Victory in the East

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Victory in the East Page 55

by John France

Bohemond, 6, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 46, 47, 79, 84–85, 107, 127, 136, 140, 158, 160, 163, 169–70, 180, 183, 191, 194, 211, 225, 226, 228–29, 234, 237–41, 253–8, 263–5, 270, 265–6, 273–81, 296, 307, 312–314, 333, 375–6

  ambassadors to Godfrey, 114, 116

  Antioch seized by, 112, 133, 304, 307, 323, 368, 375

  Cilicia held by, 138, 309

  conditional promise of Antioch to, 260, 262, 297

  crusader commander, 127, 246–51, 255, 279, 282, 284, 288, 291–2, 294–6, 369, 371

  deserters and, 242–3

  high reputation of, 255

  to Jerusalem, 133, 236

  Laodicea, besieges, 216, 217, 365; see also Daimbert of Pisa, in Norman attack on Byzantium, 74–77, 116

  pact with the Genoese, 297–8

  quarrel with Raymond of Toulouse, 112, 120, 293, 297–8, 302, 310–11, 315

  reasons for taking the cross, 82–3, 85

  slowly to Constantinople, 103–4, 107; see also Alexius

  Bohemond the Turk, 248, 258, 262, 365

  Bologna, papal letter to, 5, 15

  Bonneville-sur-Touques, 57, 113

  Boulogne, house of, 101, 116, 218, 378; see also Eustace of, Baldwin of, Baldwin of le Bourcq, Godfrey de Bouillon

  Bourgthéroulde, battle in 1124, 37, 73

  Boutoumites, 122, 124, 144

  bow, 33, 69, 205, 228

  of Armenians, 260

  composite of Turks, 147, 235

  banned by the church, 37

  cross or mechanical bow, 36, 37, 49, 62, 82, 228, 351

  stavebow, 36

  tubular bow, 148

  Bozüyük, 172, 173

  Brémule, battle of in 1119, 34, 37

  Bretons, 19, 57, 58, 69, 70

  Brévol, castle of, 42–3, 47, 48, 50

  Bridge of Boats, see Antioch

  Bridge Gate, see Antioch

  Brindisi, 3, 62

  Brionne, castle of, 52, 80

  Bruno of Lucca, 99, 134, 211–12, 214, 224

  el-Bukeia, 319

  Bulgaria, 91, 150

  burh, 37, 39

  Bursa (ancient Prusa), 173

  Bursuk in Asia Minor, 202

  Buwaihids, 146

  Byzantium, 1, 2, 4, 5, 13, 82, 84, 90, 108, 146, 371

  alliance and its importance, 24, 117–21, 165, 210, 219, 243, 299, 302–3, 325, 367, 375; see also Cyprus

  army and military organisation, 75, 76, 104–5, 122, 124, 150–2, 175; see also Manzikert

  expansionism, 305

  expeditions to the east, 203

  Arab conquests in, 145

  attacked by Guiscard, 46, 74–7

  weakness of, 149–55

  caballarius, caballerías, caballeros, hidalgos, villanos, 32

  Caen, councils of, 39, 57

  Caeserea-in-Cappadocia (Kayseri), 137, 156, 185, 189, 190, 191, 299

  Caeserea in Palestine, 329, 333, 360

  Caffaro of Genoa, chronicler, 213, 216

  Cairo, 99, 203, 205, 359

  Calabria, 46, 47

  Çarasamba river, 188

  Carmen de Hastingae proeilio, 36, 57

  castles, 20, 26, 32, 34, 50, 52, 53, 55, 63, 65, 67, 68, 78

  importance on western warfare, 37–47, 74, 78–9

  offensive castles, 44, 52, 54

  wooden and stone, 26, 27, 40

  Catapults, 47

  at ‘Akkār, 319

  at Ma’arra, 314

  at Nicaea, 164

  cavalry, horsemen, 1, 2, 30, 31, 32, 44, 45, 59, 61, 62, 63, 73, 75, 182, 241, 249, 363–4; see battles

