servants, 137, 178
sewers, 182
Spanish-Lutheran sacking (1527), 192–213, 196, 200, 202, 239
streets, 173–4, 241
technology, 222, 223, 241, 271, 274
theatre, 254–5, 271
time system, 239
torture, 185
tourism 235–41, 243, 244, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254
villas, 234
vistas, 232, 234
War of the League of Cognac (1526–30), 162–7, 181, 192–213
War of Urbino (1517), 159, 166, 179
women, 138, 184, 186–7, 244, 250
parchment, 134
Pareschi, Giuseppe, 279
Parione, 180
Paris, France, 223, 231, 248, 284, 330
Parmigianino, 190, 204–5
Parthenon, Athens, 10, 13
Paschal II, Pope, 150, 151, 358
Pasquino, 180, 267
passeggiata, 29
passion plays, 170
pasta, 56, 136, 188, 292, 295, 359
paterfamilias, 15
Paul III, Pope, 215–16, 286
Paul IV, Pope, 217, 250
Paul, Saint, 52, 62, 73, 75, 93, 152, 153, 169, 203
Pavia, battle of (1525), 162
Pavia, Lombardy, 139
Pelagius, 78, 105
Peloponnese, 38
Pensione Jaccarino, 347
Pentecost, 140
Persia, 31, 98, 100, 107
Perugia, Umbria, 207, 208
Perugino, Pietro, 176
Peruvian cinchona tree, 253
Pesaro, archbishop of Zara, 198, 208
Petacci, Clara, 279
Peter, Saint, 51–3, 73, 75, 93, 128, 152, 153, 168, 169, 203
Peter’s Pence, 127
Philibert de Chalon, prince of Orange, 201, 210, 212, 214
Philippines, 355
Phocas, Byzantine emperor, 110
Phoenicians, 12
Pia Gate, see Porta Pia
Piacenza, La, 323
Piazza Adolf Hitler, 315, 324
Piazza Barberini, 342, 343
Piazza Cavour, 287
Piazza Collegio Romano, 234
Piazza Colonna, 326
Piazza dei Coronari, 309
Piazza Garibaldi, 285
Piazza Mazzini, 287
Piazza della Minerva, 234
Piazza Montanara, 290, 291
Piazza Navona, 174, 188, 199, 233, 255, 307
Piazza del Popolo, 232, 234, 257, 258, 350
Piazza Risorgimento, 287
Piazza della Rotunda, 234
Piazza San Marco, Venice, 44
Piazza di Spagna, 236, 299, 342
Piazza Venezia, 234, 257, 284, 285, 286, 295, 314, 315, 324
piazzas, 44, 232
Piccardi, Leopoldo, 321
Piedmont-Sardinia (1815–61), 223, 224, 226, 228, 273
Pierleoni family, 133, 139, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149, 172
La Pietà orphanage, 197
Pifferari, 256
Pignatelli Aragona Cortes, Enza, 333
pilgrimage
Western Roman Empire (285–476), 50–51
Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–553), 93, 98
Byzantine Empire (553–754), 108
Papal States (754–1870), 121, 127–9, 152–4, 169, 173, 245
Pinciana Gate, see Porta Pinciana
Pinianus, Valerius, 65–6, 67, 77
del Piombo, Sebastiano, 190
Pius IV, Pope, 233
Pius IX, Pope, 220, 222–5, 228–9, 246, 250, 255, 258–9, 267, 271–6, 287
Pius V, Pope, 233, 235
Pius VI, Pope, 221
Pius XI, Pope 298
Pius XII, Pope, 52, 282, 317, 329, 333, 338, 348
Placidia, Galla, 66, 78
plague, 99–100, 104, 154, 181, 183, 190, 207, 215
Plato, 87
plebeians, 15, 25, 60
Plutarch, 24
Po river, 98, 100
Po valley, 6, 84
police force
Kingdom of Italy, 279, 282, 308, 323
Papal States, 179, 185, 224, 241, 246, 247, 257, 261
Policlinico, 340
political prisoners, 222, 223, 250, 271
Pollastrini, Guglielmo, 336
Pollux, 135
Pompeianus, 68–9
Pompeii, 14
Pompey, 41
Pons Agrippae, 130
Ponte Milvio, 125, 203, 293
Ponte Sant’Angelo, 173, 174, 276
Ponte Sisto, 174, 191, 199, 205
Pontine marshes, 296, 301, 312
popes, see papacy
population
Roman Republic (509–27 BC), 10
Western Roman Empire (285–476), 58, 59, 79, 80
Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–553), 89, 92
