Socialist Party, 341
Socrates of Constantinople, 72
Soderini, Francesco, 157, 160
Sonnino, Sidney, 286
Sorani, Settimio, 327
sorcery, 14, 45
Sorice, Antonio, 320
Soviet Union (1922–91), 303, 310, 316, 317, 333, 335
Sozomen, 69, 71, 74–5, 77
Spain
Al-Andalus (711–1492), 79
Charles V’s reign (1519–56), 161, 162, 164, 170, 192, 196, 199, 203, 206, 209, 210, 213
Civil War (1936–9), 302
Gauls, 6
Jews, pogroms against, 170, 250
Kingdom of Galicia (409–1833), 152
prostitutes, 170
Roman Hispania (218 BC–418 AD), 53, 54, 65, 66, 73
Rome, community in, 170, 174
Rome, sacking of (1527), 192, 196, 199, 203, 206, 209, 210, 213
Rome, sacking of (1849), 229, 266
Visigothic Kingdom (418–711), 79
War of the League of Cognac (1526–30), 162, 164, 192, 196, 199, 203, 206, 209, 210, 213
Spanish Steps, 236, 237
Spina district, Borgo, 291
SPQR (Senātus Populusque Rōmānus), 151, 245
Sri Lanka, 54
SS (Schutzstaffel), 30, 328, 330–35, 338, 341, 343–5, 350
St Luke, Mary, 323, 335, 338–9, 340, 342, 346, 347, 348–9, 351, 352
St Nicholas’ Chapel, Canossa, 115
St Paul’s Episcopal Church, 285
St Peter’s Basilica
Arab sacking (846), 131
bronze canopy, 233
Byzantine era (553–754), 108, 109
demolition and rebuilding, 169, 175–6, 177, 191–2, 216, 238
French attack (1849), 267, 268
Henry IV’s siege (1083–4), 142
Italian Republic era (1946–), 357
Kingdom of Italy era (1870–1946), 275, 288, 292
Leonine Wall, 131, 231
Ostrogothic era (493–553), 94, 98
Papal States era (754–1870), 124–9, 169, 175–7, 191–2, 216, 232–3, 238–40
pilgrims, 152, 153, 169
Pius IX, death of (1881), 275–6
relics, 153, 239
Roman Republic era (1849), 229
Spanish-Lutheran sacking (1527), 197, 202–3, 210
Western Roman era (285–476), 49–53, 65
St Peter’s Square
colonnades, 232, 234
German kings, 124
and Fascist redevelopment, 292
French attack (1849), 268
Lent, 254
littering, 240
and Nazi occupation (1943–4), 334, 340
pilgrims, 169
Pius IX, death of (1881), 275–6
processions, 256
Stadio Olimpico, 125
Stahel, Reiner, 334
Starace, Achille, 313, 314
statues
archaeology, 284
colossal, 38
equestrian, 38, 45, 46, 285, 286, 291
Forum, 44, 90, 91
golden, 38, 42
Greek, 46
ivory, 38
Leo X, 180
Liberal era, 285–6, 298
Nero, 42
Pasquino, 180, 267
removal/destruction of, 63, 69–70, 91, 98, 109
terracotta, 10, 17
Third Century Crisis, 47
Trajan, 45
Victory, 63
Virtus, 69
di Stefano, Cencio, 139
Stephen VI, Pope, 131–2
Sterina, Signora, 331
stethoscopes, 253
Stilicho, Flavius, 34–5, 40, 45, 60, 66
Stilicho, Serena, 66, 67
stirrups, 140
Story, William Wetmore, 236, 237, 238, 243, 248, 251, 252, 260, 271
strappado, 185
strikes, 15, 60
Suetonius, 23
Sulpicius, Quintus, 20
Sutri, Lazio, 118
Sweden, 234
Swiss Guards, 197, 219, 225, 245
Switzerland, 193, 197, 208, 227, 228, 320
Syllabus of Errors, The (Pius IX), 274
Sylvester III, Pope, 117
Symmachus (pagan), 63
Symmachus, Pope, 94
syphilis, 173, 174, 175, 183, 253
Syracuse, 7
Syria, 47, 60, 111
Taginae, battle of (552), 107
Tangier, Morocco, 320