  at Antioch, 128, 265, 269

  Egyptian, 359–60

  Flemish for Alexius I, 81

  Persian, 204

  in Fatimid garrison of Jerusalem, 334, 343, 354, 355

  ‘shock tactics’, 71–3, 372, 272–3

  Turkish, 145–6, 147, 149 see also battle

  Chagri, brother of Tughril Bey, 146

  Chaka emir of Smyrna, 155

  Chanson d’Antioche, 205, 218, 379

  Chanson de Roland, 31, 35

  Chios, 237, 300

  chivalry, 7, 9, 10, 31, 34, 51, 58

  Chliat, 153

  Chonae, 151

  Cilicia, 154, 168, 213, 227

  expedition to, 186–7, 193–5, 215

  Gates of, 173, 185, 188, 190

  Civitos, 93, 124

  clergy, 18, 23–4, 35, 87, 92, 121, 127, 331–2

  Clermont, Council of in 1095, 1, 4, 5, 13, 16, 80, 97

  clibanarius, Persian heavy cavalry, 204

  club, 33, 69

  Cluny, 7, 8, 44, 86

  Cnut II, king of Denmark, (1080–86), 84, 101

  coif (of mail), 33

  Cologne, 3, 63, 85, 90

  Coloman I king of Hungary (1095–1114), 92, 83, 104, 105

  coltrops, 76

  Comana, 185, 191

  Conan duke of Brittany, 27, 343

  Conan of Brittany, 248

  Conquereuil, battle of in 992, 27

  Constantine VIII, Byzantine emperor (1025–8), 101, 151

  Constantine IX Monomachus, Byzantine emperor (1042–55), 151, 183

  Constantine X Doukas, Byzantine emperor (1059–67), 151, 152

  Constantine Bodin king of Zeta (c. 1170–c. 1101), 76, 104

  Constantine son of Roupen, 156, 167

  Constantinople, capital of Byzantium, 2, 3, 13, 16, 20, 75, 81, 88, 90, 91, 93, 99, 100–3, 108, 112, 118, 120, 121, 142, 197, 209, 380

  named as muster-point by Urban II, 97

  Corfu, 75, 77

  Cosenza, 46, 47

  Cotiaeum (Kütahaya), 186

  council of leaders, 20–1, 121, 231–2, 255–6, 257, 259, 297–8, 302, 310, 323, 330, 336, 346, 356–7

  counter towers (against siege towers), 48, 75

  Coxon (Göksun), 189, 191

  Crac des Chevaliers, see Hisn al-Akrad

  Crispin, Robert, 12, 13, 152, 168

  Crispin, William, 37

  Crusades, 10

  modern writing on, 144

  sources, 82

  of 1101, 121, 174, 367, 369, 380

  Second, 10, 367

  Third, 98, 170

  Cryapege, 152

  Cumans, 110

  Cyprus, 100, 138, 139, 211, 212, 213, 219, 244, 31

  Cyprus, 100, 138, 139, 211, 212, 213, 219, 244, 310

  importance in siege of Antioch, 209, 210, 215, 237, 368

  Cyrrhus, 256

  Cyzicus, 155

  Daimbert archbishop of Pisa, attacks Laodicea with Bohemond, 133, 217, 219, 365

  letter to the West, 125, 135, 141, 375, 376

  Damascus, 127, 140, 145, 166, 210, 238, 308, 310, 317, 328, 355; see also Duqaq

  Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, 195, 258, 261, 267, 314, 364

  Danes, 37, 38, 39, 47, 49, 50, 62, 67, 70

  on crusade, 210, 217

  in fleet of Guinemer, 217

  Danishmend Turks, 156, 160, 174

  Danube, 100, 105

  Daphne, 223, 238, 263

  David, old testament king, 3

  city of, 341

  Daylami infantry, 145, 359

  Deir Sambil, 310

  Demon river (Skumbi), 103

  desertion, 134, 241–2, 270; see also Aubré of Grandmesnil, Bohemond, Guy Trousseau, Lambert the Poor, Louis of Toul, Peter the Hermit, William the Carpenter, William of Grandmesnil

