by DAVID KAHN
468 scout plane message solution: Maugeri, 23.
469 solution of order to Cunningham and results: Marc’ Antonio Bragadin, The Italian Navy in World War II, trans. Gale Hoffman (Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute, 1957), 91; Roskill, I, 427.
469 S.I.M. Sezione 5: II Processo Roatta (Roma: Donatello de Luigi, 1945), 29-30, 194; General Cesare Amè, Guerra Segreta in Italia 1940-1943 (Rome: Gherardo Casini, 1954), 5-6, 8, 47-50; Amè, interview, May 11, 1962. Amè was director of the S.I.M.
469 Gamba: Amè interview; Amè, Guerra Segreta, 48; Agencia Nazionale Stampa Associata (ANSA), “Morto Asso Controspionaggio Italiano” (January 23, 1965); “Crittografia,” Enciclopedia Italiana, XI, 986-988 (1931).
469 Mancini: Amè interview.
469 Italian codes: Eyraud interview.
469 Yugoslavia: Amè, Guerra Segreta, 74-76.
469 “naked rear”: Churchill, III, 172.
470 3,500 solutions, Bulletin I: Amè, Guerra Segreta, 51, 50.
471 Italy’s Rumanian and Turkish solutions: The Ciano Diaries, March 10, 1942, October 18, 1940, July 20, 1941, August 16 and 31, 1942, January 4, 1943.
471 Italy’s British solutions: The Ciano Diaries, September 9, December 24 and 30, 1942, January 16, 1943.
472 Loris Gherardi and theft in Rome: Colonel Norman E. Fiske, letters, May 4 and 24, June 16 and 30, 1964, April 27, 1965; Wickersham (Fiske’s civilian aide), letters, May 16 and June 20, 1964, April 24, 1965; Department of State, letter, June 21, 1964; Amè, letter, September 27, 1964. Paul Carell, The Foxes of the Desert, trans. Mervyn Savill (London: Macdonald & Co., 1960), 213, 227, says that Bianca Bergami, the daughter of a high-ranking Fascist militia officer, “borrowed” the code. My efforts to trace her in Rome have borne no fruit, and Amè says in his letter that he thinks that the tale of Bianca and the implication of seduction are “fantasy.” The United States Army has not yet declassified its counterintelligence report on the case.
473 Fellers: service biography. In letters of July 18 and August 8, 1963, Fellers said that the British did not habitually advise him of future operations and that he only once reported an advance operation on the basis of British information; his other predictions were based on personal estimates and guesses.
473 Fellers messages: Amè, Guerra Segreta, 96-98; Flicke, 193-196; Carell, 227; Leonard Mosley, The Cat and the Mice (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958), 91-92.
474 message No. 11119: declassified from U.S. Army files. This message agrees perfectly with Amè’s, at 104.
474 Malta message and operation: Amè, 104-105; Flicke, 195; Roskill, II, 69-72.
475 “The approach”: Churchill, IV, 302.
475 Seeböhm unit: Mellenthin, 52, 135; Churchill, IV, 415, for El Adem; Carell, 227; Mosley, 89-90.
476 “a very important factor”: Mellenthin, 110-111.
476 Rommel independent reading of Fellers: Mosley, 90-91.
476 Seeböhm death: Mellenthin, 135; NA, WW2, letter, January 19, 1965.
476 two officers check Fellers: Fellers, letter, August 8, 1963.
476 prisoner of war: Mosley, 90-91.
476 British pick up messages: Fellers letter; Mosley, 92.
476 “long, detailed”: Mosley, 92.
476 British tell Americans: This is the most likely, in view of their picking up the messages, as opposed to the incredible tales given in Flicke, 196, and Mosley, 93.
476 Fellers citation: service biography.
476 no M-138 solution: Flicke, 197
477 profit from Fernmeldeaufklärung capture: Major General R. F. H. Nalder, The History of British Army Signals in the Second World War (London: Royal Signals Institution, 1953), 257-260.
477 Alamein build-up and camouflage: Lieutenant General Fritz Bayerlein, “El Alamein,” in The Fatal Decisions, eds. Seymour Friedin and William Richardson (New York: William Sloane Associates, 1956), at 107-109.
477 “Before Alamein”: Churchill, IV, 603.
Chapter 15 DUEL IN THE ETHER: NEUTRALS AND ALLIES
All citations and abbreviations from the previous chapter carry over in this. There is one addition. Citations consisting of a virgule followed by a number, as “/310,” refer to the item numbers in DSDF 119.25, “Cipher and Telegraph Codes.” In full the citation would be DSDF 119.25/310. Other DSDF items are cited in full. DSDF 811.727 (“Telegraph Codes—United States”) is without interest.