Tarpeian Rock, 168, 185
Tarquin, king of Rome, 12–13
Taylor, Maxwell, 319–20
Taylor, Myron, 334
telegraph, 222, 223, 271, 274
Temple to Asclepius, 48, 50, 59
Temple to Ceres, 192
Temple to the Great Mother, 40
Temple to Janus, 96–7
Temple to Juno, 19, 20, 22–3
Temple to Jupiter, 13, 17, 26, 39, 48, 90, 357
Temple to Peace, 46, 292, 357
Temple to Serapis, 132
Temple to Vesta, 12, 19, 24, 48–9, 92
Teofilatti family, 132
Termini railway station, 284, 305, 321, 323, 324
Testaccio Hill, 191
Tetzel, Johann, 177
Tevere, Il, 282
Theatre of Marcellus, 41–2, 91, 133, 144, 172, 205, 284, 290–91, 331, 333
Theatre of Pompey, 41, 91
theatre, 41–2, 254–5, 271
Theodohad, king of the Ostrogoths, 85, 86–7
Theodora, Byzantine empress, 86, 87
Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, 83–4, 92, 94
Theodoric of Verdun, 143
Theodosius, Roman emperor, 49, 64
Theopaschism, 95
Third Century Crisis (235–84), 31, 37, 47, 59, 61
Thirty Years War (1618–48), 234
Three Chapters, The, 100, 101
Tiber canal, 287
Tiber Island, 11, 48, 133, 147, 250, 332, 338, 351, 357
Tiber river, 5, 11, 15, 17, 98, 168
Arab invasion (846), 131
bridges, 193, 283, 292
Clement III’s remains, 150, 151
floating mills, 98, 137, 242
floods, 109, 181, 217, 250, 287
food, transport of, 54
Formosus’ remains, 132
French attack (1849), 267
Jewish Ghetto, 250, 252
Ostrogothic sacking (546), 103
pilgrim stampede (1450), 173
pollution, 58, 182
sewers, 182
Spanish-Lutheran sacking (1527), 197, 205
Visigothic sacking (410), 66
water, usage of, 96, 133, 182, 183, 214, 233
Tiberius, Roman emperor, 23
Tibur, 101
Tiburtina, 305
Times, The, 266
Titus, Roman emperor, 76
Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines, 11
Tivoli, Lazio, 101, 149, 322
togas, 11
Toledo, Fernando Álvarez de, duke of Alba, 217
Tomkins, Peter, 341–2
torone, 256
Torriti, Jacopo, 174
torture, 185, 204, 205, 216, 336, 341, 347, 358
Toscanini, Arturo, 303
totalitarianism, 298
Totila, king of the Ostrogoths, 100–108, 145
tourism, 235–41, 243, 244, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 299–300
trachoma, 300
trade unions, 303, 311
Trajan, Roman emperor, 45, 357
Trajan’s Column, 151
trams, 283, 284, 300, 306, 309, 311, 317, 323, 335, 336
Trans Tiberina, 37, 100, 105
Trastevere
Acqua Paola, 233
artisans, 137
banquets, 188, 216
churches, 130, 151
city walls, 231
Fascist era (1922–44), 293, 356
fortress towers, 133
French attack (1849),
261
Jews, conflict with (1848), 258–9
Liberal era (1870–1915), 285
medieval homes, 357
Napoleonic occupation (1796–1814), 221
orchards and vineyards, 124
Santa Maria Church, 151, 234
San Michele a Ripa workhouse, 249, 271
Second World War (1940–44), 282, 324, 347
Spanish-Lutheran sacking (1527), 193, 199
stone-throwing boys, 186
streets, 174
tourism, 244
trench warfare, 167, 268, 341
Trenchocracy, see trincerocrazia
Trevi Fountain, 133, 182, 232, 236
tricolour, 223, 226, 285
Trier, Germany, 38, 40
Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia, 317
