338. Ronnie Kasrils, “Letter: Zuma Should Dismiss Police Chiefs,” BDlive, Mar. 6, 2013, http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/letters/2013/03/05/letter-zuma-should-dismiss-police-chiefs.
339. Scott Johnson, “Those Who Love South Africa Ask If It’s Existentially Violent,” IHT Rendezvous, Mar. 11, 2013, http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/11/those-who-love-south-africa-ask-if-its-existentially-violent/.
340. Francis Hweshi, “Media: Tension Brewing in Townships over Foreigners,” Anti-Eviction Campaign, Western Cape, June 1, 2009, http://antieviction.org.za/2009/06/02/media-tension-brewing-in-townships-over-foreigners/.
341. David Smith, “Nelson Mandela Gives World Cup a Dream Finale with a Wave and a Smile,” Guardian, July 11, 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/jul/11/world-cup-final-nelson-mandela/print.
342. “Somali Shops Looted, Burnt in PE,” News 24, May 26, 2011, http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Somali-shops-looted-burnt-in-PE-20110526.
343. “South Africa: Government Gets Lowest Rating on Xenophobia,” IRIN, July 4, 2011, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5CVj0rySCw.
344. “South Africa’s Extraordinary Skills Shortage—Adcorp,” politicsweb, May 1, 2011, http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=235542&sn=Marketingweb+detail.
345. Scott C. Johnson, “Fleeing from South Africa,” Newsweek, Feb. 13, 2009, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/02/13/fleeing-from-south-africa.html.
346. “UN Declares 18 July Mandela Day,” SouthAfrica.info, Nov. 12, 2009, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2368573/Nelson-Mandela-celebrations-South-Africa-95th-birthday-confirmed-health-improving.html.
347. Anthony Bond, “Celebrations across South Africa for Mandela’s 95th Birthday as It Is Confirmed His Health Is Improving . . . as Granddaughters Launch L20 ‘Legend’ T-shirts,” Mail Online, July 18, 2013, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2368573/Nelson-Mandela-celebrations-South-Africa-95th-birthday-confirmed-health-improving.html.
348. “Zuma Thought Poor Whites Were Doing Well,” News24, July 18, 2013, http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Zuma-on-poor-whites-I-thought-they-were-all-doing-so-well-20130718.
349. Wandoo Makurdi, “Nelson Mandela Showing Sustained Improvement, Says South Africa President, Jacob Zuma,” Huffington Post, July 22, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/nelson-mandela-sustained-improvement-south-africa-president-jacob-zuma_n_3634771.html.
350. Sapa, “DA Pamphlet Showing Madiba, Suzman Embracing Angers ANC, “City Press, Apr. 8, 2013, http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/da-pamphlet-showing-madiba-suzman-embracing-angers-anc/.
351. AP, “Nelson Mandela Looking Frail in News Video at Anti-apartheid Hero’s Home,” Guardian, Apr. 29, 2013, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/apr/29/nelson-mandela-frail-video-zuma-visit.
352. Jon Herskovitz, “Analysis: ANC Risks Losing South Africa’s ‘Born Free’ Voters,” Reuters, Jan. 1, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/28/us-safrica-anc-idUSBRE90R0GH20130128; Luke Waters, “South Africa’s ‘Born-free’ Generation,” World News Australia, July 2, 2013, http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1784720/South-Africas-born-free-generation.