  Dives-sur-Mer, 54, 59–60, 66

  ‘discordant peace’, 311, 315

  Diwans, ministries at Baghdad and Cairo, 200

  ‘Iqta, 359

  al-Jaysh, ministry of war, 200, 359; see also Arid al-Jaysh

  Djebail, 328

  Dog river, 329

  Dome of the Rock (Mosque of Omar), 331, 335, 356

  Domfront, 52–3

  Dorylaeum (Eskişehir), 150, 169, 173, 187, 300

  Dorylaeum, battle of, 16, 148, 158, 159, 169–72, 174–85, 242, 369, 371, 376

  casualties at, 140, 170, 181

 
consequences of, 184–5, 195

  division of the crusader army before, 136–7, 169

  lack of overall crusader command, 181, 183

  location of, 170–5

  names for, 170

  Turkish numbers at, 127, 157, 171, 174

  Turkish and crusader tactics at, 174–5, 235

  women in, 180

  Doukas, family of, 152; see also Andronicus, Constantine, John, Michael

  Dracon river (Yalaç), 93

  Drogo of Nesle, 92, 309

  Duqaq of Damascus, 156, 237–41, 261

  ally of Kerbogah, 261, 292–3

  approached for aid by Yaghisiyan, 199

  crusader diplomacy towards, 245

  quarrels with his brother, Rid wan of Aleppo, 167, 198–99; see also Qinnisrin, battle of; see also Foraging Battle

  Dyrrachium, (Durazzo), 102–4, 105, 107

  siege and battle of in 1081, 29, 75–6, 155

  earthwork fortifications, 37–40, 52

  ecclesiastical discipline, 17

  imposed on the army, 241, 243–4, 367

  Edessa, 1, 10, 15, 187, 261, 303, 309, 310

  Baldwin seizes, 1, 132

  besieged by Kerbogah, 259

  numbers holding it, 134, 141

  Philaretus gains, 154

  value to the crusaders, 133

  Edward the Confessor, king of England (1042–65), 43, 57, 60, 67

  his seal and title, 101

  Edgar Aetheling, 215–16

  Egypt, 3, 317, 323–4, 331, 367

  alliance with Ridwan, 198

  attack on proposed by crusade at Ramla, 130, 330

  and cities of Palestinian littoral, 328–9

  conflict with Seljuk Turks, 152, 166

  crusader negotiations and possible treaty with, 165–6, 211, 252–4, 302, 304, 317, 325–6, 334, 358, 368

  fleets, 212–13, 327, 328

  Fatimid conquest of Egypt, 99, 166

  Fatimid decay, 166, 357

  and crusader siege of Jerusalem, 334

  armies and military organisations of, 166, 205, 308, 359–60

  Turks in, 146

  unpreparedness for crusader attack, 326–7, 329; see also al-Afdal, Ascalon, Badr al-Jamali, Jerusalem

  Ekkehard of Aura, chronicler, 15, 92, 127, 325

  Elbistan, see Comana

  Elster, battle of in 1085, 27, 35

  Emicho, count and leader of People’s Crusade, 91–2

  Engelbert of Tournai, 351–2; see also Ludolf; Tournai

  Engelrand of St Pol, 205, 233, 234; see also Hugh of; Hazagand

  England, 38, 41, 55, 57, 60–1, 66–7, 72, 84, 113

  on People’s Crusade, 91; see also Hastings

  Ephesus, 300

  Erzerum, 153, 156

  Erzinjan, 156

  Eumathios Philokales, duke of Cyprus, 216

  Euphrates, 49, 152

  Eustace II count of Boulogne, 55–6, 57

  Eustace III of Boulogne, 45, 55, 77, 183, 248, 290, 312, 351, 360

  and Guinemer of Boulogne, 217

  Evrard the Huntsman, 314

  Falaise, 34, 37

  falcons on crusade, 132

  famine or food shortage, hunger, 15

  on First Crusade, 122, 130, 313, 315; see also Antioch

  Farald, viscount of Thouars, 20

  Fatimids, see Egypt

  Fay-Chapteuil, family of, lords of Polignac, 45

  Peter and Pons of, killed in the Balkans, 105; see also Heraclius of Polignac

  feudalism, 20–3, 63

  fire machine of Fatimids at Jerusalem, 335, 354–4

  First Crusade, 2, 24, 25, 31, 35, 37, 39, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 55, 65, 78, 81, 100, 108, 116–17, 120–2, 124, 197

