Genadendal, 59, 61
General Laws Amendment Act (1966), 199
Ginwala, Frene, 313
Ginwala Commission, 313
Global apartheid, 292
Gold: in precolonial societies, 5, 32; in Natal and Afrikaner republics, 72, 107; pre-1910, 110, 114–15, 119–20, 132, 138. See also Mining industries
Goldstone, Judge Richard, 249; commission, 255
Gordhan, Pravin, 330
Government: provincial, 227; regional, 227; responsible, 63, 133; representative, 63, 91; Volksraad, 91–93, 102, 133, 136–37, 139. See also Constitutions; names of political parties and government agencies
Government of National Unity, 268. See also Power sharing
Graaff-Reinet, 46–51, 210
Grahamstown, 55, 74–75
Grahamstown Journal, 69, 88
Great Depression (1929–32), 154, 161
Great Trek, 69, 87–96, 162, 173. See also Voortrekkers
Green Drop program, 335
Griqua, 83, 86, 117
Griqualand: East, 92; West, 117, 128, 133
Grootboom decision, 305, 307
Group Areas Act (1950), 194, 238, 245
Growth, Employment, and Redistribution (GEAR), 281–82
Guerrillas, 246, 257, 259, 270, 272
Guns: and hunters, 4; in pre-1870 Cape Colony, 40, 43, 47, 50; in colonial Natal and Afrikaner republics, 71, 76, 91, 94, 103–4, 106; post-1870, 124–25, 141–42, 171, 199, 257, 270
Gupta family, 316, 321
Guptagate, 321
Hani, Chris, 246, 248
Harare Declaration, 246, 247
Healdtown, 172
Health, 7, 27, 33, 195, 202–4, 236, 283–84. See also Diseases
Health care, under Mbeki, 307–9; under Zuma, 336–38
Heemraden, 47–48, 57, 68, 92
Hendrickse, Allen, 238
Herders. See Pastoralists
Hertzog, J. B. M., 151, 158, 162, 186, 187, 195
Het Volk, 145–47, 149
Heunis, Chris, 236
Heyns, Johan, 271
Hintsa, 75–76
HIV, 289, 307–9, 313, 336–37, 340, 353
Hlophe, John, 297–98
Hofmeyr, J. H., 180–83, 186
Hogan, Barbara, 313
Homelands. See Reserves; names of individual homelands
Homestead, 106, 127, 171
Horses, 40, 47, 62, 94, 106, 142
Hottentots. See Khoikhoi
House of Assembly, 150, 162, 225, 237
House of Delegates, 225, 238
House of Representatives, 225, 238
Housing: under Mbeki, 305–7; under Zuma, 336
Human Development Index, 289, 329, 354–56
Human Poverty Index, 329
Human rights, 235–36, 247, 250–51, 267–69, 299–300
Human Rights Watch, 318
Hunter-gatherers: precolonial, 4–12, 14, 16, 28, 30–31; in pre-1870 Cape Colony, 46, 48–50
ID. See Independent Democrats
Ideology, 27, 42, 140, 190, 197, 235, 246, 272, 274–75
IFP, 293, 315, 316, 322, 324, 325
Illegal immigrants, 257
Immigrants. See White immigrants
Immigration, illegal, under Zuma, 342–44
Income, inequalities in, 303, 330
Independent Democrats (ID), 294, 322, 324
India: pre-1870, 11, 31–32, 36–37, 53, 63, 65; post-1870, 188, 211, 233, 330–31
Indians: terminology, xviii; pre-1948, 100, 171; 1948–78, 190, 194, 197, 201, 203; post-1978, 222, 224–26, 238, 242, 246
Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union of South Africa (icu), 156, 176–77
Industrial Conciliation Act (1924), 169, 179
Information, access to, 294–95
