Victory in the East

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by John France

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  Index

  * * *

  Abu’l-Qasim, brother of Baldajii, 191

  Achard of Montmerle, 86, 337

  Acre, 307, 328, 329, 333

  Adalbero archdeacon of Metz and his lady, killed at Antioch, 205, 230, 232

  Adam FitzMichael, 226

  Adana, 167, 188, 194

  Adela, daughter of the Conqueror, wife of Stephen of Blois, 83, 85, 101, 128

  Adela of Flanders, 83, 101

  Adelrard of Guizon, knight of the house of Boulogne, 132

  Adhémar, bishop of Le Puy (late 1070S–98)

  papal legate on the First Crusade, 5, 22, 23, 45, 79, 84, 105, 120, 162, 141, 181, 183, 210, 226, 231, 248, 257, 279, 283, 285, 290 4

  appointed by Urban II, 96, 97

  death of and its importance, 17, 18, 24, 303–4, 323–4, 367

  leadership of the crusade, 121, 206, 225

  letters with Patriarch of Jerusalem, 124, 125, 128, 209 10, 214, 375

  orders oath of princes at Antioch, 271, 278

  religious authority, 120, 138, 242, 280

  in vision at Jerusalem, 333, 347, 356, see also Peter Desiderius

  Adrianople (Edirne), 91, 100, 110, 114

  al-Afdal, Armenian Vizier of Egypt, 166, 205, 251, 253, 325–6, 334, 343, 354, 355, 358, 360, 364; see also Badr al-Jamali, his father; Egypt, crusader negotiations

  ‘Afrin valley, 256, 307, 310

  Afyon, 186, 194

  Ahl Dag, Roman road over, 173

  Ahlistha, 154

  Ahmad ibn-Marwan, 270

  Akkār (Caeserea Libani), 128, 214, 219, 301, 307, 325, 327, 331, 332, 357, 358

  siege of and dispute over, 130–1, 132, 317, 318 23

  Albara, 118, 130, 133–4, 237 8, 310, 312; see also Peter of Narbonne, bishop of

  Alberadus of Cagnano, 229

  Albert of Aachen, chronicler, 19, 91, 92, 93, 95, 111–15, 127–8, 132, 134–7, 139, 140–1, 143, 147–8, 158–9, 162–6, 169, 172, 174–5, 180–1, 184, 186–7, 192–3, 205–6, 208, 210, 21 1, 212, 216–20, 225–6, 228–33, 236, 237–41, 242–5, 249, 252, 253–4, 256, 258, 259, 260–1, 262–5, 270–80, 285, 286, 290–3, 301–2, 304, 309, 312–15, 318, 319, 320, 322, 328, 333–5, 336, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 360–1, 364–5, 379–82

  Albert of Namur, count of Verdun, 26, 45, 81

  Aleppo, 140, 152, 193, 203, 208, 224, 237, 242, 245, 256, 260, 267, 308, 310

  Alexander, chaplain of Stephen of Blois and legate, 303

  Alexandretta (Iskenderun), 189, 213, 217, 223, 270

  Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (1081–1118), 20, 96, 110, 155, 215, 374

  advises diplomatic contact w
ith Egypt, 165–6, 325, 355

  and Armenians, 156, 167; see also First Crusade, Armenian strategy

  and Bohemond, 74–7, 104, 111, 114–16, 122, 378

  character of his rule, 154–5

  embassy to ‘Akkār, 322–3, 330

  and Godfrey, 106, 111, 114–15, 117, 122

  agreement with the leaders, 20, 22, 24, 97, 102, 104, 108, 107–22, 116–18, 120–1, 124, 144, 165, 209–10, 263, 300, 368

  and Hugh of Vermandois, 101, 111–12, 114, 117, 134, 210, 297, 299, 302

  and Laodicea, 219

  letter to al-Afdal found at Ascalon, 326

  and Robert I of Flanders, 81, 87–8, 100–1

  and Norman mercenaries, 153

  and People’s crusade, 91, 93, 135

  Philomelium and Stephen of Blois, 24, 191, 299–302, 375

  and Raymond of Toulouse, 97, 105, 108, 111, 113–15, 117–18, 120, 122, 160, 301

  reconquest of Asia Minor, 110, 184–85, 299–300, 302

  and siege of Nicaea, 144, 162, 165

  and Tatikios, 133

  and Turks of Asia Minor, 154, 155, 156

  and Urban II, 97–8, 108–10

  Alp Arslan, Seljuk Sultan (1063–72), 146–7, 152–3, 202

  Altalon, 225–27

  Altenahr, Jews persecuted at, 92

  Altinova (see Civitos), 93

  Altinözü, 225

  Amalfi, 82, 99

  Amasa of Cuzh, 261

  Amasa of Niz, 261

  Amasya, 309

  Ambrières, castle of, 43, 44

  Ambrose, St, vision of at Antioch, 278

  ambush, 14, 46, 54, 55, 134, 140, 159, 184, 188–9, 193, 224, 231, 248, 252–4, 296, 337

