by DAVID KAHN
674 “liaison with”: AR 10-125, “Organization and Functions: Army Security Agency” (February 23, 1949), §3e.
675 1949: dates in Navy biographies of assignment to AFSA of Safford (January,1949), Dyer (June, 1949), Wenger, and Stone (both July 15, 1949). I think the Safford date might have been a misreading of “Jun” for “Jan.”
675 November 4, 1952: footnote to CED 1206.5a reads: “Prior to 4 November 1952, the National Security Agency was known as the Armed Forces Security Agency.” Canine Army biography confirms the month.
675 NSA description: GOM 1967-1968, 208. General Canine illuminated the peculiar administrative status of NSA when he testified that it is “within but not a part of the Defense Department,” in Senate, Committee on the Post Office and Civil Service, “Transcript of Proceedings” (July 6, 1956), on H.R. 11040, 84:2 (not printed), 17, in NA, RG 46; referred to henceforth as “Canine testimony.” I have been unable to find any official references to NSA’s intelligence role, but among the official statements describing its security mission are those in CED 1206.5 (“The National Security Agency has the authority and responsibility for the preparation and production of all cryptographic material”), in Department of Defense Instruction 3135.1 (June 4, 1963) (“The Director, National Security Agency, shall establish guidelines and provide technical guidance and support for cryptographic equipment technical training conducted by Department of Defense agencies….”), in AFR 5-38 (February 26, 1963), and references to “mandatory security modifications” of State Department cipher machines “prescribed by the cognizant national authority” and to “standards set by the U.S. communication security authority” in House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Hearings on Department of State Appropriations for fiscal 1965, 400, 402. (For full reference, see below.)
676 first address: GOM, 1957-1958, 137.
676 NSA building: “Security Agency at Fort Meade to Cost $30 million,” Washington Evening Star (May 3, 1953); “Washington Firm Will Install Ft. Meade Security Utilities,” (January 7, 1954); “Army Awards Contract for NSA Building,” (July 10, 1954); “Work To Start Soon on NSA Building,” (July 13, 1954); “NSA to Pinch Buffer County,” (June 16, 1957); “New NSA Home Is Efficient, Secure,” (June 19, 1957), all Washington Post.
676 Annex: Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Baltimore Engineer District, Advance Notice to Bidders, ENG-18-020-63-38 (March 25, 1963), and C. F. Pfrommer, chief, engineering division, Baltimore Engineer District, letter, October 8, 1964.
677 Agency growth: Canine testimony, 14, for 9,000; Martin-Mitchell; David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, The Invisible Government (New York: Random House, 1964), 222, for C.I.A. size and space-utilization figures. Stewart Alsop, “The Battle for Secret Power,” The Saturday Evening Post, CCXXXVI (July 27, 1963), 17-21, at 18 for NSA “employs more people than CIA;’” “C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool,” The New York Times (April 25, 1966), 1:2-4, 20:1-8 at 20:4 for budget twice as large as C.I.A.’s.
677 Scientific Advisory Board: General G. B. Erskine, USMC, Ret., letter, February 4, 1955.
677 IDA: “DD Gives Analyses Institute Research Pact in Cryptology,” Electronic News (March 30, 1959); IDA 3rd, 4th, and 5th annual reports. AMS for Albert, Rosser, Liebler; Who’s Who in America, 1962-63, for Albert.
678 NATO: CED 1105.4e, Figure 11-12.
678 Army Security Agency: GOM, 159; The Origin and Development of the Army Security Agency, 18; For administrative arrangement and current personnel, see current edition of Department of Defense, Telephone Directory, in classified section.
679 A.S.A. customers: GOM, 154, 156.
679 Signal Communications Security Agency: AR 10-128, “Organization and Functions: United States Army Signal Communications Security Agency” (December 19, 1957), and AR 380-41, “Military Security: Control of Cryptomaterial” (July 27, 1961).
680 Naval Security Group: GOM, 167. For current personnel, see current edition of Department of Defense, Telephone Directory, in classified section.
680 10,701: House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Department of Defense Appropriations, Department of Defense Appropriations for 1965, Part 1: Military Personnel, Hearings, 88:2 (GPO, 1964), 201.
680 USAFSS: press kit; GOM, 199; AFR 5-38, “Specialized USAF Communications Security Publications” (February 26, 1963).
681 ASA reserve: AR 140-192, “Army Reserve: Military Intelligence and Army Security Units: Organization, Training, Assignment and Retention Criteria” (March 1, 1963), $ VII. “ ‘Why Us?’ Reserves At Fort Devens Ask” and “Reservist Who Sent Complaint to Paper Punished by Army,” both The New York Times (December 4, 1961), 1:7 and 19:4.