Initiation, 24, 27, 84, 104
Inkatha, 191, 230, 246, 249–50, 252, 255, 257, 258–59, 260, 261–64, 268, 270, 276, 278, 327, 340
Inkatha Freedom Party. See Inkatha
Institute for a Democratic Alternative for South Africa, 244
Institute of Race Relations. See South African Institute of Race Relations
Intellectuals, 158, 174–77, 180, 182, 184–86, 243, 248
Interim constitution, 249, 250–55, 260, 269, 270, 271
Internal Security Act (1976), 199
International Conference against Racism, 292
International Criminal Court, 327
International Monetary Fund, 298
Iran, 209
Iron: in precolonial societies, 5, 10, 12–13, 16–19; in pre-1870 Cape Colony, 32, 37, 40; post-1870, 115, 177
Iron and Steel Corporation (ISCOR), 177
Isandhlwana, 124
Israel, 200, 243
Ivory, 47, 50, 53, 71, 83, 105
Jameson, L. S., 139, 158
Jameson Raid, 115, 139
Jansen, Jonathan, 339
Jiang Zemin, 299
Johannesburg, 156, 194–95, 207–8, 227, 250, 251, 261, 266, 306, 318, 325
JSC. See Judicial Service Commission
Judicial Service Commission, 297, 323
Judiciary: independence of, 293, 298; prominence of, 297; under Zuma, 322–33
Kadfalie, Clements, 175
Kajee, Abdulla Ismail, 175
Kalahari Desert, 7–8, 13, 15, 81
Kasrils, Ronnie, 254, 342
Kat River, 62–63, 77
Kei River, 12–13, 73–76, 78–80
Keiskamma, 54–55, 75–77
Khoikhoi, 58–62, 88. See also Pastoralists
Kimberley, 115–21, 155, 211
Kingdoms. See names of individual kingdoms
Kok, Adam, 94, 96
Kriegler, Johann, 297–98
Kruger, Paul, 101, 104, 124, 138–39, 142–43
Kunene, Mazisi, 87
!Kung, 8–9, 15
KwaNdebele, 229
KwaZulu, 16, 191, 193, 230, 237, 249–51
KwaZulu-Natal province, 249–51, 254–55, 260, 263–64, 270, 273, 288, 340
Laager, 71, 90
Labor: precolonial, 7, 22; in pre-1870 Cape Colony, 37, 57, 61, 65, 68; in Natal and Afrikaner republics, 72, 75, 77, 80, 92, 98–101, 103, 109; 1870–1910, 111, 115, 117–21, 125, 127–29, 131, 143–47; post-1910, 222, 224; unrest under Zuma, 331–33. See also Migrant labor; Trade unions
Land Acts, 245
Landdrosts, 46–47, 57, 59, 68, 92, 102–3
Land reform, 245, 250–51, 253, 261, 266, 277
Land tenure: pre-1870, 23, 46, 68, 77, 97, 99–101; post-1870, 132, 228
Landowners, 68, 132
Langalibalele, 127
Langa, Pius, 297
Languages: Afrikaans, 135, 160, 195–96, 197, 198; Bantu (Nguni and Sotho), 6, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 30; bilingualism, 160; diversity of, 39, 52; Dutch, 144, 151, 158, 160; English, 68, 87, 136, 151, 158, 160, 196, 197; French, 87; German, 87, 184; in Interim Constitution, 250–51; Italian, 87; Khoisan, 7, 30
Law courts, 43, 59, 68, 150, 190–91, 199. See also Appellate Division of the Supreme Court
Law on Anti-Terrorism (2004), 294
League of Nations, 159, 214
Legislation: Cape Colony under the Dutch, 41–43; Cape Colony under the British, 54, 57–58, 60, 64–65; Afrikaner republics, 102; colonial Natal, 98–100; Union and Republic of South Africa, 161–62, 165, 167, 179, 194–99, 226–27. See also names of principal acts; Security legislation