  Ammanus mountains, 190, 192, 213

  Amorium, 186

  Amouk, 192, 193, 206, 228

  Ancyra (Ankara), 156, 173, 185

  Andronicus Doukas, 153

  Andronicus Tzintziloukes, 219

  Anglona, 82

  Anglo-Saxons, 30, 61, 62, 67–70, 74

  and Byzantium and Black Sea, 13, 101, 215, 218

  Anjou, county of and counts of, 43, 53, 83; see also Angevins, Fulk, Geoffrey

  Anna Gomnena, author of the Alexiad, 16, 20, 37, 76, 100, 102, 103, 110–12, 117, 120–2, 127, 155, 165, 169–70, 202, 257 8, 299–302, 382

  Anonymous, chronicler, writer of the Gesta Francorum, 20, 21, 82, 107–8, 112–14, 117–18, 137–8, 140, 157–8, 161–3, 165, 169–71, 173, 174, 180–2, 185–6, 206, 228–31, 235, 237–39, 246, 246–51, 255, 257–595 263–5, 270–80, 284–5, 290–2, 297–8, 301, 311–14, 319, 321, 333, 335 337, 343, 345, 348, 356, 360, 364, 375–6, 378–9, 382

  Anselm of Ribemont, 125, 133, 214, 236, 238, 243, 246, 274–6, 285, 290, 376

  killed at ‘Akkār, 319

  letters of, 22, 278–9, 374–5

  mission to Alexius, 169

  Antioch, 23, 117, 130, 134, 169, 171, 185, 188, 190, 191, 196, 212, 219, 222, 265, 280, 288, 298, 303, 305, 308, 378

  betrayal and capture of, 1, 21, 128, 257–8, 262–7, 358

  blockade of proposed and debated, 220–2

  Bridge of Boats, 224, 226, 229, 231

  Bridge Gate, 138–9, 140, 212, 213, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226–7, 228, 229, 234, 235, 244, 254, 255, 287–8

  Byzantine capture of in 969, 220, 223, 227, 273

  citadel, 23, 222, 269, 297; see also Ahmad ibn-Marwanand

  counterforts, 224; see also Malregard, Mahommeries, Tancred’s Tower

  crusader garrison needed, 134, 303

  crusader order of siege, 225–6

  crusader rule, 25, 130, 310, 366

  crusader siege of, 3, 4, 17, 22, 98, 132, 133, 197–269, 328, 368, 369, 376; see also fleets, Genoese

  description of the city, 199, 222–5, 228

  dispute over, 112, 114, 116, 118, 121, 128, 297–8, 310–11; see also Bohemond and Raymond of Toulouse

  Dog Gate, 205, 223, 226–8

  Duke, Gate of, 223, 230, 231

  falls to Philaretus, 154, 167

  falls to the Turks, 110, 154, 167, 184, 228, 258; see also Sulayman

  false rumour of Turks deserting it, 191–2

  food shortages and hardships, 17, 43, 137–9, 232–3, 235, 236–7, 241–2, 269, 277–8

  garrison, of, 159, 200, 205, 223–4, 230

  Godfrey and Robert of Flanders remain at, 316–18

  held as an ‘Iqta, 200

  importance in crusader planning, 167

  Iron Gate, 222, 235

  Kerbogah’s siege and his camps, 269–70, 275–6, 279, 287, 288, 293

  massacre at crusader capture of, 266–7

  Mt Silpius, 222, 223, 230, 273

  Mt Staurin, 222

  Palace and Bridge Gate held then lost by Raymond of Toulouse, 299, 311, 315

  Parmenian torrent, 222, 227

  ports to supply siege of, 213–20

  Saint George Gate, 212, 223, 226–7, 228, 229, 236, 237, 244, 254, 263, 265, 287–8

  St Paul Gate, 223, 226, 224, 244, 270, 273, 276

  St Peter’s fountain, 228

  second siege of, 205, 270–96, 367, 369

  strategy of siege, 222–5, 277

  western trade with, 99

  Antioch-in-Pisidia or Antiochetta (Yalvaç), 187, 188, 299

  aplèkta, 150

  Arabs, 145, 154, 184, 198, 272, 308, 336

  in Egyptian army, 359, 364

  Archelais (Aksaray), 185

  archers, 35–7, 44, 48, 54, 206

  Armenian, 205, 359

  English, 35, 69

  Egyptian, 363–4

  firing at horses, 37

  mounted, 145–6, 147, 290, 293, 359

  Norman, 36, 58

  Syrian, 205; see also Hastings; Turks, tactics of

  Arid al-Jaysh, head of Diwan al-Jaysh, 200

  Armanaz, 267

  Armenia, 151, 184, 198, 355, 382

  of ‘Artah, 192

  in Byzantine army, 152

  Catholicus of Jerusalem, 334

  and crusaders, 168, 190, 196, 208, 256, 267, 307

  lesser Armenia, 156

  merchants at Antioch, 196

  princes of, 138, 167, 194–5, 304–5; see also archers, First Crusade, Edessa

  armour, of Egyptians, 359

  of knights, 33–4

  of Turks, 149–204–6; see also horses; knights; scale; lamellar

  Arnulf of Choques, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 211, 331, 357, 360