Papal States (754–1870), 124, 169–70, 241–2, 244
Kingdom of Italy (1870–1946), 283, 296
Porsena, Lars, 12–13
Porta Angelica, 263
Porta Asinaria, 88, 104, 357
Porta Cavallegieri, 260, 262
Porta Flaminia, 88, 145
Porta Latina, 145, 146, 147, 357
Porta Maggiore, 351
Porta Pertusa, 260, 262
Porta Pia, 274, 275, 351
Porta Pinciana, 145
Porta del Popolo, 167, 174
Porta Portese, 293
Porta Salaria, 71, 72, 76
Porta San Giovanni, 163, 269, 351
Porta San Lorenzo, 144, 145, 311, 321, 340
Porta San Pancrazio, 199, 267, 268
Porta San Paolo, 163, 189, 315, 323, 324, 351
Porta San Sebastiano, 351
Porta Santo Spirito, 163, 193, 194
Portico d’Ottavia, 46, 188, 284
di Porto, Celeste, 338
Portugal, 170, 172, 205
Portus, 98, 101, 103–4, 107
postal system, 178
Potenziani family, 304
poverty
Roman Republic era (509–27 BC), 14–15
Western Roman Empire era (285–476), 58, 65
Ostrogothic Kingdom era (493–553), 93, 103
Byzantine Empire era (553–754), 108
Papal States era (754–1870), 126, 134, 137, 183, 188, 190–91, 243, 248–9, 254
Fascist era (1922–44), 303, 304–5, 340
Pozzo, Modesta, 186
Praetorian Guard, 49, 66, 349
praetorship, 55
Pragmatic Sanction (554), 108
Prati district, 288, 337
Predappio, Emilia-Romagna, 288, 308
Priebke, Erich, 341, 350
Proba, see Anicia Faltonia Proba
processions, 125–6, 153, 177, 191, 255–6, 311
Procopius of Caesarea, 71–2, 76, 77, 85–7, 89, 96, 99, 100, 102, 105–6
propaganda, 284, 290
prostitution
Papal States era (754–1870), 164, 165, 170, 180, 184, 186, 187, 190, 203, 246–7
Fascist era (1922–44), 300, 305, 306–7, 312
Protestantism, 180, 216, 234, 235, 237, 239, 241, 272
Prussia (1525–1947), 274
public squares, 44–5
Pucci, Antonio, 198
Puglia, 141, 142
pulmentarium, 136
Punic War, Second (218–201 BC), 23, 25, 26
purgatory, 177
Pyramid of Cestius, 236, 355
Pyrrhus of Epirus, 23, 26
Quadraro, 340, 346
quaestorship, 55
Quattro Coronati Church, 146, 147, 148, 151
Quirinal Hill, 19
Quirinal Palace, 219, 223, 225, 225, 232, 255, 258, 267, 272, 284, 315, 320
Racial Laws (1938), 309–10, 313, 327, 330
Radagaisus, 60, 69
Raggi, Virginia, 355
railways, 222, 223, 271, 274, 300
rape, 74–5, 77, 250, 324
Raphael, 187, 190
Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, 35–
6, 70, 80, 84, 86, 95, 98, 120, 208
Red Cross, 350
Red Triumvirate, 270
Reformation, 180
Regina Coeli prison, 282, 337
Regola, 258
reincarnation, 7
relics, 128, 152, 169, 203, 239
religion
Christianity, see Christianity
Egyptian, 47
Gaulish, 7
Greek, 12, 47
Judaism, see Jews
Roman, see paganism
Visigothic, 32
Remus, 10, 11, 52, 189, 258
Renaissance, 173–217
Renzo da Ceri, 193, 194, 195, 196
Reparto Speciale di Polizia, 337, 341, 347
revenge churches, 151, 358
Rhine river, 40
Riario, Raffaele, 172
Riccione, Emilia-Romagna, 301
Richard of Capua, 126
Ricimer, Flavius, 90
di Rienzo, Cola, 285
Rieti, Lazio, 230, 261
Rimini, Emilia-Romagna, 6, 208
Riograndense Republic (1836–45), 227–8
Roatta, Mario, 322
Robigus, 125
Roma, A.S., 125, 356
Roman Empire (27 BC–1453 AD), 29–80, 83–111
Adrianople, battle of (378), 32, 48
apartment blocks, 49, 57, 89
aqueducts, 53, 57, 87
architecture, 45–6
army, 97
art, 46–7
baths, 53–4, 58
Catalaunian Fields, battle of (452), 79
chariot racing, 38
Christianity, conversion to, 48, 49, 51, 61
Civitate, battle of (1053), 122
class, 57, 62
concrete, 45
crime, 55
Dacian Wars (101–6), 45
dinner parties, 55–7, 64–5