Lekota, Mosiuoa, 314, 315
Lerotholi, 129
Lesotho: precolonial, 4, 17–18, 27; and white conquest, 86–87, 94–96, 103–4, 106–7; and apartheid, 214–15, 230–31
Letsie, 129
Liberalism, 175–76, 188
Libya, 326–27
Lille, Patricia de, 294
Limpopo Provincial Executive Committee, 320
Limpopo River, 5, 12–13, 30, 72, 80, 86, 90
Livingstone, David, 103
Lobengula, 138
Local government: provincial, 227; regional, 227; urban, 169, 229,
237, 239
Locations. See Reserves
London Missionary Society, 53, 59, 61, 94
Lonmin, 331
Lovedale, 156, 172–73
Lutuli, Albert, 208–11
Machel, Graça, 342
Macia, Mido, 342
Macmillan, Harold, 213
Magistrates, 68, 77, 79, 125–28, 171–72
Maharaj, Mac, 248, 316, 320
Mahomed, Ismail, 271
Mail and Guardian, 293, 294–95, 300, 316–17, 321
Malala, Justice, 320, 323–24, 331
Malan, D. F., 151, 177, 186, 189
Malan, Magnus, 224, 270
Malawi, 81, 86, 176, 213, 231
Malema, Julius, 319, 321, 326
Mandela Day, 344, 345
Mandela, Nelson: pre-1965, 182; 1965–1989, 230, 233, 244, 245; post-1989, 246–56, 259–64; post-1994, 266, 268, 270, 271, 273, 274–76, 278–81, 290, 292, 299, 300, 327, 343, 344–45
Mandela (Nelson) Foundation, 318
Mandela, Winnie, 251, 269, 274
Mangena, Alfred, 174
Mangaung Massacre, 319
Mantashe, Gwede, 298, 322, 326
Manuel, Trevor, 302, 313
Manufacturing industries, 111, 154–56, 167–69, 178, 180, 193
Mao Zedong, 303
Marikana, 331–33, 336
Marikana Massacre, 332
Maritz, Gerritt, 90
Marriage, 19, 22–23, 25, 40, 45, 190
Marxism, 246, 274–75
Matthews, Z. K., 173, 183
Mayosi, Bongani, 337
Mbeki, Thabo, 244, 268, 288, 289, 290, 291; presidency of, 291–312, 313, 314, 324, 327, 328
Mbeki (Thabo) Foundation, 324
Mboweni, Tito, 292
MDG. See UN Millennium Development Goals
Media, 198, 235–36, 252, 256, 273, 275
Meiring, General Piet, 272
Merriman, John X., 147
Meyer, Piet J., 184, 198
Meyer, Roelf, 254
Mfecane, 80–87
Mfengu, 62, 75, 77, 79–81, 87
Migrant labor, 2; 1870–1910, 111, 118–19, 128–29, 131; 1910–48, 157, 164, 167, 178, 181, 186; post-1948, 192–93, 222, 230, 246, 249
Migration, 10–13, 28, 30, 67, 88
Milner, Alfred, 140–41, 144–45, 148, 152–53
Mine compounds, 118–19, 121, 168
Mineral discoveries, 109–10, 115
Mines and Works Act (1911), 167
Mine Workers’ Union, 167
Mining industries: origins of, 110–11, 115–21, 127–28, 131; and the South African War, 136–44; and reconstruction, 143–53; post-1910, 154–59, 165–68, 177–80, 239; and pollution, 266
Missionaries, 16–17, 19, 22, 24; in pre-1870 Cape Colony, 50, 53, 58–59, 61, 68–69; in Natal and Afrikaner republics, 71, 75, 78, 93–94, 99–101, 104; post-1870, 122–24, 126–33, 156, 164, 171–73, 191
Mixed farmers: economy of, 15–21; society of, 21–30
Mlambo-Ngcuka, Phumzile, 302
Modise, Joe, 269, 272
Mofolo, Thomas, 87
Mogoeng, Mogoeng, 322, 323
Monongoaha, Oriel, 178
Montsioa, George, 175
Moody’s, 330
Moseneke, Dikgang, 322
Moshoeshoe, 86, 94–95, 106–7
Mosquitoes, 20, 93, 104