  Arnulf bishop of Martirano, 360

  Arnulf III count of Flanders, 55–6

  Arnulf of Tirs, 230, 232

  Arnulf, made legate by Urban II, 303

  Arslan-Tasch, emir of Sindjar, 260–1

  Arsuf, 329, 332, 365

  ‘Artāh (Artasia), 148, 192–3, 195, 203, 206, 235, 286

  Artuk, Turkish emir, 153, 201; see also Sokman and Il-Ghazi

  Arved, brother of Peter Tudebode, 275

  Ascalon, city, of, 334, 335, 337

  description of, 361–3

  quarrel over, 332, 365

  Ascalon, battle of, 12 August 1099, 3, 14, 15, 128, 131, 308, 329, 358, 360–5, 369, 371

  crusader numbers at, 125, 128, 141, 361

  Ascelin (Goël), Norman knight, 41, 42

  Ascanian lake (Iznik Golii), 122, 143, 162

  ‘Askar, 202

  Asia Minor (Anatolia), 3, 59, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 116, 120, 122, 135, 142, 145, 149–50, 152, 158, 169, 173, 295, 355

  Byzantium and, 147, 150, 152–7

  Byzantine reconquest of, 184, 187–8, 368

  during the crusade, 4, 124, 141, 153, 159, 165, 167–8, 187–8, 190

  roads and the march across, 136, 137, 173–4, 185–6, 189, 233, 282, 298

  Assassins, allies of Rid wan, 198

  Aubré of Grandmesnil, brother of William, 270

  Avdan Daglari, 143, 173

  Avlona, 75, 103, 107

  axe, 30, 33, 69

  ‘Azāz, 193, 307, 309

  Azoparts, see negroes

  B
abylon (Cairo), 166, 251

  Badr al-Jamali, Armenian Vizier of Egypt (1074–94), 166, 205, 357–9; see also al-Afdal

  Baghras, 261

  Bagrat of Cyrrhus, Armenian prince, 168, 194, 256, 307

  Bagratids, Armenian royal house, 167; see also Constantine son of Roupen

  Bajac or Balas of Amacha and Sororghia, 261

  Balak of Sororghia, 309

  Baldajii (or Hasan) Cappadocian emir, 156, 191

  Balduk of Samosata, 199, 203, 256, 261, 292, 305

  Baldwin V count of Flanders, 55, 58, 218

  Baldwin VI count of Flanders, 55, 56

  Baldwin Calderan, 163

  Baldwin of Boulogne, 14, 36, 45, 55, 83, 137, 168, 186, 188, 216–17

  and Edessa, 14, 132, 138, 194–5, 199, 205–6, 304–5, 307, 309

  to Jerusalem, 133, 237

  Baldwin of le Bourcq, king of Jerusalem (1118–32), 72, 337

  Baldwin of Ghent, 163

  Baldwin of Hainault, son of Baldwin VI, 56, 134, 210, 226, 290

  balista, (ballista), 48, 49

  Balkans, 95, 136, 145, 150, 151, 152, 156

  Banu-’Ammar, rulers of Shi’ite Tripoli, 199, 203, 307

  Banu-Munqidh, Arab rulers of Shaizar, 199; see also Abu el-Hasan

  Ba’ouda, 310

  Barbastro, 9, 12

  barbicans (double wall), 223, 342, 345, 350

  Bar-Hebraeus, 259, 262, 268

  Bari, 47, 62, 75, 82, 85, 99, 102, 103, 104, 211

  Basil II, Byzantine emperor (976–1025), 150–1

  Batrun, 328

  Battle, 68, 69, 73

  battle, 2, 4, 22, 55, 67, 74, 77

  nature of, 28–30, 34

  risks of, 27, 55–6, 66, 142

  and strategy, 65–6

  theory of decisive battle, 29; see also under individual placenames

  Bauldry of Dol, 163, 191, 209–10, 211, 301, 378

  Bayeux Tapestry, 34, 35–6, 39–40, 50, 57, 58, 59–60, 67, 69, 71, 73

  Bedouin, 198, 308

  in Egyptian army, 359, 360

  beehives, thrown at crusaders at Ma’arra, 314

  Beirut, 327–9

  Belen Pass (Gates of Syria), 190, 193, 262

  Belgrade, 3, 90, 91, 104

  Berbers in Egyptian army, 166, 359

  Berkyaruk, Seljuk Sultan of Baghdad (1095–1107), 160, 167, 198

  Bethlehem, 331, 334

  Bilecik, 173

  bishops, at Clermont, 5, 80

  on crusade, 20, 210–11

  on great German pilgrimage, 87, 100

  bistangi, 201

  Bithynia, 153

  Black Sea, 13, 145, 155

  Boel of Chartres, 21

 

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