A History of South Africa

by Leonard Thompson

  237. C. Molele, “SA Defends ‘Ambivalent’ Stance on Syria,” Mail and Guardian, Oct. 7, 2011, http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-07-sa-defends-ambivalent-stance-on-syria.

  238. L. Redvers, “Lion’s Share of Swazi Loan to Go to Construction,” Mail and Guardian, Sept. 2, 2011, http://mg.co.za/article/2011-09-02-lions-share-of-swazi-loan-to-go-to-construction.

  239. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations Human Rights, South Africa Country Report, www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/AfricaRegion/Pages/ZAIndex.aspx.

  240. www.unhcr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/Newhv/VAIISPRByCountry?OpenView&Start=1&Count=250&Expand=162.8#162.8

  241. David Smith, “Desmond Tutu Attacks South African Government over Dalai Lama ban,” Guardian, Oct. 4, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/04/tutu-attacks-anc-dalai-lama-visa.

  242. “The SCA’s Judgment on the Dalai Lama Visa delay,” politicsweb, Nov. 29, 2012, reprint of judgment, http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71656?oid=343918&sn=Detail.

  243. SAPA, “Dalai Lama Can Visit for My 90th Says Tutu,” www.news24.com, Nov. 29, 2012, http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Dalai-Lama-can-visit-for-my-90th-says-Tutu-20121129.

  244. Republic of South Africa, Building a Better World: The Diplomacy of Ubuntu, White Paper on South Africa’s Foreign Policy, May 13, 2011, http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=148482.

  245. Address by His Excellency, President of the Republic of South Africa, Dr. Jacob Zuma on Aspects of South African Foreign Policy at the University of Pretoria, South African Government Information, Oct. 13, 2011, http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&tid=45990.

  246. Franz Wild and Mike Cohen, “Zuma Ready to Redeploy Army to CAR,” Bloomberg, Apr. 25, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-24/s-africa-s-zuma-to-send-army-to-central-african-republic.html.

  247. Ian Davidson, “Statement by Ian Davidson, MP DA Shadow Minister of International Relations and Co-Operation, July 22, 2013, politicsweb.co.za, http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page72308?oid=393261&sn=Marketingweb+detail&pid=90389.

  248. Angus Shaw, “South Africa Rebukes Its Officials over Zimbabwe,” ABC News, July 22, 2013, http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/south-africa-rebukes-officials-zimbabwe-19737029.

  249. “Foreign Direct Investment Drops in South Africa,” Bizcommunity.com, July 27 2011, http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/516/62283.html.

  250. Bond, “South Africa Loses Its ‘War on Poverty.’”

  251. United Nations Development Programme, “Assessing Progress in Africa Toward the Millenium Development Goals—Country MDG Report—South Africa” (2010), http://web.undp.org/africa/mdg2010.shtml.

  252. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Index 2010, http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/Lets-Talk-HD-HDI_2010.pdf.

  253. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Economic Survey of South Africa 2010: Trends in South African Income Distribution and Poverty since the Fall of Apartheid, http://www.oecd.org/southafrica/southafrica2010.htm.

  254. “Black Economic Empowerment: The President Says It Has Failed,” Economist, Mar. 31, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/15824024.

  255. “South Africa: Inequality not so Black and White,” IRIN, Feb. 8, 2010, http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=88038.

  256. Erin Conway-Smith, “Black South Africans Moving Up the Wealth Ladder,” Globe and Mail (Canada), Sept. 17, 2011, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/daily-mix/black-south-africans-moving-up-the-wealth-ladder/article2203192/.

  257. Euromonitor International, “South Africa—The Most Unequal Income Distribution in the World,” June 13, 2012, http://blog.euromonitor.com/2012/06/south-africa-the-most-unequal-income-distribution-in-the-world.html.

  258. “Report: Corruption in South Africa Worsens, Harms Citizens,” NewsMaxWorld, May 3, 2013, http://www.newsmaxworld.com/Africa/safrica-corruption-citizens-worse/2013/05/03/id/502668.

  259. Sapa, “Gordhan: Corruption a Social Problem,” Business Report, Apr. 25, 2013, http://www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/gordhan-corruption-a-social-problem-1.1506499#.UXptmrWmhzQ.

  260. Moody’s, “Rating Action: Moody’s Downgrades South Africa’s Government Bond Rating to Baa1; Outlook Remains Negative,” Sept. 27, 2012, http://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-South-Africas-government-bond-rating-to-Baa1-outlook--PR_256159.

  261. Nicholas Kotch, “Equitable Balance of Trade Needed between South Africa, China—Zuma,” BDlive, 3/26/13, http://za.news.yahoo.com/equitable-balance-trade-needed-between-sa-china-zuma-142010134--finance.html.