  Armenian strategy of, 167–8, 190–6, 195–6, 206, 208, 220, 368

  casualties, 3, 22, 103, 131, 134–5, 135–6, 139–41, 165

  command on, 121, 170, 181, 183, 234, 245–6, 251, 256, 295–6, 324, 371

  common fund of, 164, 232

  ideology of and its limitations, 4–25, 96, 303–4, 376

  influence on western military development, 372

  liberation of eastern Christians, 195

  liturgical aspect, 17

  motivation for, 4–25, 80, 367

  nations on, 18–19

  noncombatants on, 3, 21, 126, 128, 129, 131, 136, 141

  numbers on, 2–3, 14–15, 122–42, 202–3, 304, 317, 330–1, 345

  perception of different enemies, 159

  political objectives of, 96

  popular pressure on the leaders, 311, 315, 318, 320–2, 324

  rates of march, 3, 171, 188, n.119, 327

  reasons for success of, 371–2

  reinforcements, 108, 130, 134, 210, 211, 301

  servants on, 126–7

  sieges, see ‘Akkār, Antioch, Jerusalem, Ma’arra, Nicaea

  solidarities on, 18–22, 369

  sources for and their limitations, 374–82

  staying in the East, 14–15

  strengths of the crusader army, 295–6

  tactics against Turks, 233, 241

  treaties with Islamic rulers, 307, 316, 323, 328; see also Acre, ‘Azāz, Beirut, Egypt, Homs, Shaizar, Tripoli

  women and children on, 126, 241; see also Alexius; Asia Minor, roads of; bishops; Dorylaeum; Egypt, fleets; Nicaea; princes; sieges

  Firuz, (or Zarrad) betrayer of Antioch, 257–8, 259, 262–4, 297

  flail, (war flail), 358, 363

  Flanders, 55–7, 60, 65, 217

  fleets, 57, 58–60, 61–3, 66–7, 75–7, 98–9

  fleets, ships and naval power on the First Crusade, 98, 130, 138, 209–20

  Byzantine, 117, 120, 209, 300

  and communications, 210, 211

  crusaders return to the west on, 366

  English and Laodicea, 98–9, 131, 134, 209, 212, 214–19, 253, 328

  of Guinemer of Boulogne, 216–20

  influence on journey route, 209–10

  Genoese, 3, 98, 131, 209, 212, 219, 228

  importance of, 209, 211–12

  at Jaffa, 212, 336–7

  Pisan, 98, 209, 213, 219

  plans for fleets on, 99

  poverty of information about, 212–13

  reinforcements with, 134

  skills of sailors, 211–12

  travel in winter, 211

  Venetian, 209, 212, 219

  Folkmar, leader of People’s Crusade, 92

  Foraging Battle, 31 December 1097, 229, 237–41, 260, 263, 295–6, 376

  failure at, 138

  numbers of crusaders in, 127, 236

  numbers of army of Damascus in, 203

  tactics at, 233

  fords, see Iron Bridge

  France, 5, 7, 32, 40, 42, 43, 51, 53, 57, 80, 83, 87, 88, 135–6

  Capetians kings of, 5, 7, 19, 40, 44, 47, 48, 52, 53, 82

  Franks, distinguished from Provençals, 18, 130

  as imperial envoys, 106

  inhabitants of Constantinople, 114

  Frederick Barbarossa, German emperor (1152–90) on crusade, 136, 170–1

  French, 8, 11, 20, 30, 54–9, 69, 91

  Frisia, men of with Guinemer, 217

  Fulcher of Chartres, chronicler, 4, 103, 108, 112, 116, 127, 137, 169–71, 174–5, 143, 157, 163, 180, 182, 184, 186–7, 193–4, 205, 227, 236, 258, 259–61, 269, 286, 294, 301, 304–5, 312–13, 319, 321, 335, 337, 361, 364, 376, 378