Motlana, Dr. Ntatho, 273
Motlanthe, Kgalema, 290, 296–97, 313–15, 318–19
Motsepe, Patrice, 329
Movement for Democratic Change, 300
Mozambique: pre-1870, 3, 16, 32, 36, 45, 84; post-1870, 214, 216, 231–32, 236, 257, 269, 299, 342
Mpande, 91
Mpondo, 18, 72
Mpumalanga province, 334
Msimang, Richard, 174–75
Mswati, 86
Mthethwa, Nathi, 313, 340
Mthimkulu, Oupa Thando, 238
Mufamadi, Sidney, 273
Mugabe, Robert, 216, 300–301, 328
Multiparty Forum, 325
Multiparty Negotiating Forum, 325
Muslims, 36, 65
Myanmar, 209
Mzilikazi, 86–87, 91, 93, 138
Namibia: pre-1948, 4–5, 8, 70, 159, 187; post-1948, 214, 222, 230–32, 236, 239–40, 243, 300
Natal: precolonial, 4, 7, 12, 18, 21–22; pre-1870, 65, 72, 75, 85, 90–92, 96–100; post-1870, 158, 208, 230, 249–50, 260
National Assembly, 269, 273
National Building Regulations, 306
National Council of Provinces, 269
National Executive Committee (of the ANC), 296, 297, 320
National Housing Code (2000), 305
National Income Dynamics Study, 329
Nationalism. See Afrikaner nationalism
National party: 1910–48, 162; 1948–78, 187–88, 190, 198, 207; 1978–89, 223–26, 234, 237; post-1989, 247–50, 255, 269–70, 271, 272, 288, 294, 346
National Prosecuting Authority, 295
National Security Study Memorandum 39, 219, 232
National Union of Mineworkers, 331
National Union of South African Students (NUSAS), 205, 212
Nation-building, 290
Native Laws Amendment Act (1937), 180
Natives Land Act (1913), 163–64, 245
Natives Representative Council, 182, 185
Native Trust and Land Act (1936), 180, 245
Naudé, C. F. Beyers, 204–5, 239
Ndebele, 86–90, 93, 102
Ndlambe, 73, 80
NEC. See National Executive Committee
Negotiating Forum, 249, 250
NEPAD. See New Partnership for Africa’s Development
New Age, 316
New National Party, 294
New Partnership for Africa’s Development, 299
Ngcobo, Sandile, 322
Ngoyi, Lilian, 209
Ngqika, 73, 75, 77, 80
Nicholson, Chris, 296
Nigeria, 299, 300
Nkandlagate, 320–21
NNP. See New National Party
Nongqawuse, 78–79
NPA. See National Prosecuting Authority
Ntsebeza, Dumisa, 298
Nuclear weapons, 262
num. See National Union of Mineworkers
Nzimande, Blade, 320
Nzo, Alfred, 251
OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Open Democracy Advice Centre, 293
Oppenheimer, Harry, 206, 244
Orange Free State: pre-1910, 12, 72, 83–84, 102; post-1910, 144, 147–49, 158, 163–64, 189, 195
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 214–15, 299, 300
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 303
Ossewa Brandwag (Oxwagon Sentinel), 189, 198
Pahad, Essop, 289, 292
Pan-Africanist Congress (pac), 210–11, 213, 233, 244, 246, 252, 268, 272, 274, 294
Pan African Parliament, 299
Pandor, Naledi, 310
Paris Evangelical Mission Society, 94
Passes: pre-1870, 37, 103; 1870–1910, 118, 121, 144; post-1910, 157, 165–67, 181, 193
Pastoralists: precolonial, 10–16, 18, 20, 28–31; in pre-1870 Cape Colony, 33, 35, 37, 45–46, 50
Pather, P. R., 175