478 50 in villa: Eyraud interview; Eyraud, letter, March 15, 1962.
478 Mandel cipher failure: “Vichy’s Experts Stumped by Code Mandel Used,” The New York Times (April 26, 1941).
478 Swedish cryptanalytic bureau: Unless otherwise noted, all details are from Yves Gyldén, interviews, April 28, 29, 30, 1962, with notes corrected by Dr. Käljo Käärik, an amateur cryptologist and acquaintance of Gyldén’s in Sweden; Dr. Carl-Otto Segerdahl, interview, May 1, 1962; Dr. Arne Beurling, interviews, September 17 and November 9, 1963, November 21, 1964.
478 Torpadie solution: “Några ord om chifferskrift,” Historisk Tidskrift, VII (1888), 376-383.
479 Chifferbyråernas …: Revue Militaire Française (1931), 211-231.
479 Warburg: Gyldén. Warburg wrote “Chiffer,” Nordisk Familjebok, 3rd ed. (1923-1937), XXI, columns 830-835.
479 talks to coeds: Stockholm Tidningen (March 3, 1939).
479 Feilitzen: Vem är Det: Svensk Biografisk Handbok, 1963. Feilitzen denied in a telephone interview that he was a wartime cryptanalyst, but I think that was pro forma and is not to be believed.
479 Beurling: Who’s Who in America, 1962-63; AMS.
480 Nazi fish-price code: Segerdahl; system is also mentioned by Schellenberg, 100.
481 Sandier: Vem är Det: Svensk Biografisk Handbok, 1963; Joachim Joesten, Stalwart Sweden (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1943), 18-29. Sandler’s book is Chiffer: En Bok om Litterära och Historiska Hemligskrifter (Stockholm: Walhström & Widstrand, 1943).
481 Achilles: Segerdahl; German Foreign Office, letter, January 10, 1964.
483 Bohemann tells Cripps: “Telegram fran Churchill banade vag till Roosevelt” and “Tyskarnas hemliga kod forcerades av srenskar,” both Svenska Dagbladet (October 30, 1964), 5; “Churchill stor beundrare av Karl XII: Chifferbragd i UD,” Dagens Nyheter (October 30, 1964), 29; “Han dechiffrerade tyska krigskoden pa fjorton dagar,” Dagens Nyheter (November 1, 1964), 1.
483 Germans use Swedish wires: See demand in DGFP, XII, 1041.
483 $60,000 a year: /630, a letter from the American charge d’affaires at San Salvador, December 7, 1925, reporting a conversation with the British charge there a few years earlier.
484 Department of Communications: Sara Turing, Alan M. Turing (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, 1959), 67.
484 Bletchley Park: D. C. Low, The History of Bletchley Park and Mansion (mimeographed, no publisher, 1963).
484 MI 8: Nalder, 118. Administrative problems of the British military cryptographic organization at 252-256, 162.
484 August 20 change: Captain Ellis M. Zacharias, Secret Missions: The Story of an Intelligence Officer (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1946), 86-88.
485 “a great setback”: quoted, Roskill, I, 264.
485 30,000: PHA, 3:1147, 29:2408.
485 solutions 097975 and 098846: PHA, 35:669, 690.
485 distribution: PHA, 35:674 and other messages.
486 “in their original form”: Churchill, II, 654.
486 Joint Intelligence Committee: James R. M. Butler, Grand Strategy, United Kingdom Military Series (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1953), 585.
486 Britain had more cryptanalyzed intercepts: PHA, 3:1197.
486 PURPLE keys radioed to London: PHA, 36:68.
486 U.S.-British-Canadian-Australian cooperation: PHA, 2:947, 8:3594, 34:85,36:64.
486 Cynthia: H. Montgomery Hyde, Room 3603: The Story of the British Intelligence Center in New York during World War II (New York: Farrar, Straus & Co., 1962), 105-108 for Lais, 108-120 for French codes, 215-216 for Spanish. Churchill,
III, 218 and 220 for “Towards the end of March” and “disposed of all.” Hyde implies, at 115, that the request to get the French ciphers resulted from plans to invade North Africa. But this operation was not definitely decided upon until July, 1942, several months after the request was made, and I think it much more likely that Madagascar was the stimulant for the request, particularly in view of Churchill’s request for “extreme vigilance about any [French] convoys” (VI, 227). An illustration of the French superencipherment tables appears opposite 116. The matter of the timing is corrected, Cynthia’s real identity disclosed, and further details given on the Italian and French code thefts, in Hyde’s later book, Cynthia: The Spy Who Changed the Course of the War (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1966). In a suit by Lais’ heirs against Hyde in Milan, Paolo Cornel, described as the head of the Italian Navy code communication department during the war, said the code used by the warships in the Cape Matapan battle was issued four months earlier, when Lais was already in the U.S., and that it was used only between the ships and naval headquarters in Rome and was issued to no one else (Associated Press story, “Quiet Canadian,” November 23, 1966).