  Fulcher of Chartres, knight, 21, 264

  Fulcher of Chartres, captain in the People’s Crusade, 90, 309

  Fulcher of Orléans, 93

  Fulford, Danish victory at, 67, 74

  Fulk son of Giroie, 33

  Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou, 7, 27, 100

  fundibula, 205

  Gabriel of Melitene, 156, 160, 167–9, 195, 305

  Galdemar Carpinel, 331

  Gaston of Béam, 19, 309, 335

  builder of North French siege tower at Jerusalem, 347

  relations with Raymond of Toul
ouse, 331, 344, 357

  Gautier de Bretueil, captain on People’s Crusade, 93

  Gautier de la Verne, 329

  Genoese, 15, 48, 99, 213, 229

  allies of Raymond of Toulouse, 298

  privileges at Antioch, 15, 23, 297–8

  and Urban II, 98; see also fleets

  Geoffrey the Hunchback, duke of Lower Lorraine, 33, 81

  Geoffrey Martel count of Anjou, 52, 53, 58

  Gerard of Quiersy, 148, 181

  Gerberoi, castle of, 44, 45, 279, 372

  Germans, 5, 14, 18, 27, 30, 59, 64, 160

  at Antioch, 230

  in Byzantine service, 152

  expeditions to Italy, 63–4, 79

  with People’s Crusade, 90, 91, 136

  pilgrims to Jerusalem in 1064–65, 87, 100

  reinforcements for crusade, 134

  Gesta Francorum, crusader chronicle, see Anonymous

  Gesta Roberti Wiscardi, see William of Apulia

  Gesta Tancredi, crusader chronicle, see Ralph of Caen

  ghazi, 145

  Ghaznavids, 145–6, 201

  Gilbert bishop of Evreux, 103

  Girart de Roussillon, 12, 13

  Giroie, 33

  the younger, 33

  sons of, 33

  Robert, 40

  Godehilda of Tosny, wife of Baldwin of Boulogne, 83, 132

  Godfrey Burel, captain of infantry on People’s Crusade, 90, 93

  Godfrey de Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine (1087–1100), 5, 6, 14, 15, 20, 22, 26, 27, 33, 35, 36, 45, 55, 79, 83, 105–6, 114, 132, 160–3, 171, 139, 169, 181, 187, 218, 226, 230, 243, 248, 254, 256, 257, 262, 264–5, 274, 282–4, 286, 290–2, 318, 344, 348, 349–50, 356, 358, 367, 369, 376, 380

  absent from siege of Ma’arra, 312

  Advocate of Jerusalem, 331–2, 357, 360–1, 363–4

  and brother Baldwin, 138, 194

  death of in 1100, 133

  extortion from Jews, 85, 90

  invested with duchy of Lower Lorraine, 45

  Jabala besieged by with Robert of Flanders, 318

  landholdings in Syria, 256, 307, 309; see also ‘Afrin, Tell Bashir, Ravendan military experience in the west, 84

  numbers in his army, 127

  refuses money at Rugia, 129

  and Guinemer, 217, 219

  reasons for taking the cross, 81

  remains at Antioch with Robert of Flanders and forced to leave, 128, 307, 316–17, 318

  at siege of Rome, 63; see also Alexius

  Godfrey of Esch-sur-Sûre, 105; see also Henry of

  Gouel, see Fulcher of Chartres

  Goëls, family of, 42

  William, 41–2

  Göksu river, 171–2, 173, 174

  Gonatas Tower at Nicaea, 162

  Gottschalk, priest and leader of People’s Crusade, 92

  Grand Domestic of the East, (see also Bohemond), 16, 116

  Domestic, 153

  Greek fire, 350

  Gregory VII, pope, (1073–85), 8, 74, 368

  and the Christians of the east, 5, 96–7

 

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