Paton, Alan, 205
Pedi, 16, 72, 103–4, 135, 201, 272
Peires, Jeff, 29, 55, 79
Philip, John, 59–61, 65
Phiyega, Mangashi Victoria, 332, 341
Pietermaritzburg, 97, 100, 108, 260
Pikoli, Vusi, 313–14
Pistorius, Oscar, 341–42
Plaatje, Solomon, 87, 164
Police, pre-1948, 178–79; 1948–78, 194, 199–200, 210, 213; 1978–89, 224, 228–29, 232, 235–36, 238; post-1989, 247, 249, 256, 257–58, 259–60, 270–71, 273, 276, 340–42
Political mythology, 135, 162, 197–98, 247, 272
Pollsmoor prison, 245
Poor Whites: pre-1910, 64, 112,
132; post-1910, 155, 162, 169, 172, 188–89
Population, 348–49
Population estimates and censuses: precolonial African societies, 21–22, 25; Cape Colony (1793), 47, (1865), 66; slaves, 36; free Blacks, 44–45; Cape Town (1795), 51; Kat River settlement, 62; Voortrekkers, 88; Afrikaner republics, 101; colonial Natal, 92, 97, 100; Southern Africa (1870), 53, 108; Union of South Africa (1936), 166, 170–71, (1950), 194–95; Republic of South Africa, 195, 221–22, 266. See also Appendix: table 1
Population Registration Act (1950), 190, 245
Populism, 273–74
Poqo, 211
Port Elizabeth: pre-1948, 18, 55, 59, 67; post-1948, 193–94, 208, 227–28, 260
Portugal, 31–32, 214–16, 232
Portuguese, 11, 31–32, 36, 52, 83–84
Potchefstroom, 93, 101, 247, 261
Potgieter, Andries Hendrik, 90, 93, 138
Poverty, 200–204, 245–46, 256, 263, 302, 303–4, 308, 312, 328–29
Power sharing, 249, 250, 269–70
President’s Council, 224–25
Pretoria, 88, 162, 195, 207, 237, 238, 254
Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging triangle, 227, 229. See also Gauteng
Pretorius, Andries, 91–92
Program of Action, 301–2
Progressive Federal party (PFP), 188, 206, 237, 244, 247
Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA), 292–93, 294, 321
Propaganda: pre-1948, 162, 181, 184; post-1948, 197, 223, 227, 233–34
Prophets, 77–78
Protection of Information Act (1982), 317
Protection of State Information Bill, 317–18
Provinces, 250, 251, 252–53, 260, 269, 271, 272
Public Safety Act (1953), 199
Quality of life, under Zuma, 333–34
QwaQwa, 194, 202
Race: education and, 310; inequality between and within, 329; wealth and, 303–4
Railways: pre-1870, 53, 67, 108; 1870–1910, 122, 128, 131, 137, 142, 148–49; post-1910, 50, 164, 166, 229–30
Rainfall: precolonial, 4–5, 7, 10–12, 16, 20, 29–30; 1652–1910, 81, 90, 130
Ramaphosa, Cyril, 239, 251, 253–54, 268, 319, 320, 325, 329, 331, 346
Ramathlodi, Ngoako, 341
Ramphele, Mamphela, 325–26
Reagan, Ronald, 232, 234
Rebellion: pre-1870, 26, 44, 51–53, 61, 67, 73; post-1870, 114, 127–28, 134, 148, 157, 159
Reconciliation, 244, 254, 268–69, 274, 275, 276, 291–92
Reconstruction, 143–53
Reconstruction and Development Program (rdp), 279–82, 283
Refugees, 52, 72, 75, 81, 230
Regional Services Council, 227
Reitz, Deneys, 181
Relly, Gavin, 244
Reporters Without Borders World Freedom Index, 318
Representation of Natives Act (1936), 175, 180
A History of South Africa Page 58