INDEX
Abacha, Sani, 299
Abdurahman, Abdullah, 175
Adams College, 156, 172, 208
Affirmative action policy, 292
African education: customary education, 24, 27; pre-1948, 84, 104; in segregation era, 156, 172–73, 181; under apartheid, 196–97, 227, 242; postapartheid, 256, 264–65
African farmers: precolonial, 4–5, 10, 15, 18–30; in Cape Colony, 35–37, 40–46; 1870–1910, 132, 136, 143; post-1910, 163
African National Congress (ANC): 1912–48, 156, 164; 1948–78, 198, 207–10, 215–16; 1978–90, 228–30, 232–33, 239, 245–46; post-1990, 247–56, 258–59, 261–64, 268, 270–73, 276–79, 282, 288–89, 291, 293–94, 296, 297, 301, 303, 311, 314–15, 317, 318–20, 322, 324, 326, 328, 344–45, 346
African Peer Review Mechanism, 299, 311–12
African Political Organization (apo), 174–77
African Renaissance, 291, 299, 324
African Resistance Movement, 211
Africans: terminology, xviii–xix
African townships. See Townships, African
African Union (AU), 299, 301, 326
Afrikaanse Handelsinstituut, 207
Afrikaner Bond, 139, 147
Afrikanerization, 160, 188
Afrikaner nationalism: pre-1910, 135, 145, 147; 1910–48, 157, 159, 160, 162, 183–84; post-1948, 188, 198, 223, 238, 244, 247, 271
Afrikaner Weerstand Beweging (awb or Afrikaner Resistance Movement), 234, 238, 255–56, 271
Agang SA (Build SA), 325–26
Agriculture. See African farmers; Crops; Farm laborers; Pastoralists
AIDS. See HIV
Algoa Bay, 31, 46, 50, 55, 59
Aluminum industry, 304
AmaBhungane, 321
AMCU. See Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 99
Amplats, 333
Amsterdam, 18, 21, 41
ANC Today, 303
Anglo American Corporation, 206, 230, 244
Angola, 32, 212, 214–16, 231–32, 236, 239, 272
Apartheid, 187–240 passim, 245, 258, 272; origin of, 186. See also individual terms
APLA. See Azanian People’s Liberation Army
Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, 190–91, 327
APRM. See African Peer Review Mechanism
Archaeology, 5–7, 11–13, 15
ARMSCOR, 200
Arms embargo, 222, 234
Army: pre-1976, 142–43, 146; post-1976, 224, 228, 231–33, 235–36, 238–39, 247, 256, 259, 270, 271, 273. See also South African Defense Force; South African National Defense Force
ARVS (antiretroviral drugs), 308–9, 313, 336–37
Asmal, Kader, 309
Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union, 331, 333
Atlantic Charter, 182–83
Avusa, 317
Azanian People’s Liberation Army (APLA), 272–73
Azanian People’s Organization (AZAPO), 236, 252, 268
Bambatha, 148
Bantu Laws Amendment Act (1964), 199
Barnard, Neil, 245
Barnato, Barney, 116, 120
Bashir, Omar al-, 326
Basutoland. See Lesotho
Batavia, 33, 39, 41–42
Batavian Republic, 40, 52, 54
B-BBEE (BEE). See Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment
Bechuanaland Protectorate. See Botswana
BEE. See Black Economic Empowerment
Beit, Alfred, 116, 120
Bengu, Sibusiso, 262
Bethelsdorp, 59, 61
Biko, Steve, 212–14
Black Consciousness, 212, 225, 230, 273
Black Economic Empowerment, 302, 304
Black Sash, 205, 238, 293
Blacks: terminology, xviii–xix
Blair, Tony, 299
Bloemfontein, 101, 227, 268
Bloemfontein Convention, 96
Blue Drop program, 305, 336
Boer War. See South African War
Boesak, Allan, 239
Bogaert, Abraham, 39
Boipatong, 254, 270
Booysen, Anene, 340
Bophuthatswana, 191, 222, 226–27, 229, 236, 254
Born frees, 345
Botha, Andries, 62
Botha, Louis, 142, 145, 147, 152, 157, 163
Botha, Pieter Willem, 223–24, 226–28, 232–37, 240, 245–46, 274, 276
Botna, Pik, 276
Botswana, 214, 230–31, 233, 272
Bowker, J. H., 62
Boycotts, 259, 264
Brand, J. H., 106, 134
Brazil, 330–31
brics, 330–31
British Commonwealth. See Commonwealth
British imperialism: in Cape Colony, 52–69; and A
frican conquest, 70–99; in Natal, 96–100; on the high-veld, 100–109; in era of mineral discoveries, 110–32; and the South African War, 132–43; and reconstruction, 143–53
British Kaffraria, 76–77, 79–80
British South Africa Company, 138–39
Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment, 302, 329
Broederbond, 162, 182–84, 244
Brookes, Edgar, 175
Brownlee, John, 19
Bryant, A. T., 22
Buildings Standards Act, 306
