by John France
his legate, 45
Guibert of Nogent, 216, 319, 378
Guidelmus Flammengus, Bohemond’s captain at Bari, 85
Guinemer of Boulogne, 218, 380
in Cilicia, 219
at Laodicea, 217, 219
Guiscard family of, 46; see also Hautevilles, Robert, Drogo, Bohemond, Tancred, Roger, Roger Borsa
Guy, a knight killed at Nicaea, 163
Guy Trousseau, Lord of Montlhéry, 270
Guy, half-brother of Bohemond, 82, 301
Guy the Constable, 257, 264
Guy, dapifer of the French king, 208
Hab, battle of in 1119, 72
Hadrianopolis, 187
Haifa, 329
Hamah, (ancient Epiphanea), 246, 310, 317
Harald Hardrada, 61–2
Harem, 138, 230, 237, 281
expedition against, 228–29, 231, 234, 241, 255, 281
after Lake battle, 247, 251
position and importance of, 208, 228, 242, 245
Tancred holds, 256
Harold, king of England (1065–66), 36, 57, 60–2, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 113
Hartmann, count of Dillingen-Kybourg, 91
Hasan, see Baldajii
Hastings, battle of, 2, 8, 19, 20, 29, 35, 36, 39, 50, 52, 54–7, 62, 66–79, 355
archers at, 69–72
cavalry in, 58, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74
English position at, 70
feigned flight in, 70, 71
infantry at, 58, 69, 72, 74; see also pediles loricati; logistics and fleet for, 58–60
numbers in armies, 58, 134
Hastings, 50, 67, 68
hauberk, 33, 34, 38, 127, 148
worn by Turks, 204–5, 206
Hauteville family, 63, 75; see also Bohemond, Drogo, Robert, Roger, Roger Borsa, Tancred
hazagand, 149
helmet, pointed, 33–4, 38
Henry IV, German emperor (1056–1106), 5, 8, 27, 35, 45, 63, 75, 76, 81, 85, 116
Henry I, the Fowler, German king (918–36), 39
Henry I, king of France (1031–60), 52, 53–5, 58, 101
Henry I, king of England (1099–1135), 26, 34, 36, 37, 41, 72
wars with Robert Curthose, 77–8, 372–3
treaty with Robert of Flanders, 65, 116
Henry bishop of Liège, 45
Henry of Esch-sur-Sûre, 22, 105, 163, 212, 232, 275, 278; see also Godfrey of
Henry of Grandpré, 45
Heraclius of Polignac, 285; see also Fay-Chapteuil, house of
Herbert of Maine, 52
Hereclea (Eregli), 159, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 194, 195, 196
Herluin, translator, 280
Herman, Count at Nicaea, 163, 278, 282
Herman of Cannae, 229
hermit on Mount of Olives, 333, 345
Hervey, Norman mercenary, 168
Hilary, a converted Turk, 246
Hinnon, valley of, 341, 343
Hisn al-Akrad, later Crac des Chevaliers, 316–17
Historia Belli Sacri, 107, 163, 166, 245, 246, 325, 378–9
Holy Lance, 18, 20, 86, 278, 361, 375–6
effect on the crusade, 271, 278–80, 294, 303
trial of, 322
Homs, 240, 310
crusade buys horses at, 130, 307, 316
horses, 22, 30, 32, 36, 44, 60, 63, 65, 70, 125, 370, 372
armoured, 204, 359
captured at Jerusalem, 131, 356
compensation for those lost, 243–4
at Dorylaeum, 182
numbers and losses of on crusade, 122–42, 186, 189, 192, 193, 246, 280–2, 286
purchased from Islamic powers, 130, 307, 316
sea-transports, 60, 62, 66
sizes of, 73–4
of Turks, 147, 149, 157, 181
warhorses, 33–4, 58–9, 126
Hugh of Die, archbishop of Lyons and Papal Legate, 45
Hugh, bishop of Grenoble, Urban’s Legate to the Genoese, 98, 211
Hugh the Beserk, 274–5
Hugh of St Pol, 230–1, 233–4, 343; see also son Engelrand
Hugh of Vermandois, called ‘Magnus’, 5, 6, 20, 79, 101, 169, 283–4, 290
deserts, 134
joined by French survivors of Emicho’s expedition, 92
raises money for the crusade, 85
reasons for taking the cross, 81–2; see also Alexius
Hugh, son of Giroie, 33
Huns, 145, 157
Hungarians, 96, 145, 157
Hungary, 90, 91, 105, 157; see also Coloman
hunting dogs on crusade, 132
Ibelin, see Yavne
Iberia, Theme of, 151
Ibn al-Athir, 258, 260–1, 267, 273, 290, 293, 355, 381