disease, 57–9
dole rations, 59, 60
drama, 41–2
family, 61
fires, 54–5, 57
food, 54, 56, 57
fora, 44–5
free speech, 39–40
Frigidus, battle of (394), 34
games, 92, 93
gladiators, 43–4
Gothic War (376–82), 31–2
Gothic War (535–54), 87–9, 96–108
immigration, 58, 60
inequality, 55, 57, 65
language, 60, 89–90
Lazic War (541–62), 98, 100, 107
marble, 38, 91
Milvian Bridge, battle of (312), 48
Norman invasion (1081–5), 123, 141, 142, 145
Ostrogothic conquest (488–93), 83–4
Ostrogothic sacking (546), 101–6, 145
papal schism (498–506), 94
plague pandemic (541–2), 99
population, 59
Pragmatic Sanction (554), 108
Ravenna, siege of (409), 70
religion, see Christianity; paganism
Senate, 110
sewers, 58
sex, 61–2
slavery, 54, 56, 60, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71
sorcery, 45, 86
statues, see under statues
Stilicho, execution of (408), 35, 40, 45
Taginae, battle of (552), 107
Third Century Crisis (235–84), 31, 37, 47, 59, 61
Vandal kingdom, conquest of (533), 85
Vandal sacking (455), 90, 93
Visigothic sacking (410), 70–78, 73, 145
Visigothic sieges and sacking (408–10), 66–78, 73
women, 61
Roman Republic (509–27 BC), 5–9, 12–27
Caesar’s dictatorship (49–44 BC), 1, 7, 27, 39, 41
Cannae, battle of (216 BC), 25
chariot racing, 16
class, 14–15, 25
drama, 41
food, 16, 56, 57
foundation of (509 BC), 12–13, 24
free speech, 39–40
gladiators, 43
paterfamilias, 15
poverty, 14–15
religion, 13–14, 16, 17, 19, 23, 25, 40
Rome, sacking of (387 BC), 18–25
sex, 62
slavery, 15, 17, 60
sorcery, 14
strikes, 15, 60
Twelve Tables (c. 450 BC), 15, 61
Veii, battle of (396 BC), 16–18, 20, 22, 60
Roman Republic (1849), 226–31, 259–69, 272
Romania, 45
Romipetae, 128
Romulus, 10, 11, 41, 52, 128, 189, 190, 258
Romulus Augustulus, Western Roman emperor, 84
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 334
de Rosas, Juan Manuel, 228
Roselli, Pietro, 230, 265
Rossi, Pellegrino, 224
Rosso, Gianbattista, 204
Rothschild family, 251
Rudolph of Swabia, 120
ruota, 191, 243
Ruskin, John, 236, 237, 240
Russell, Odo, 241, 247, 272
Rusticus, 144, 147
Sabines, 11
sackings of Rome
387 BC Gauls, 18–25
410 Visigoths, 70–78, 73, 145
455 Vandals, 90, 93
546 Ostrogoths, 101–6, 145
1084 Normans, 144–9
1527 Spanish-Lutheran, 192–213, 196, 200, 202, 208, 239
1849 French attack, 259–69, 263, 270
1943 Nazis, 324–53
sacrifices, 14, 16, 19, 23, 25, 69
Saffi, Aurelio, 285
Sala del Cinema, Mostra della Rivoluzione Fascista, 317–18
Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, 153
Salarian Gate, see Porta Salaria
Salerno, Campania, 149, 319, 322
Sallust, 76
Salto, battle of (1846), 228
Samson, 125
San Agnese Church, 51
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Church, 233
San Clemente Church, 151, 358
San Giorgio al Velabro Church, 147, 291
San Giovanni Gate, see Porta San Giovanni
San Giovanni Laterano Church, see Lateran Basilica
San Giovanni a Porta Latina Church, 147
San Gregorio della Divina Pietà Church, 251
San Lorenzo Church, 49, 50, 51, 52, 108, 275–6, 282
San Lorenzo Gate, see Porta San Lorenzo
San Lorenzo in Lucina Church, 146, 147–8
San Marco Church, 130
San Michele a Ripa workhouse, 249, 271
San Pancrazio Church, 94
San Pancrazio Gate, see Porta San Pancrazio
San Paolo Gate, see Porta San Paolo
San Pietro a Montorio Church, 174
San Salvatore Monastery, 197
San Sebastiano Gate, see Porta San Sebastiano