681 J-6: CED 1108.2 and Figure 11-27; GOM, 130.
681 Military Communications-Electronics Board: CED 1108.3 and Figure 11-28; “Should Communications Have Single Management?” Armed Forces Management, VI (January, 1960), 15-18 at 17.
681 NSA reports to Deputy Director: John P. Grigrich, executive assistant, special intelligence staff, Deputy Director of Defense Research and Engineering, letter, September 28, 1964. This arrangement abolished an older one (see GOM, 1959-1960, 143-4). The “special committee of the National Security Council” to whose direction and control NSA was ultimately subject in the late 1950s (GOM, 1957-1958, 137, 1958-1959, 193) no longer exists (Bromley Smith, executive secretary, National Security Council, letter, September 14, 1964).
681 Director of Telecommunications Management: GOM, 61; CED 1107.4b.
684 United States Intelligence Board: “Intelligence Unit Listed by Dulles,” The New York Times (February 18, 1960); Wise and Ross, 197-198.
684 President’s Foreign Intelligence Review Board: GOM, 546. It replaced the President’s Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities, established in 1956. NSA supervision: J. Patrick Coyne, PFIAB executive secretary, letter, September, 1964.
684 $380,000,000, $100,000,000: Martin-Mitchell. “C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool,” 20:4, says that in the mid-1960s the N.S.A. budget was twice as large as C.I.A.’s $500,000,000.
685 Woikin: Canada, Report, 496.
685 Rhodes: “G.I. Tells of Sale of Data to Soviet,” The New York Times (October 22, 1957), 1:1.
685 Clarence: “Briton Sentenced to 5 Years as Spy,” The New York Times (December 23, 1954), 6:3; “U.S. ‘Mystery Man’ Will Testify in Russian Spy Trial in Britain,” New York Post (December 14, 1954), 16.
685 Ceylon: Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Expose of Soviet Espionage, May I960, Prepared by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 86:2, Document No. 114 (GPO, 1960), 35-36; “Ceylon Changes Codes,” The New York Times (July 16, 1957); Ceylon, Parliament, Parliamentary Debate (Hansard), House of Representatives, Official Report, XXVIII (July 15, 1957), columns 651-654.
685 Kirilyuk: Exposé of Soviet Espionage, May I960, 38. “Soviet Spy Tried to Win American,” The New York Times (May 24, 1960). Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, included the Kirilyuk episode in an expose of Soviet spy activities in the United States that he gave to UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld in 1960 (“U.S. Gives Details of Soviet Spy System in This Country to the U.N.,” The New York Times [May 25, 1960]).
685 Oilier: Australia, Report, 171, for letter; 173, for “If, then”; Transcript, page F, for Anglo-American bloc ciphers.
686 success in Paris: “Reds Had French Code, Obtained Dien Secrets,” New York Mirror (October 5, 1954); “Inside Story of Spy Ring Told by Paris Code Expert,” New York Journal-American (October 13, 1954), 1.
686 Scarbeck: “The Gal Who Gave Her All Says Doc Gave the Reds Just Trifles,” New York Daily News (October 6, 1961), 5.
686 Formosa: Night Lead “Formosa,” United Press dispatch UP52, (May 27, 1957); “State Department Record of Dulles’ News Conference,” The New York Times (May 30, 1957), 2:3-8.
686 “United States Government,” “success in at least”: Martin-Mitchell.
686 “NSA also obtains”: Victor Norris Hami
lton, “Ya Vybral Svobodya” (“I Chose Freedom”), letter to the editor, Izvestia (July 23, 1963), 6. I am deeply grateful to Marjorie and Howard Oakley for translating this.
687 Georgiev: “Bulgarian Says He Spied for U.S.,” The New York Times (December 27, 1963), 1:1.
687 Khrushchev: “U.S. Agents Sell Info to Reds: K,” New York Daily News (October 3, 1959); Wise and Ross, 208.
687 separate cryptographic storage: AFR 100-40 (April 17, 1964), prescribes establishing communications-security accounts.
687 AR 380-5: (June 6, 1952), $IV.
687 Executive Order 10964: “Amendment of Executive Order No. 10501, Entitled ‘Safeguarding Official Information in the Interests of the Defense of the United States,” “ (September 20, 1961), $ $1 and 5.