489 binding color designates codes: /332.
489 RED and BLUE codes have five-figure groups: /359.
489 “better and less expensive”: /73.
489 “open book”: /468.
489 Larrabee: Hitt, 53-54; /87, /317, /318 for PEKIN and POKES. DSDF 119.25 contains many other references to losses of Larrabee cards, changes of keywords, etc. DSDF 763.7211H68/73 assigns keyword LIBERTY to consuls at Batavia and Penang.
489 “In reference to”: /117.
489 no funds:/118.
489 Mexicans obtain RED code: /174, reply to DSDF 812.00/16037.
490 minister to Rumania: Allen W. Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 73-74.
490 “special cipher”:/698.
490 GREEN code: My reconstruction, based on codetext given in DSDF/862.-20212/82A, message 4494 of March 1, 1917, from State Department to American Embassy, London, outgoing plaintext of which is marked into sections for encoding, incoming plaintext of which has codetext attached.
490 foreign employees had run of embassies: Yardley, 211; Robert Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1964), 6.
490 clerk to Pearl Harbor commandant: House of Representatives, Committee on Naval Affairs, Sundry Legislation Affecting the Naval Establishment, 1935, Hearings, 74:1 (GPO, 1935), 793.
490 Leipzig: Murphy, 7.
490 rumors of British solution of U.S. Codes: “U.S. Secret Code Known in England,” St. Paul Dispatch (May 8, 1916); /217.
490 monthly key change, “I never realized”: /364.
490 Universal Pocket Code: /411, /421, /424.
491 GRAY used for confidential messages: /410.
491 Thurber: “Exhibit X,” The New Yorker, XXIV (March 6, 1948), 26-28 at 26.
491 State-Navy cipher: /468, /631.
491 farewell speech in GRAY: Charles W. Thayer, Diplomat (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959), 150.
491 San Salvador chargé suggestion: /630.
492 16th-century codes: Yardley, 362.
492 “The Department is in receipt”: /779. So little thought did the Department give to these communications that it used “25th instant” in a letter written on the 2nd of the month!
492 “There is only one,” “Nothing less”: Yardley, 365, 366.
492 “Suggest telegrams”: /722.
492 Hornbeck minute: DSDF 793.94/2149.
493 broken wax seals: /828.
493 “I could not help”: /823, DSDF 793.94/4727.
493 Guggenheim: interview, November 3, 1964.
493 Roosevelt prodding, BROWN code stolen: Thayer, 144-145.
493 C-1, D-1 superencipherment: DSDF 124.946/147; Thayer, 145.
493 Munich crisis: Thayer, 149.
493 M-138: DSDF 124.946/147 dates some M-138 sets in 1939; Rohrbach, interview.
493 triple priority message: PHA, 15:1717 shows this message divided into groups of 30 letters for encipherment.
493 Roosevelt uses naval codes: “Letters to The Times: Position of Mr. Bullitt” (February 19, 1948), 22:6-7; “Admiral Standley Reports Leaks in State Department Code in War” (September 19, 1948), 1:6-7; “Code’s Weakness Held Known in ’41” (December 10, 1948), 4:3-6, all The New York Times; Murphy, 232. “State Department Now Nation’s Nerve Center,” The New York Times (April 16, 1939), IV, 6:1-2 for feature on code room.
494 Madrid embassy: Ambassador Carton J. H. Hayes, Wartime Mission to Spain, quoted in Henry J. Taylor, Men and Power (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1946), 49-50.
494 Thomsen messages: DGFP, IX, 73, and XI, 227.
494 German ambassador in Spain: DGFP, XI, 975.
494 German ambassador in Italy: DGFP, IX, 417.
494 Tyler Kent, “The removal”: United States, Department of State Bulletin (September 3, 1944), 243-245 at 244.
495 “Because of his treachery”: quoted in Bernard Newman, Epics of Espionage (New York: Philosophical Library, 1951), 150.