Sant’Adriano Church, 110
Sant’Angelo Bridge, 173, 174, 276
Sant’Eustachio Church, 256
Sant’Ignazio Church, 272
Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza Church, 233
Santa Cecilia Church, 100, 130, 207
Santa Costanza, Church of, 357
Santa Maria ad Martyres Church, 110
Santa Maria a Antiqua Church, 109
Santa Maria a Aracoeli Church, 171, 192, 239, 286
Santa Maria a Cosmedin Church, 248
Santa Maria del Popolo Church, 174
Santa Maria dell’Anima Church, 174
Santa Maria della Pace Church, 174
Santa Maria a Maggiore Church, 93, 139, 255, 357
Santa Maria Nova Church, 153
Santa Maria a Trastevere Church, 151, 234
Santa Prassede Church, 130
Santa Prisca Church, 147
Santa Sabina Church, 93, 357
Santa Scala steps, 274
Santi Cosma e Damiano Church, 109
Santi Martino e Luca Church, 109
Santi Quattro Coronati Church, 146, 147, 148, 151
Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 152
Santo Spirito Hospital, 197, 213
Santo Stefano Rotondo Church, 93
Sapienza, La, 190
Sardinian Grenadiers, 322
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 295, 307
Sarus, 70
Saturnalia, 64
Savoy monarchy, 279
Savoy, Duchy of (1416–1860), 226
sbirri, 246, 259, 271
Scappi, Bartolomeo, 188, 216
schizophrenia, 161
schools, 293
Scipione, 321
Scotland, 240
Scythians, 60
Sea of Marmara, 38
Sebastian, Saint, 51
Second World War (1939–45), 52, 277–83, 315–53
Allied bombing of Rome (1943), 281–2
Anzio, battle of (1944), 339–42, 348, 352
Battle of Britain (1940), 317
Italian armistice (1943), 283, 318–20
Italy enters war (1940), 315
Monte Cassino, battle of (1944), 339, 347
Nazi occupation of Rome (1943–4), 321–53
North Africa Campaign (1940–43), 316, 317
Secret History, The (Procopius of Caesarea), 85–7
Sedan, battle of (1870), 274
Sena Gallica, 27
Senate, 12, 40, 44, 70, 71, 76, 92, 93, 96, 107, 110, 287
Senator’s Palace, Capitoline Hill, 233
Senones, 6–9, 27
senza moccolo, 257, 258
Septizonium, Palatine Hill, 133, 143, 147
Sergius I, Pope, 153
servants, 137, 178
Servian Wall, 26, 37, 284
servientes armorum, 179
Sessa, duke of, see Fernández de Córdoba, Luis
Sette Chiese, 305
sewers, 58, 92, 182
sex
adultery, 244–7, 312
chastity, 62, 74, 77, 187
Christianity, 62, 74, 77, 117, 134, 244–7, 306–7
classical Rome, 61–2
Fascism, 306–7, 308, 312
homosexuality, 62, 190, 308
leprosy, 134
prostitution, see prostitution
rape, 74–5, 77, 250, 324
Sforza, Francesco, 164
Sforza, Giovanni, 179
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 340
Shrewsbury, earl of, see Chetwynd-Talbot, Henry John
Sichelgaita of Salerno, 122
Sicily
Greek period (c. 800–212 BC), 7, 12
Roman period (212 BC–468 AD), 65, 78, 93
Ostrogothic period (491–535), 81, 87
Byzantine period (535–827), 87, 96, 101, 110
Muslim period (827–1091), 131, 136, 144
Norman period (1061–1194), 122, 144
Spanish period (1479–1713), 161, 170
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1808–1861), 221, 223, 224, 273
Second World War (1940–43), 319, 325
Siena, Tuscany, 166
Signa Apostolorum, 153
Silverius, Pope, 95
de Sismondi, Jean Charles, 242
Sistine Chapel, Vatican, 1, 155, 170, 176, 237, 250
Sixtus IV, Pope, 172, 173–4, 176
slavery, 15, 17, 34, 36, 54, 56, 60, 62, 68, 69, 137, 262
Slavs, 97, 170
smallpox, 58, 59, 253
Social Italian Republic (1943–5), 325, 326
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