Burchell, William J., 6, 21
Bureaucracy, 242, 256, 258, 267, 271
Burundi, 299
Bushmen. See San
Businesses and business leaders, 206–7, 243, 258, 262, 273
Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha, 191, 230, 237, 247, 249–52, 255, 259–64, 268–70, 276, 278, 293
Caledon River, 28, 85–86
Canada, 56, 63, 158, 188, 233
Cape Colony, 31–32, 33–51, 52–69
Cape Mounted Rifles, 61
Cape Town, 33–45, 248, 257, 262, 266, 306, 318, 324
Capitalism, 1–2, 107, 123, 206–7, 216–19
Capitalists, 191–92, 230
Carnarvon, Lord, 148
Carrington, Lord, 253
Casalis, Eugène, 17, 24
Casspirs, 333
Cathcart, Sir George, 95
Cattle: in precolonial societies, 4, 10–14, 16, 18, 20–29; in pre-1870 Cape Colony, 32, 36–38, 40–41, 46–50, 55, 62, 66; in colonial Natal and Afrikaner republics, 71, 78, 81, 83, 90, 93–94, 101, 103–4; post-1870, 112, 123–24, 127
Cattle-killing, 78–80, 126, 176
Cele, Bheki, 341
Central African Republic, 327
Centre for Investigative Journalism, 321
Cetshwayo, 97, 122, 124
Chamber of Mines, 179–80, 239
Chamberlain, Joseph, 138–41, 146
Chaskalson, Arthur, 271, 293
Chiefs, 272. See also names of individual chiefs
Chiefdoms. See names of individual chiefdoms
Chikane, Frank, 239
Children: in precolonial societies, 23–24, 27; pre-1870, 35–36, 45, 49, 58, 92, 103; 1870–1910, 112, 143; in segregation era, 154, 164; under apartheid, 201–2, 222, 228, 235–36, 242; postapartheid, 249, 256–57
China, 299, 327, 330–31
Chinese labor, 144–45
Ciskei, 72, 80, 156, 191, 203, 226, 229, 254
Citizen, the, 311
Citizenship, 92, 137, 191
Clans, 13–14, 17
Classes: precolonial, 14; in Cape Colony, 35, 38–40, 45, 48, 51, 66; in colonial Natal and Afrikaner republics, 97, 101; 1870–1948, 112, 117–18, 147, 155, 158, 171; under apartheid, 200–201, 223–24, 228
Clayton, Geoffrey, 198
Clergy, 243, 275
Clientage: in precolonial societies, 23–24, 29; in Cape Colony, 38, 48; pre-1948, 122; post-1948, 191, 207, 222
Clinton, Bill, 299
Coal-mining industry, 111, 154, 217
Coetsee, Kobie, 245
Collins, Richard, 54, 73
Color bars, 152, 155, 157, 167, 180–81, 207
Coloured People: terminology, xviii–xix, 65–66, 70, 113, 171; 1910–78, 171, 187, 190, 194, 196–97, 201–4, 208; post-1978, 222, 224–26, 228, 238, 242, 246, 261
Commandos: in Cape Colony, 49, 58, 60; in Afrikaner republics, 72, 88, 90–92, 103, 106; 1870–1910, 122, 130, 133–35, 142–43, 145; post-1910, 160, 231–32
Commission for the Restitution of Land Rights, 266. See also Land reform
Committee for the Protection of Journalists, 318
Commonwealth, 188, 214, 232–34, 236, 279
Comprehensive Housing Plan for the Development of Integrated Sustainable Human Settlements, 306–7
Concentration camps, 143
Congress of Democrats, 208–9
Congress of South African Students, 309
Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), 225, 236, 238, 247, 250, 251, 282, 293–94, 301, 318, 319, 331
Congress of the People, 208, 314–15, 319, 322, 324, 325, 327
Conservative party (South Africa), 234, 237, 247, 252–55
Constituent Assembly, 252, 269, 270
Constitutional Assembly, 249, 256
Constitutional Court, 271, 293, 296, 297, 298, 305, 308
Constitutional negotiations (1991–1994), 247–49, 252, 271
Constitutions: Cape Colony, 63–65; Natal, 98; Orange Free State, 102; Transvaal, 102; Union of South Africa, 149, 150–52, 154–55, 160; Republic of South Africa, 225–26
Constitutive Act, 299
Consumer confidence, 301
Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), 252–54
cope. See Congress of the People
Copper: in precolonial societies, 5, 16–20; in pre-1870 Cape Colony, 32, 37; post-1870, 115, 215, 217
Corruption, 312, 330, 345, 346, 350
COSAS. See Congress of South African Students
COSATU. See Congress of South African Trade Unions
Côte d’Ivoire, 299
Council of Non-European Trade Unions, 179–80
Council of Unions of South Africa-Azanian Confederation of Trade Unions (CUSA-AZACTU), 225
Councillors: in precolonial societies, 26; in Natal and Afrikaner republics, 71, 78; post-1870, 125, 130, 182–83, 229, 237
Crime, 267, 286–87, 311–12, 339–42. See also Violence