trincerocrazia, 288
Tritone fountain, 233
True Cross, 153
tuberculosis, 58, 183, 236, 300
Tudela, Benjamin, 135
Tunic of the Virgin, 128
Tunisia, 65, 85, 111, 215, 329
Turkey, 6
Turks, 161, 170
Tuscany, 38, 60, 68, 70, 86, 170, 249, 266, 273
Florence, 159, 165–6, 194, 208, 213, 214, 314
Tusculum, Lazio, 117
Twelve Tables (c. 450 BC), 15, 61
typhoid, 236, 253
typhus, 183, 300
Ukraine, 6
Umberto I, king of Italy, 281
Umberto II, king of Italy, 321
Umbria, 107
Union Club, 299
United Kingdom
Grand Tour, 235, 236–7, 241
and Roman Republic (1849), 266, 269
Second World War (1939–45), 315–19, 322, 326–7, 339–42, 347–8, 352
United Nations (UN), 355
United States
and Roman Republic (1849), 266, 269
Second World War (1941–45), 281–2, 316, 318–20, 322, 339–42, 347–8, 351, 352
Wall Street Crash (1929), 299, 312
Urban II, Pope, 152
Urbino, duke of, see Francesco Maria I della Rovere
Uronica, 152
Ursinus, bishop of Rome, 53
Uruguay, 228, 262
Utrecht, Netherlands, 119
vaccination, 245, 253
del Vaga, Perino, 204
Valens, Eastern Roman emperor, 32, 48
Valentian I, Western Roman emperor, 44–5
Valeriano, Piero, 181, 189–90
Valerii family, 76
Valmontone, 348
Vandals, 34, 85, 90, 93
Vascello, 268
Vatican, 1
Acqua Damasiana, 133
British representation, 241
Capture of Rome (1870), 275
Leonine Wall, 131, 231
library, 210
and Mussolini, 298
Nazi occupation of Rome (1943–4), 328, 329, 333–4, 346, 350
L’Osservatore Romano, 301, 334
Palace, 172–3, 178, 232, 272, 286
Porta Pertusa, 260
and Prati district, 288
Sistine Chapel, 1, 155, 170, 176, 237, 250
Via Lungara, 174
see also papacy; St Peter’s
Vatican Hill, 49, 260
de Vecchi, Cesare Maria, 279
Veii, 16–18, 20, 22, 60, 79, 238, 357
Venice
Austrian Empire (1815–66), 222, 229
Piazza San Marco, 44
Republic of Venice (697–1797), 144, 161, 162, 166, 186, 189, 208, 222
di Veroli, Olga, 352
Verona, Veneto, 95
Veronica cloth, 153, 169, 203, 239
Vespasian, Roman emperor, 42, 52
Vestal Virgins, 12, 19, 24, 48–9, 92
Vesuvius, 14, 30
Via Alessandrina, 174
Via Ardeatina, 344
Via Asiago, 320
Via Babuino, 285, 299
Via della Conciliazione, 292, 355–6
Via del Corso, 170, 232, 234, 247, 256, 257, 258, 274, 285, 298
Via Emilio Dandolo, 285
Via Emilio Morosini, 285
Via Garibaldi, 285
Via Giulia, 174
Via dell’Impero, 291, 295, 324
Via Leonia, 174
Via Lungara, 174
Via Manzoni, 349
Via del Mare, 290
Via dei Monti, 291
Via Napoli, 321
Via Nazionale, 284, 285, 294, 321, 343
Via Nomentum, 52
Via Ostiense, 287, 346
Via del Portico d’Ottavia, 331
Via di Porta Latina, 147
Via Rasella, 342, 343, 345, 358
Via Romagna, 347
Via Sacra, 16, 91, 192, 216
Via Tasso, 341, 347, 358
Via Veneto, 292, 299, 336, 337, 338, 342, 343, 351
Via XX Settembre, 284, 320
Viale Adolf Hitler, 315
Viale Africa, 324
Viale Aurelio Saffi, 285
Victoria, queen of the United Kingdom, 281
Victory, 16, 63
Vienna, Austria, 223
Vigilius, Pope, 95, 100, 101–2
Vigneri, Paolo, 281
Vikings, 121, 131
Villa Ada Savoia, 277–82, 283, 327