687 Public Law 513: Approved by Truman May 13, 1950. For background, see Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Enhancing Further the Security of the United States by Preventing Disclosures of Information Concerning the Cryptographie Systems and the Communication Intelligence Activities of the United States, 81:1, Report No. 111 (March 11, 1950), and House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Enhancing Further …, 81:2, Report No. 1895 (April 6, 1950). The only discussion of the bill on the floor of Congress was a brief explanation at the request of Senator Robert A. Taft (Congressional Record, VC [March 18, 1949], 2774-5). Votes were not recorded. An identical bill in the 80th Congress, 2nd Session (S. 2680) never got passed. A bill in the 79th Congress (S. 805) that was essentially similar but would have penalized disclosure of any material that had been enciphered, such as diplomatic telegrams, was vigorously denounced in the House (Congressional Record, XCI [October 25, 1945], 10046-52) as gagging Congress and the press; it died in the House. A bill identical to S. 805 in the 80th Congress, 1st Session (S. 1019) was never passed. Hearings on S. 805 and S. 277 appear to have been held in executive session.
688 NSA security: my observations; Dick Schapp, “The Strange Case of the Psycho Traitors,” True, XLII (June, 1961), 44-47, 89-93 at 44; United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, Criminal Case 3049, United States of America vs. Joseph Sidney Peter sen, Jr., transcript of hearing before sentence, January 4, 1955, testimony of Dr. Lawrence W. Shinn, 37-39. Henceforth referred to as “Petersen transcript.”
689 U.S. Mission to U.N. code room: my observations.
689 NSA funds: United States, The Budget of the United States Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1965, Appendix (GPO, 1964), shows no NSA, Army Security Agency, Naval Security Group, Air Force Security Service, or cryptology in its index. Nor is NSA listed in the detailed breakdowns of individual agency personnel. (The Army has two cryptologic advisors budgeted for a total of $35,527.) GAO confirmed its audit of NSA funds in telephone interview, October 30, 1963.
689 employee security standards: Department of Defense, press release of Statement by Vincent J. Burke, Jr., general counsel of the Department, before the Special Subcommittee for Investigation of Intelligence Matters of the House Armed Services Committee (September 15, 1960), at 4-11. Henceforth cited as Burke statement.
689 sex questions: House of Representatives, Committee on Government Operations, Use of Polygraphs as “Lie Detectors” by the Federal Government, 89:1, House Report 198 (GPO, 1965), 43.
690 NSAers never tell wives: testimony of Frank W. Lewis, Petersen transcript, 32. Walter Millis comments in Individual Freedom and the Common Defense (New York: The Fund for the Republic, 1957), at 72: “Probably few who have not engaged in top secret work can appreciate the personal and social and educational consequences of a situation in which a husband cannot even mention to his wife or children the matters which engage his whole working time and energy.”
690 “Our job,” “But to St. Peter”: The NSA Newsletter, No. 25 (November, 1955), 9, 2.
690 Petersen: Petersen transcript and the case’s indictment (October 20, 1954) and the bill of particulars (November 9, 1954); J. A. Verkuyl, interview, May 19, 1962; “Code Expert Heard on Petersen,” New York Herald Tribune (October 19, 1954); “Netherlands Got Petersen Secret Data,” Washington Post (October 20, 1954); Bureau of Prisons, letter, September 10, 1964.
692 Martin-Mitchell: Burke statement; “The Defectors,” Newsweek LVI (September 19, 1960), 33-37; news stories in The New York Times (for full listing, see its Index for 1960) and in the Washington Post on September 8, 15, 16, and 20, 1960; Jack Anderson for Drew Pearson, ‘The Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Washington Post (September 4, 1960); Arthur Watson, “The Red Subway—Mexico to Moscow,’” New York Sunday News (August 21, 1960), 70-71; House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities, Security Practices in the National Security Agency, Report, August 13, 1962 (GPO, 1962); Sanche de Gramont, The Secret War (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1962), 390-404; J. Bernard Hutton, School for Spies (London: Neville Spearman, 1961), 204-206. The defection stirred up enormous interest—it was the lead story of The New York Times for the day and ran under a two-column headline—and there was a continuing fallout of news stories from the investigations into the defection. In my article, “Lgen Otuu Wllwqh Wl Etfown,” The New York Times Magazine (November 13, 1960), 71, 83-84, 86, 88, 90, I stated that, after the Martin-Mitchell disclosures, ‘‘virtually every nation in the world must have taken the elementary precaution of changing their codes and ciphers” and that as a probable result of this “the United States has been plunged into a communications-intelligence blackout unparalleled in the cold war.” I have since learned that these statements are incorrect.