  262. “South Africa Joins BRIC Nations at China’s Request,” 2point6billion.com, Dec. 29, 2010, http://www.2point6billion.com/news/2010/12/29/south-africa-joins-bric-nations-at-chinas-request-8291.html.

  263. David Smith, “Brics Eye Infrastructure Funding through New Development Bank, Guardian, Mar. 28, 2013, http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2013/mar/28/brics-countries-infrastructure-spending-development-bank.

  264. T. J. Strydom, “Business Confidence Drops,” Times Live, Apr. 4, 2013, http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2013/04/04/business-confidence-drops.

  265. Justice Malala, “The Marikana Action Is a Strike by the Poor against the State and the Haves,” Guardian, Aug. 17, 2012, www.webcitation.org/6A2cAXPZn).

  266. “Miners Killed Like Possessed Vermin,” Mail and Guardian, Oct. 23, 2012, www.mg.co.za.

  267. “Lonmin Death Toll at 34, 78 Injured,” Moneyweb, Aug. 16, 2012, www.moneyweb.co.za/mw/content/en/moneyweb-mining?oid=593753&sn =2009+Detail.

  268. Henry D. Gombya, “At Least 34 Dead, 78 Wounded in Marikana Massacre,” London Evening Post, Aug. 17, 2012, http://www.thelondoneveningpost.com/at-least-34-dead-78-wounded-in-marikana-massacre/.

  269. “South African Mine Killings: Jacob Zuma Announces Inquiry,” BBC News, Aug. 17, 2012, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19301690.

  270. “Inside Story: South Africa’s Economic Apartheid,” Al Jazeera, Sept. 12, 2012, www.aljazeera.com.

  271. Reuters, “Police Kill 34 Striking Miners in South Africa,” Jerusalem Post, Aug. 17, 2012, www.jpost.com.

  272. Jon Herskovitz, “Mine ‘Bloodbath’ Shocks Post-apartheid South Africa,” Independent, Aug. 17, 2012, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/mine-bloodbath-shocks-postapartheid-south-africa-8056663.html.

  273. “South African Official Defends Police Killing of 34, New York Times, Aug. 19, 2012, www.nytmes.com.

  274. “Anger Mounts over South African Miners’ Fate—Africa,” Al Jazeera English, Aug. 20, 2012, www.Aljazeera.com/news/Africa.

  275. Matthew Hill, “Lonmin Workers Agree to 22% Pay Rise, to Return Sept. 20,” Bloomberg News, www.bloomberg.com/news/2012–09–18/lonmin-workers-agree-to-22-pay-rise-to-return-sept-20.html.

  276. Mandy de Waal, “Marikana: The Strike Might Be Over, but the Struggle Continues,” Daily Maverick, May 7, 2013, http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-09-19-marikana-the-strike-might-be-over-but-the-struggle-continues#.UYlDyLWmhzQ.

  277. “Amplats Fires 12,000 South African Platinum Miners,” BBC News, Oct. 5, 2012, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19848915.

  278. “South Africa Vineyard Clashes Leave One Dead,” BBC News Africa, Nov. 14, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20328701.

  279. “Marikana Inquiry Updates,” Times Live, Oct. 23, 2012, www.timeslive.co.za.

  280. Admin, “Exxaro Strike Ends,” All ZA News, Mar. 23, 2013, http://www.allzanews.com/2013/03/23/exxaro-strike-ends/.

  281. “Police under Fire after Ficksburg Protester’s Death,” Mail and Guardian, Apr. 18, 2011, http://mg.co.za/article/2011–04–18-police-under-fire-after-ficksburg.

  282. Multi-Level Government Initiatives, “Service Delivery Protests Barometer 1: Frequency and Fluctuation by Year and Season,” Aug. 2012, http://www.mlgi.org.za/barometers/service-delivery-protest-barometer/service-delivery-protests-baromet
er-1-frequency-and-fluctuation-by-year-and-season.

  283. Auditor-General South Africa, Annual Report 2010–11, Centenary Edition, www.agsa.co.za.

  284. Moipane Malefane and Sibusiso Ngalwa, “Now I Understand the Service Delivery Protests, Says Zuma,” Times Live, May 15, 2011, http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article1067580.ece/Now-I-understand-the-service-delivery-protests-says-Zuma.

  285. Sherilee Lakmidas, “Update2—S. Africa’s Eskom May Resort to Blackouts This Winter,” Reuters, May 22, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/places/africa/article/2013/04/22/safrica-eskom-idUSL5N0D90RS20130422.

  286. Sapa, “Medupi Delays Disturb Minister,” City Press, July 10, 2013, http://www.citypress.co.za/news/medupi-delays-disturb-minister/.

  287. Admin, “Water Rhapsody: Blue Drop Water Quality Scheme Gains Momentum but Critics Say More Is Needed, “Nov. 21, 2010, Rainharvest.co.za, http://www.rainharvest.co.za/2010/11/blue-drop-water-quality-scheme-gains-momentum-but-critics-say-more-is-needed/.