Villa Borghese, 234, 283
Villa Corsini, 265, 266, 268
Villa Doria Pamphili, 234
Villa Giulia Etruscan Museum, 357
Villa Madama, 203
Villa Pamphili, 237, 262, 264, 265, 266, 283
Villa Sciarra, 268
Villa Torlonia, 280
Villa Wolkonsky, 328
vineyards, 124, 168, 203, 234, 263–4
Virgil, 64, 79
Virtus, 69
Visigoths, 30–37, 48, 66–80, 83
Adrianople, battle of (378), 32, 48
Catalaunian Fields, battle of (452), 79
Christianity, 32, 49, 74–5, 79
hierarchy, 36
horde, 36–7
Rome, sieges and sacking of (408–10), 66–78, 73
slavery, 34, 36, 68, 69, 70, 71
vistas, 232, 234
Viterbo, 167
Vitruvius, 176
Vittoriano, 286
Vittorio Emanuele II, king of Italy, 273, 274, 286, 291
Vittorio Emanuele III, king of Italy, 279–82, 298, 320–22, 324, 326, 327
Vittorio Veneto, battle of (1918), 298
Vulca, 17
Wahnsee Conference (1942), 328
Waldensians, 285
Wales, 6
Wall Street Crash (1929), 299, 312
waltz, 245
water divination, 30
wattle and daub, see daub and wattle
Wedgwood, Josiah, 238
von Weizsäcker, Ernst, 327–8, 333, 334, 335
Western Roman Empire era (285–476), 29–80
antiquities, 90–91
aqueducts, 53, 57
Catalaunian Fields, battle of (452), 79
dinner parties, 55–7, 64–5
disease, 57–9
dole rations, 59, 60
fires, 54, 57
food, 54, 56, 57
free speech, 39–40
gladiators, 43–4
immigration, 58, 60
inequality, 55, 57, 65
marble, 38, 91
religion, 39, 47–53, 59, 62–4, 68–9, 74
Romulus Augustulus, deposal of (476), 84
sewers, 58
sex, 61–2
slavery, 54, 56, 60, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71
Stilicho, execution of (408), 35, 40, 45
women, 61
white telephone set, 302
Whitsuntide, 141
Wibert of Ravenna, see Clement III, Antipope
Wigbert of Thuringia, 142
wild-asses (siege weapon), 97
William of Apulia, 144, 146, 148
William of Malmesbury, 122
wine, 7, 57,
59, 136, 178, 209, 229, 237, 245, 301, 320
Witigis, king of the Ostrogoths, 87–9, 95–8, 145
Wolsey, Thomas, 157
wolves (siege weapon), 97–8
women
Fascist era, 305–7
Gauls, 7
Papal States, 138, 184, 186–7, 244, 250
Roman Empire, 61
Wycliffe, John, 285
Wyss, M. de, 279–82, 317–18, 326, 336, 339, 341–2, 345–6, 348–9
Young Italy Movement, 227
Yugoslavia, 83
Zeno, Eastern Roman emperor, 83–4
Zolli, Israel, 327, 328
Zozimus, 67, 69, 70
Simon & Schuster
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Copyright © 2017 by Matthew Kneale
Originally published in Great Britain in 2017 by Atlantic Books
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Kneale, Matthew, author.
Title: Rome : a history in seven sackings / by Matthew Kneale.
Description: New York : Simon & Schuster, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017045287 | ISBN 9781501191091 | ISBN 1501191098
Subjects: LCSH: Rome—History. | Rome—History, Military. | Rome (Italy)—History. | Rome (Italy)—History, Military.
Classification: LCC DG209 .K57 2018 | DDC 945.6/32—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017045287
ISBN 978-1-5011-9109-1
ISBN 978-1-5011-9110-7 (ebook)
Rome Page 46