696 Klein and Reynolds: Security Practices in the National Security Agency, 10-12; “Security Agency Aide Bungles His Own File,” Washington Post (August 2, 1961); “Favor-Taking Cited, 2nd NSA Man Quits,” Newsday (November 22, 1961), 7.
696 Hamilton: “Ousted N.S.A. Aide Defects to Soviet; Accuses Code Unit,” The New York Times (July 23, 1963), 4:3; “Russia Claims Yank Defects,” Newsday (July 23, 1963).
696 Dunlap: Don Oberdorfer, “The Playboy Sergeant Who Spied for Russia,” The Saturday Evening Post, CCXXXVII (March 7, 1964), 40, 44-45; “Suicide Bares Red Spy in U.S. Code HQ,” New York Daily News (October 11, 1963), 1; “G.I. Suicide Sold Secrets to Russia,” The New York Times (October 11, 1963), 1:7.
697 road signs: my observations.
698 “It identifies it”: Petersen transcript, 40.698 “result in serious”: Executive Order 10501.
698 “Past efforts,” “In 1960,” “The results,” tightened employment practices: Security Practices in the National Security Agency, 12-13, 16, 17, 18-19.
698 “proved most beneficial,” “The committee is confident”: Ibid., 17, 2.
699 “NSA, as the Agency”: Educational Testing Service, National Security Agency: Professional Qualification Test, bulletin for 1964-65 (Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service, 1964), 3.
699 no Dunlap investigation: Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Internal Security, letter, October 28, 1963; House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities, letter, October 29, 1963; Senate, Committee on Armed Services, letter, October 31, 1963.
699 “If a similar”: Oberdorfer, 45.
699 “The NSA particularly”: Stewart Alsop, “Affairs of State: Hogwash about the CIA,” The Saturday Evening Post, CCXXX VII (February 15, 1964), 15.
699 “The sensitive nature”: Security Practices in the National Security Agency, 4.
700 “The committee was so”: Congressional Record, CII (June 20, 1956), 10695.
700 Public Law 36: Approved by President Eisenhower, May 29, 1959. This was H.R. 4599, 86:1. Committee Report numbers were Senate, 284, House, 231. Hearings were apparently in executive session and there was no debate on the bill on the floor of either house.
700 summary-discharge power bill: Public Law 290, 88th Congress. Approved by President Johnson March 26, 1964. This was H.R. 950. Committee Report numbers were Senate, 926, House, 108. House debate and passage: Congressional Record, CIX (May 9, 1963),
8127-8156. No Senate debate. The identical bill in the 87th Congress was H.R. 12082. “This [bill] is”: Congressional Record, CVIII (September 17, 1962), 19623.
700 “After an exhaustive,” “The members”: Congressional Record, CVIII (September 17, 1962), 19633.
701 “The Agency is faced”: House of Representatives, Committee on Un American Activities, Amending the Internal Security Act of 1950 to Provide for Maximum Personnel Security in the National Security Agency, 87:2, Report No. 2120 (August 2, 1962), 5.
702 “whatever power”: quoted in Wise and Ross, 356.
702 NSA directors: service biographies. “The Eavesdropper,” Newsweek (May 31, 1965), 21-22 for “I’ve had some beauts.”
704 NSA deputy directors: Wenger, Navy biography; Ream, Who’s Who in America, 1964-65; Engstrom, AMS and Sperry Rand biography; Tordella, AMS.
705 Agency divisions: Martin-Mitchell say that “NSA headquarters is subdivided into four main offices”: Production, Research and Development, Communications Security, and Security. This is not quite correct. The Office of Security, by which they mean the Office of Security Services, is only one of several administrative support units.
705 size of agency divisions: Prorated roughly into 12,000 persons on the basis of the following quotas for a Community Chest fund drive: Research and Development, $1,994; Communications Security, $1,606; Production, $8,257; agency total, $14,710 (from The NSA Newsletter, No. 25 [November, 1955], 12).
706 recruitment: Canine testimony; Burke statement; Educational Testing Service bulletin; National Security Agency, Opportunities Unlimited (GPO, 1956); National Security Agency, A Challenging Future (undated).
707 modern management: The NSA Newsletter, 5, 9, 11.
707 Campaigne, Jacobs: AMS.
707 R/D’s three divisions: Martin-Mitchell. I have elaborated on their functions by applying likely duties given in Opportunities Unlimited and A Challenging Future.
708 new transmission techniques: Ken Gilmore, “The Secret Keepers,” Popular bElectronics, XVII (August, 1962), 41-44, 102, 104.