  288. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation Data Table South Africa 2010.

  289. Statistics South Africa, Census 2011: Statistical Release (October 2012), pp. 52–53, http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf.

  290. Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs, Green Drop Assessment, http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/gds/DefaultAssessmentOverview.aspx?ProvCode=SA.

  291. Global Water Intelligence, “Bluewater Bio’s South African Safari,” Nov. 2009, http://www.globalwaterintel.com/about/.

  292. Diane Hawker, “Plea for State to Kick the Bucket System,” iolnews, Mar. 24, 2013, http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/plea-for-state-to-kick-the-bucket-system-1.1490802#.UZSD8LWmhzQ.

  293. Statistics South Africa, General Household Survey 2009 (May 2020), Polity.org.za, http://www.polity.org.za/article/general-household-survey-2009-may-2010-2010-05-07.

  294. Laurie Prinsloo, “Sexwale Calls on All South Africans to Help with Housing Backlog,” Polity.org.za, Sept. 29, 2011, http://www.polity.org.za/article/sexwale-calls-on-all-south-africans-to-help-with-housing-backlog-2011-09-29.

  295. South African Government Information, State of the Nation Address by His Excellency Jacob G. Zuma, President of the Republic of South Africa, at the Joint Sitting of Parliament, Cape Town, Feb. 10, 2011, http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&tid=27985.

  296. Peter Hain, “South Africa: A Crisis for Business over Social Reform,” Guardian, Apr. 22, 2013, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/apr/22/south-africa-crisis-business/print.

  297. South African Information, Address by President Jacob Zuma on the Occasion of World AIDS day, Pretoria Showgrounds, Dec. 1, 2009, http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2009/09120112151001.htm.

  298. Peroshini Govender, “South Africa to Expand AIDS Treatment: Zuma,” Reuters, Dec. 1, 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/12/01/us-aids-safrica-idUSTRE5B021420091201.

  299. David Smith, “South Africa’s Jacob Zuma Promises to Take HIV Test in Aids Policy Reversal,” Guardian, Dec. 1, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/01/jacob-zuma-hiv-test.

  300. Tosin Sulaiman, “AIDS Drug Roll-out Boosts South African Life Expectancy,” Reuters, Feb. 29, 2012, http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/11/29/safrica-aids-idINDEE8AS0DC20121129. Not all researchers shared this view. See Appendix, Table 7.

  301. UNICEF, “South Africa: Women and Children in South Africa,” Nov. 11, 2009, http://www.unicef.org/southafrica/children.html.

  302. South African Government Information, State of the Nation Address by His Excellency JG Zuma, President of the Republic of South Africa, at the Joint Sitting of Parliament, Cape Town, Feb. 11, 2010, http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2010/10021119051001.htm.

  303. World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Index 2010, www.wef.org.

  304. Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study 2003, http://timss.bc.edu/timss2003.html.

  305. Progress in International Reading and Literacy Study 2006, http://timss.bc.edu/pirls2006/index.html.

  306. “Our Diagnosis of SA’s Problems—Trevor Manuel,” Politicsweb, June 9, 2011, http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71656?oid=240405&sn=Detail.

  307. Aldero Education, “South African Education Statistics—Parts 1–3,” Sept. 2011, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5CVj0rySCw.

  308. Deon de Lange, “80% of Public Schools Dysfunctional—Report,” iolnews, Apr. 7, 2008, http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/80-of-public-schools-dysfunctional-report-1.395456#.UZWPgrWmhzQ.

  309. Celia Dugger, “New Schools in South Arica Serve the Underserved,” Sept. 9, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/world/africa/09safrica.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0.

  310. “South Africa Has too Few Good Teachers—Study,” News24, Sept. 21, 2011, http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/SA-has-too-few-good-teachers-study-20110921.

  311. “South Africa’s Education System Crumbling,” Voice of America, June 1, 2010, http://www.voanews.com/content/south-africas-education-system-crumbling--95459494/160415.html.

  312. “EE Sues the Minister for Failure to Set Education Standards,” Skills Portal, Mar. 8, 2012, http://www.skillsportal.co.za/page/education/1196960-EE-sues-ministers-for-failure-to-set-education-standards#.UYgc4LWmhzR.

  313. Jonathan Jansen, Helen Suzman Foundation Memorial Lecture, Nov. 22, 2012, http://hsf.org.za/resource-centre/lectures/Helen%20Suzman%20Memorial%20Lecture_The%20mathematics%20of%20democracy_Jonathan%20Jansen.pdf/view.

  314. Hermann Giliomee, “Reconsidering Verwoerd and Bantu Education,” politicsweb, Sept. 13, 2012, http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=326297&sn=Detail.