Ibn-Badi, Vizier of Aleppo, 198
Ibn Butlân, 222, 245
Ibn Khaldûn, chronicler, 201, 206, 381
Ibn al-Qalanisi, chronicler, 203; see also Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades
Iconium (Konya), 151, 155, 159, 186, 187, 188, 190, 194
Idleb, 268
Iftikhar-ad-Daulah, Fatimid governor of Jerusalem, 334, 343, 355
Il-Ghazi, 198, 333; see also Artukids, Sokman
‘Imm, 138, 257
Inidculus loricatorum, 63
Indulgence, 4, 5, 8, 9, 13
infantry, footsoldiersm 38
medieval, 2, 29, 32, 35, 44, 72, 75, 76, 372
in Norman conquest of 1066; see also Hastings, pediles loricati
infantry on the crusade, 3, 14, 21, 103, 125, 127, 141, 180–2, 192, 206, 230–1, 234, 237–41, 248, 263–4, 268, 286–7, 291, 361–5, 369
in Islamic armies, 145, 205, 286, 359
knights as, 126, 127
numbers in armies, 122–42, 330–1
in People’s Crusade, 88, 91
thrown forward of knights, 287; see also battles
Investiture Controversy, 1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 63, 81
‘Iqta, 200–2, 359
Iranians (Persians), 14, 201, 359
Iron Bridge (Jisr al-Hadid), 148, 193, 205–8, 237, 247–50, 271
Isaac Comnenus, 154
Isidore count of Die, 347
Islam, Islamic world, 2, 3, 4, 25, 30, 48, 96, 368
attitude to First Crusade, 307–8
borderlands of, 145, 197
manuals of war, 360, 381
sources for the crusade, 381–2
Ismail, brother of Malik Shah, 300–1
Italy, Italians, 21, 46, 47, 62, 63, 64, 74, 76, 79, 82, 99, 101, 104, 151
on People’s Crusade, 93
city states, trading cities, 15, 99, 102
Iulipolis (Çayirbano), 173
Ivry, castle of, 41–3
Jabala, 130, 211, 307, 317–18
Jacobites (of Syria), 151
Jaffa, 212–13, 218, 326, 329, 333, 336–7, 346
Jana ad-Daulah, Vizier of Aleppo, holding Homs, 198–9, 237, 261, 293
Jarento, abbot of St Benigne, papal legate, 78, 84
Jebel al-Ansariye, 222, 317
Jebel Barisha, 237, 310
Jebel Talat, Harem on, 208
Jericho, biblical city, 17, 333, 347
Jerusalem, 1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 19, 36, 80, 81, 86, 87, 101, 111, 113, 118, 120, 129, 131, 133, 134, 141, 167, 196, 212, 216, 218, 236, 252, 308, 313, 316, 321, 323, 324, 325, 327, 329, 330–55, 359, 361, 365, 367, 369, 372, 373
Artukids hold, 166, 198, 202
Byzantine protectorate over, 254
captured by Egyptians in 1098, 253, 326, 333
captured by Seljuks in 1073, 241
Christian population and crusader siege, 334
as church-state, 331–2, 357
citadel or Tower of David, 337, 342, 343, 344, 357
crusader army divided at, 331–3, 347, 357, 360
in crusader ideology, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 18, 299, 302–4, 368
crusader siege of, 333–5
Damascus (or St Stephen) Gate, 341, 342, 343, 344
description of the city, 337–43
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br /> defectors from Jerusalem, 334–5
garrison, its size and passivity, 327, 343, 354–5
governor of, see also Iftikhar-ad-Daulah
Herod’s Gate, 342, 348
Jaffa Gate, 342
Josaphat Gate, 342, 355
massacre at capture of, 1, 96, 355–6
numbers in siege of, 128, 130–1, 134
order of the siege, 343–5
Ottoman walls, 341, 348
pilgrimages to, 6, 9, 46, 81, 87–8, 100–2
procession around, 17, 331, 333
Quadrangular (or Tancred’s) Tower, 341, 342, 343, 344, 342
siege towers at, 19, 346, 347, 348, 349 54
Siloa, pool of, 335
Temple Mount, 342; see also Dome of the Rock
Tyropoeon valley, 341, 342
visions during, 332–3, 347, 356
Wadi Zahira, 342, 348
water shortage at, 139, 335
wood shortage at, 212, 336, 345, 346
Zion Gate of, 335, 341, 353
Jews, persecution of in the west, 14
in Jerusalem, 334, 343, 355
persecution by People’s Crusade, 88–90, 92, 96; see also Altenahr, Cologne, Mainz, Neuss, Moers, Prague, Rhineland, Spires, Xanten, Werelinghoven