Crocker, Chester, 232
Crops, 10, 12, 36; barley, 62; fruits and vegetables, 39; grain, 101, 109, 112, 126–27, 131; millet, 19; sorghum, 16, 19, 20; wheat, 62, 66
Crossroads, 202, 229
Cuba, 216, 232, 239
Customs unions, 149, 230
Cwele, Siyabonga, 318
DA. See Democratic Alliance
Dalai Lama, 314, 327
Dandala, Mvume, 315
Davidson, Apollon, 275
De Beers Consolidated Mines, 117, 206
De Klerk, Frederick Willem, 246–49, 251–56, 259–64, 268–70, 275–77, 314
De Kock, Eugene, 276
Delagoa Bay, 83–84
De Lange, Pieter, 244
Delport, Tertius, 253
Democratic Alliance, 294, 315–16, 318, 322, 324, 325, 344–45
Democratic party, 247, 254, 257, 272, 288, 294
Democratic Republic of Congo, 299
Department of Foreign Affairs, 326
Department of Human Settlements, 336
Department of International Relations and Cooperation, 326, 327
Department of Water Affairs, 305
Destabilization, 231–34, 236, 259, 270
Detention without trial, 228, 233, 235–36
Diamonds, 5, 72, 107, 110, 114–19, 132. See also De Beers Consolidated Mines; Mining industries
Diederichs, Nicholaas, 184
Diet, 9, 15–16, 20, 164
Difaqane. See Mfecane
Dingane, 85, 87, 90–92
Dingiswayo, 81, 83
Dinuzulu, 148, 172
DIRCO. See Department of International Relations and Cooperation
Diseases: of animals, 4, 78, 80, 123, 127–28, 132; of humans, pre-1870, 5, 36, 38–39, 45–46, 70, 72, 104; of humans, post-1948, 119, 143, 168–69, 195, 202–4. See also Health
DP. See Democratic Party
Drakensberg Mountains, 4, 29, 96
Dreyer, T. F., 162
Drought, 4, 7, 13–15, 20, 25–27, 81
Duncan, Sheena, 290, 293
Dunn, John, 122, 124
Durban, 3, 90, 193–94, 212, 237, 249, 266, 318
D’Urban, Sir Benjamin, 94
Dutch East India Company, 32–52
Dutch Reformed Mission church, 51, 66, 68, 198, 204–5, 271; mission church, 239
East London, 193, 208, 229
Economic Freedom Fighters, 326
Economy: 1870–1948, 110–11, 141, 154, 157, 167; 1948–78, 188–89, 195, 202, 212, 216–18; 1978–89, 222, 23
0–31; post-1989, 242–43; post-1994, 278–82; under Mbiki, 301–2; under Zuma, 328–31. See also Foreign investment; Unemployment
Education, 284–86, 309–11, 338–39, 352. See also African education; Schools; Teachers; Universities; White education; individual colleges
EFF. See Economic Freedom Fighters
Elections: Cape Colony, 139; Orange Free State, 139; Union of South Africa, 157–58, 160–62, 184–87; Republic of South Africa, 187–88, 237–39; Government of National Unity, 249, 250–55, 272
Electricity, 200–201, 256, 260, 261, 264, 266, 304, 334–35
Emigration, 343–44
Employment, by gender, 351
Environment, 266–67
eskom, 304, 334–35
Ethnicity, 271–72
European Union, 301
Evictions, 193, 228
Fagan, H. A., 181
Fairbairn, John, 64
False Bay, 3, 43
Farlam, Ian, 332
Farlam Commission, 332, 333
Farming. See African farmers; Crops; Pastoralists
Farm laborers: pre-1910, 111, 129, 132; post-1910, 155, 176, 185–86, 193
Federal Alliance, 294
Film and Publications Amendment Act, 316
Fish River, 11, 14, 53–55, 73, 77, 80
Fitzpatrick, Percy, 140, 158
Fivaz, General George, 273
Food production, 35, 109, 126–27, 129
Food supplies: pre-1870, 32, 39, 72, 77; post-1870, 111, 123, 125, 128, 131, 143
Forced removals, 55, 77, 92, 193–95, 228–29, 306
Foreign investment, 243, 262, 276
Foreign policy: under Mbiki, 298–301; under Zuma, 326–28
Forum, the, 330
France, 42, 214, 217–18
Franchise: pre-1870 Cape Colony, 64–65; post-1870 Cape Colony, 111; colonial Natal, 98; Orange Free State, 102; Transvaal, 102, 137, 147; Peace of Vereeniging, 115, 144; Union of South Africa, 150–51, 160–62, 187, 190–91; Republic of South Africa, 225, 235, 239, 248
Free blacks, 37, 44–45
Free burghers, 33, 35–37, 41, 44–45, 49
Freedom Alliance, 255
Freedom Charter, 208–9, 229–30, 314–15
Freedom Front party, 252, 254, 271
Freedom Under Law, 323
Fundamental rights. See Human rights
Gaddafi, Muammar, 326
Gama, Vasco da, 1, 31, 37
Gamtoos River, 61, 73
Gandhi, Mohandas, 113
Garment Workers’ Union, 180
Garvey, Marcus, 176
Gauteng province, 270, 282, 284, 286
GEAR, 301
A History of South Africa Page 57