  315. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, The 2011 United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/United-Nations-Surveys-on-Crime-Trends-and-the-Operations-of-Criminal-Justice-Systems.html.

  316. “Anene Booysen: Doctor Reveals Bredasdorp Rape Victim’s Injury Details,” South Africa News, Feb. 7, 2013, http://southafricanews.wordpress.com/tag/anene-booysen/.

  317. Maria Hengeveld, “South Africa Finally Wakes up to Sexual Violence,” Guardian Africa Network, Feb. 15, 2013, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/15/south-africa-sexual-violence-women.

  318. “Child Rape in South Africa,” Women in Society, Aug. 8, 2011, http://womenandsocietyinworld.blogspot.ca/2011/08/child-rape-in-south-africa.html.

  319. Lebogang Seale, “He Said Sex with a Virgin Could Cure HIV,” iolnews, Apr. 25, 2013, http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/he-said-sex-with-a-virgin-could-cure-hiv-1.1505971#.UXkxB7WmhzQ.

  320. Sipho Hlongwane, “Analysis: The ANC’s Provincial Criminal Enterprises Problem,” Daily Maverick, July 31, 2012, http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-07-23-analysis-the-ancs-provincial-criminal-enterprises-problem#.UZS_TrWmhzQ.

  321. “S Africa: KwaZulu-Natal Sees Return to Bloody Political Fighting and Taxi Wars,” Mail and Guardian, Oct. 19, 2012, http://africajournalismtheworld.com/tag/political-murders-in-s-africa/.

  322. Olivia Kumwenda, “Farm Murders Highlight Apartheid’s Toxic Legacy in South Africa,” Reuters, Nov. 28, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/29/us-safrica-farming-crime-idUSBRE8AS02120121129.

  323. South African Police Service, Department of Police, Crime Statistics Overview RSA, 2011/2012, http://cdn.mg.co.za/content/documents/2012/09/20/2012_Crime_Statistics.pdf.

  324. Farnaaz Parker, “Crime Statistics Show Marginal Improvement,” Mail and Guardian, Sept. 20, 2012, http://mg.co.za/article/2012-09-20-marginal-improvement-in-crime-stats/.

  325. SAPA, “Crime Stats ‘Cold Comfort’: DA,” iolnews, Sept. 20, 2012, http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/crime-stats-cold-comfort-da-1.1387571#.UZTCr7WmhzQ.

  326. South African Institute of Race Relations, “2010/2010—Crime and Security,” in South Africa Survey 2010/2011, http://www.sairr.org.za/services/publications/south-africa-survey/south-africa-survey-onl
ine-2010–2011/crime-and-security.

  327. Victoria Eastwood, “Bigger Than the Army: South Africa’s Private Security Forces,” CNN, Feb. 8, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/08/business/south-africa-private-security/index.html?sr=sharebar_facebook.

  328. Araminta Wordsworth, “South African Police in the Headlines Again for All the Wrong Reasons,” National Post, Mar. 12, 2013, http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2013/03/12/south-african-police-in-the-headlines-again-for-all-the-wrong-reasons/.

  329. Jonny Steinberg, Thin Blue: The Unwritten Rules of South African Policing (Jeppestown [Johannesburg], 2009).

  330. “Selebi Gets 15 years,” iafrica.com, http://news.iafrica.com/sa/650288.html.

  331. Jacob Zuma, “Why I Chose Bheki Cele—Jacob Zuma,” Politicsweb, Sept. 29, 2009, http://politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=138018&sn=Detail.

  332. “President Zuma Axes Cele, Appoints First Female National Police Commissioner,” SAcommercialprop.News, Dec. 6, 2012, http://www.sacommercialpropnews.co.za/business-specialties/commercial-property-leasing/4938-president-zuma-axes-cele-appoints-first-female-national-police-commissioner.html.

  333. “SA Sees SAPS as Most Corrupt within the State—Survey,” corruption-watch, June 27, 2012, http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/sa-sees-saps-most-corrupt-within-state-survey.

  334. Piet Coetzer, “Police Brutality: Statistics over 10 Years Tell a Horror Story,” Leadership, Mar. 5, 2013, http://www.leadershiponline.co.za/articles/police-brutality.

  335. Jonathan Miller, “South Africa: Man Dragged by Police Van Dies in Custody,” 4news, Feb. 28, 2013, http://www.channel4.com/news/south-africa-man-dragged-by-police-van-dies-in-custody.

  336. Carien du Plessis, ‘“Iron Fist’’ to Deal with Lawlessness during Protests,” City Press, Feb. 14, 2013, http://www.citypress.co.za/news/iron-fist-to-deal-with-lawlessness-during-protests/.

  337. Alex Perry, “Pistorius and South Africa’s Culture of Violence,” Time, Mar. 11, 2013, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2137420,00.html.