jihad, Holy War of Islam, 197, 199, 355
at time of First Crusade, 308
Jisr ash-Shogur, 223, 224, 237
Joannina, 76
John Doukas, Caeser, 152, 153, 299–300
John the Oxite, Patriarch of Antioch, 120, 199
John Tzimiskes, Byzantine emperor (969–76), 154, 155
Josaphat, valley by Jerusalem, 341, 342, 344
Joshua, Old Testament Prophet, 17, 333, 347
Judean hills, 327, 330, 341
Jumièges, knight of on crusade, 100
Just War, idea of, 16
Kafartab, 310, 312, 316
Kara Su river, 173, 175, 271, 287
Kartal Daglari, 192
Kastoria, 76, 104
Karakhanids of Bukhara, 145
Kemal ad-Din, 202, 203, 214, 246, 257–8, 260–1, 267, 273, 286, 288–90, 293, 308, 381; see also Chronicle of Aleppo
Kerbogah atabeg of Mosul, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 132, 134, 139, 211, 299, 300, 324, 332
his allies and their attitudes, 261–2, 294, 305
approached for aid by Yaghisiyan’s son, 199
crusader embassy to, 280
divisions in his army, 203, 288–90, 293
at Edessa, 196, 259
march to Antioch, 258, 259, 260, 262, 267
negotiations with Ridwan, 293
numbers in his army, 261
eye of Sultan at Mosul, 198, 260, see also Antioch, Kerbogah’s siege of
Kerbogah battle, 138, 148, 205, 210, 219, 341, 253, 282–96, 297, 371, 376
crusaders’ lack of horses at, 280–2
reasons for crusader victory, 295–6
reasons for Kerbogah’s defeat, 293–4, 369; see also Islam, volunteers
Khizana, military storehouses at Cairo, 359
Khorosan, Khorasanians, 145–6, 257
Kilij Arslan I, Sultan of Nicaea (1092–1107), 155, 156, 158–60, 164, 184–85, 191, 369
at Dorylaeum, 157, 170, 174–5, 181–3
and People’s Crusade, 93–5; see also Nicaea, battle of
killing-ground, 34
knights, 9, 21, 26, 30, 39, 42, 43, 58, 78, 130, 141, 142, 372
Anglo-Norman, 31–2, 58, 73–4
and the church, 7–8, 10
and crusading motives, 14–15
equipment of, 33–4
German, 63–4; see also ministeriales’, as mercenaries, 65
in Norman attack on Byzantium, 75
origins of, 30–3
and ravaging, 9, 13, 47
status of, 31–3
and tactics, 35, 44
Urban’s appeal to, 6, 19, 80, 88; see also Crusade 1101
knights on the First Crusade, 3, 14–15, 18, 22, 103, 125, 141, 180–83, 192, 206, 220, 228, 231, 234, 237–39, 247–8, 263–4, 270, 284, 287, 298, 317, 361, 363, 365
casualties amongst, 139–40
as infantry during, 126, 127
leaving the army, 133
numbers on First Crusade, 122–42, 245–6, 281, 330–1, 337
on oxen, 189
on People’s Crusade, 21, 88, 91, 92, 95
rich and poor, 125
Kogh Vasil, Armenian prince of Kesoun
and Raban, 167–8, 307
Kurds, 145, 198
ladders (in sieges), 48
at Jerusalem, 345, 351
at Ma’arra, 313
Lake of Antioch (Amikgölu), 128, 250, 272
Lake battle, 9 February 1098, 210, 217, 231, 245–51, 256, 262, 371, 376
Bohemond commands crusaders, 127, 246–51, 255, 295
nature of the battle, 248–49, 296
numbers of crusaders at, 127–8, 246, 248, 281
numbers in Aleppan army at, 128, 203, 246; see also Ridwan
Lambert of Hersfeld, chronicler, 33
Lambert the Poor, count of Clermont, 271
lamellar (strip) armour, 149, 295, 359
Lampe, 300
Lampron, castle of, 167
Laodicea (Latakia), 141, 211, 213, 219, 223, 226, 236, 248, 333
attacked by Bohemond and Daimbert, 217, 365–6
capture of, 99, 118, 121, 209, 213–19, 317
returned to Alexius, 219; see Andronicus Tzintziloukes
Larissa, siege and battle of in 1083, 76
Lefke, bridge at, 169, 171–3 Le Mans, 52–3, 86
liege-homage, 116–17
lime, thrown at siege of Ma’arra, 314
Lombards, 46, 164, 264
Lorraine, Lower, 40, 45, 81
‘Lost Lorraine Chronicle’, 379
Louis, VI, king of France (1108–37), 26, 43, 50
Louis, archdeacon of Toul, 134, 243
Lucca, 15, 86, 102 see also Bruno of