495 Ango Kenkyu Han and its successes: International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Exhibit 2964, affidavit of Kazuji Kameyama; Ibid., Transcript, 10570, 26204-26206; Herbert Feis, The Road to Pearl Harbor (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1950), 173.
495 “One of the high”: PHA, 2:582.
495 “Prince Konoye knows”: Joseph C. Grew, Ten Years in Japan (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944), 415.
495 “Dear Cordell”: DSDF 740.0011 Pacific War /856.
495 Grew misapprehension: PHA, 2:692.
496 deliberate delay: Robert J. C. Butow, Tojo and the Coming of the War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961), 391.
496 Pers Z solution of American codes: Rohrbach FIAT, §G3, identified as American by Rohrbach interview; dates of 1925 and 1940 ascertained by dates of monographs on solving the system.
497 Müller, Friedrichs help solve 72,000-group code: Friedrichs.
497 Murphy’s activities help: Friedrichs.
497 Murphy insists on State codes: Murphy, 291-292, 156. “Nazis Got U.S. Secrets, Diplomatic Book Hints,” (Washington) Evening Star (May 11, 1959), for Murphy’s confidence (even after the war) that Germans had not solved State Department codes.
497 “For Murphy,” “From Murphy”: Friedrichs. Corroborated by examination of messages in United States, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers, 1942, II: Europe (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962), at, for example, 443, 444, 449, 459, etc.
497 “We knew,” “I wanted”: Friedrichs.
498 solved messages of July 21 and August 2: T-120, frames FI/0568-0574. Originals in the above-cited Foreign Relations … 396-398, 406-407.
498 “documentary proof”: Ibid., 466.
498 “Fortunately, it was not,” “I was never able,” “only for messages,” “the Germans never”: Allen W. Dulles, Germany’s Underground (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1947), 130-131.
499 Bibo’s Dulles solutions: Hoettl, The Secret Front, 285.
499 naval systems: Original of the message of January 3, 1943, in the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library at Hyde Park, is on a naval communications form.
499 “Former Naval Person,” “I sent my cables”: Churchill, II, Book I, ch. 1.
499 attack on M-138: Rohrbach FIAT, §G3; Rohrbach interview.
501 State gets cipher machines: “Department of State Communications,” in Senate, Committee on Government Operations, Subcommittee on National Security Staffing and Operations, Administration of National Security, Hearings,, 88:2 (April 8, 1964), 505-509 at 505.
501 Parke to State: United States, Department of State, Biographic Register, 1963.
501 Division of Cryptography: United States, Office of the Federal Register, United States Government Organization Manual, 1949 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), 97.
50
1 codewords: Bill Hines, “Operation Codename,” Infantry Journal, LX (March, 1947), 42-43; Ray S. Cline, Washington Command Post, United States Army in World War II: The War Department (Department of the Army: Office of the Chief of Military History) (Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), 131.
502 crossword puzzles: Cornelius Ryan, The Longest Day: June 6, 1944 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1959), 46-48, 168-169. Perhaps as a result, “French Bar Crossword Puzzles [in newspapers],” The New York Times (September 22, 1944).
502 “I have crossed out”: Churchill, V, 662.
503 “The name ‘Round-up’,” “boastful, ill-chosen,” “hastened to rechristen”: Churchill, IV, 436-437, 447.
503 Churchill coins OVERLORD: Omar Bradley, A Soldier’s Story (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1951), 172.
503 “The signals from”: quoted in Ladislas Farago, The Tenth Fleet (New York: Ivan Obolensky, Inc., 1962), 223.
503 “the most gabby”: Farago, 224.
503 Safford: Navy biography.
504 direction-finder net and operation: Farago, 224-227.
504 U-158: Samuel E. Morison, The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939-May 1943, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, I (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1947), 226-228.
504 U-66: Farago, 208-210, 225, for rapid horizon scanning.
504 intercept net: Farago, 225, 227.
504 U-505 capture: Rear Admiral Daniel V. Gallery, We Captured a U-Boat (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1957), 200-201, 232-233, 243-244. The Radio Log Books of U-505 (plaintext only) are in Box 374, German Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
506 “climactic single episode”: Farago, 270.
506 “In the latter half”: Harald Busch, U-Boats at War, trans. L. P. R. Wilson (New York: [Pocket Books, Inc.] Ballantine Books, 1955), 138, 144. See also Farago, 161, 183, 221.
507 “Battles might be won”: Churchill, III, 111-112. 507 “Reduced to the simplest”: Farago, 221.
507 radio intelligence companies: Thompson, 386; Harris, 65 for “outstanding,” 348 for “of material value” and “most constantly,” 49, 118, 179.
