islam (Hodgson), 139–40, 262n1
Vernacular perspectives. See Indigenous terminology and usage
Vichy France, 45
Volcker shock (1979), 201
A Voyage in the Levant (Blount), 130
Wagner, Johann, 18
Wagstaff, J. Malcolm, 69–70, 72, 73
Wahhabism, 6
Wailing Wall, 126
Warnier Law (1873), 180
Warriner, Doreen, 195–96
Washington Consensus, 202
Welfare programs, 192–93, 205–6, 237–38
West, the, Muslim geography and, 15–16
West African immigrants, 112
Western civilization, 22–23, 26, 32
Western economic structures, 192–93
Western Europe: colonialism and, 6
conceptualizing the Middle East and, 3, 11–13
conceptualizing the Near East, Middle East, and Orient, 28–29
conceptualizing the Near East and, 18–23
“Eastern Question” and, 32–35
Islamicate Eurasia and, 155, 168–69
Maghribi immigrants and, 111–12
the modern Middle East and, 23–28
the Orient and, 16–18
Ottoman Empire and, 13–14
Western Europeans, Islamicate Eurasia and, 264n35
Western Sahara, 78, 84, 90, 91
Wheeler, Benjamin, 23
Wigen, Karen, 58, 60–61, 94, 140
Wilken, Robert, 127
Wilser, Ludwig, 26
Wilson, Henry, 21
Woods and Forest Ordinance (1920), 183
The World Atlas (Bartholomew), 87
World Bank, 193, 201
World cultural regions, 78–84
defining the “Middle East” and, 92, 94, 96
maps of, 59
regional geography and, 57–58, 60
The World Is Flat (Friedman), 216–17
World Regional Geography (English and Miller), 82–83
World Regional Geography (Pulsipher), 84
World Regional Geography: A Global Approach (Hepner and McKee), 84
World Regions in Global Context (Marston, Knox, and Liverman), 57, 59, 78, 79
World War I, 32, 41–42
World War II, 36, 42–47, 101–2
Wright, Walter L., Jr., 61
Xinjiang region, 98
Yaqut, 259–60n11
Young, T. Cuyler, 61, 62
Yurts, 261n32
Zionism, 136
Zoellick, Robert, 227