letter of the people of, 141
Ludolf of Tournai, 351–2; see also Engelbert, Tournai
Lydda and its shrine of St George, 330
Ma’arra (Maarrat an-Nu’man), 17, 22, 131, 132, 262, 317
cannibalism at, 12, 22, 130, 139, 287, 315
defeats Raymond Pilet, 309
demolished as crusaders leave, 315–16, 327
siege and reasons for, 311–14
Maarrat Masrin, 268
Mâconnais, 32, 33
Maeandros valley, 300
magister sagittariorum, see Reinoldus
Mahommeries Tower, 23, 140, 212, 235, 244
captured by Kerbogah, 271
decision to build, 231–2, 253
location of, 254
held by Raymond of Toulouse, 121, 255
Maine, county of, 52
Mainz, 85, 87
Malabranias valley, 186
Malfosse, 70
Malik Shah, Seljuk Sultan of Baghdad (1072–92), 167, 197, 156, 166, 191, 201, 202, 305; see also Ismail
Malregard, 229, 231, 232, 281
Mamistra, 138, 194, 213, 217
mamluks, 146, 200, 360
Turkish, 201
mangana, 48, 49
mangonella, 48, 49
mangonels, at Antioch, 205, 229
at Jerusalem, 349, 351–3
at Nicaea, 163
at Soroghia, 305
manpower shortage in crusader army, 128–31
mantlets, 48, 347
Manzikert, battle of, 8, 147, 152–4, 158, 202, 355
its consequences, 153
Norman and Frankish witnesses of, 168
Maraclea, 134, 211, 318–19
Marasch, (Germanicea Caeserea, now Kahramanmaras), 132, 154, 167, 185, 187, 189, 192, 223
Marbij, 199
Mardin, 260
Maronite Christians, 328
Matthew of Edessa, Armenian chronicler, 132, 167–8, 245, 258, 259, 261, 270, 280, 286, 300, 304–5, 382
> Melitene (Malatya), 147, 154, 159–60, 191, 355
Menguchekid Turks, 156
mercenaries, 22, 46, 61, 64–5
Byzantine use of, 150–3, 168, 218
Danish and English, 70
Flemish, 60, 78, 126
of Seljuks, 200, 201
South Italian Norman, 75, 79
crusaders seen as, 116–17, 144; see also Zirids
merchants; see also Armenians knowledge of the east, 98–101
staying at St Symeon, 209, 219–20
Mesopotamia, 146, 150, 157, 160, 202
Michael VII Doukas, 153, 154
Michael the Syrian, Jacobite and chronicler, 262, 382
miles regis, see Reinoldus
milites plebei, see Raymond of Aguilers
military, classes, 9, 10–11, 13, 14, 24, 32
piety of, 6–7
military history, 27–31
military households, 64–5
militia sancti Petri, 8
mining (in sieges), 48
at ‘Akkar, 319, 320
at Ma’arra, 314
at Nicaea, 162–3
ministeriales 32, 63
Mirdalin, 288
Mirwart, 26
Moers, Jews persecuted at, 92
Moglena, 76
money, 76, 86, 164, 216
Mongols, 145, 147, 157
Monte Cassino, abbey of, 82, 102
Mosul, 261
Mount Lebanon, 319, 328
Mount Levunion, battle of, no
Mount of Olives, 333, 341, 344, 347, 354
Mount Zion, 341, 342, 344, 346
al-Mu’tasim, Abassid Caliph (892–902), 146
Muhammed, son of Yaghisiyan, 199, 261
Myra, 99
Myriokephalon, battle of in 1176, 175
Nablus, 336, 347, 360
Nacolia (Seyitgazi), 186, 187
Naldökan Daglari, 122–3, 143
Napoleon, 29, 135, 136
naval power, see fleets
negroes, in Egyptian army, 359, 364
in Jerusalem garrison, 334
Neuss, Jews persecuted at, 92
Nicaea, battle of, 16 May 1097, 160–2, 163
Nicaea (Iznik), 93, 101, 103, 116, 117–18, 120, 122, 124, 131–2, 135, 136, 155, 171, 190, 212, 214, 298, 300, 302, 368–9, 371
Byzantine boats on Ascanian lake, 162, 163
crusader losses at, 140, 141, 165
crusader siege of, 157–65, 167–9
crusader strength at, 125, 127, 141
description of, 143
Istanbul (north) gate of, 143, 160
Lefke (east) Gate of, 143, 160
Seljuk capital, 110, 191
sources for, 161–2
Turkish capture of, 144, 154
Turks surrender to Byzantines, 164, 169, 173
Yenişhehir (south) gate of, 143, 160
Nicephorous III Botaneiates, Byzantine emperor (1078–81), 154, 183–4
Nicephorous Bryennius, 154, 158
Nicephorous Phocas, Byzantine emperor (963–69), 154, 155
Nicomedia (Izmit), Gulf of, 93, 122