Victory in the East
Page 54
Round, J. H. ‘Introduction of knight service into England’, Feudal England (London, 1895)
Rousset, P. Les origines et les caractères de la première croisade (Paris, 1945)
Rowlands, I. W. ‘Making of the March: aspects of the Norman settlement in Dyfed’ Battle, 2 (1979), 142–58
Runciman, S. A History of the Crusades, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1951–4)
Russell, J. B. Lucifer: the Devil in the Middle Ages (Cornell, 1984)
Salih, A. H. ‘Le rôle des Bédouins d’Egypte à l’époque fatamide’, Rivista Regli Studi Orientali, 54 (1980), 51–65
Scheider, A. M. and W. Karrup, Die Stadtraumer vom Iznik-Nicaea Berlin, 1983)
Schick, C. ‘Studien über Strassen und Eisenbahn Anlagen zwischen Jaffa und Jerusalem’, Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes geographischer Anstalt von A. Peterman (Gotha, 1867)
Schlight, J. Monarchs and Mercenaries (Bridgeport, 1968)
Schlumberger, J. ‘Deux chefs normands des armées byzantines au xi siècle; sceaux de Hervé et de Raoul de Bailleul’, Revue Historique, 16 (1881), 289–303
Schneider, R. Die Artillerie des Mittelalters (Berlin, 1910)
Schrader, C. R. ‘A handlist of extant manuscripts of the De Re Militari of Flavius Renatus Vegetius’, Scriptorium, 33 (1979), 280–305
Segal, J. B. Edessa, the blessed city (Oxford, 1970)
Severin, T. Crusader (London, 1986)
Shaw, S. J. and W. R. Polk, Studies in the civilisation of Islam (London, 1962)
Shepherd, ‘The English in Byzantium’, Traditio, 29 (1973), 52–93
Shiels, W. J. ed., Monks, Hermits and the ascetic tradition (Oxford, 1985)
Sivan, E. L’Islam et la croisade: idéologie et propagande dans les réactions musulmanes aux Croisades (Paris, 1968)
Skoulatos, B. Les personnages byzantins de l’Alexiade (Louvain, 1980)
Smail, R. C. Crusading Warfare (1097–1193) (Cambridge, 1956)
Smet, J. J. ‘Mémoire sur Robert de Jérusalem, comte de Flandre à la première croisade’, Mémoires de la classe des lettres de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres de Belgique, 32 (1861)
Somerville, ‘The French Councils of Urban II: some basic considerations’, Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum, 2 (1970), 56–65
‘The Council of Clermont (1095) and Latin Christian Society’, Archivum historiae pontificiae, 12 (1974)
‘The Council of Clermont and the First Crusade’, Studia gratiana, 20 (1976)
Sprandel, R. ‘Le commerce en fer en Mediterranée orientale au moyen âge’, Colloque, 1966
Strickland, M. J. The conduct and perception of war under the Anglo-Norman and Angevin kings 1075–1217, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge (1989)
Sumberg, L. A. M. ‘The “Tafurs” and the First crusade’, Medieval Studies, 21 (1959), 224–46
Sumption, J. Pilgrimage, (London, 1975)
Tantum, G. ‘Muslim Warfare: a study of a medieval Muslim treatise on the art of war’, in Elgood, ed., pp. 187–201
Terraine, J. The White Heat: the new warfare 1914–18 (London, 1982)
Thompson, M. W. The Rise of the Castle (Cambridge, 1991)
Thordeman, B. Armour from the Battle of Wisby 1361 (Uppsala, 1939)
Turner, V. W. The Forest of Symbols (Cornell, 1967)
Verbruggen, J. F. ‘La tactique militaire des armées de chevaliers’, Revue du Nord 29 (1947), 161–80
‘Note sur le sens des mots castrum, castellum et quelques autres expressions qui désignent les fortifications’, Revue Belge de Philosophie et d’Histoire 27 (1950), 147–55
The art of warfare in the Middle Ages, tr. S. Willard and S. C. M. Southern (Amsterdam, 1977)
Verlinden, C. ‘Flandre et Zélande sous Robert le Frison’, Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, 10 (1931), 1086–99
‘La chroniquer Lambert de Hersfeld et la voyage de Robert le Frison en Terre Sainte’, Annales de la Société d’Émulation de Bruges, 76(1933), 83–94
Robert le Frison, comte de Flandre (Antwerp/Paris/’S Gravenhage, 1935)
Villey, M. La croisade: Essai sur la formation d’une théorie juridique (1942)
de Vogüé M. Les Églises de la Terre Sainte (Paris, 1860)
Vyronis, S. The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor (London, 1971)
‘Byzantine and Turkish societies and their sources of manpower’, in Parry and Yapp, eds., War, Technology and Society, pp. 125–52
Waley, D. ‘Combined operations in Sicily 1060–78’, Proceedings of the British School at Rome, 22 (1954), 124–35
Ward, B. Miracles and the Medieval Mind (Philadelphia, 1982)
White, L. Medieval Technology and Social change (Oxford, 1962)
‘The crusades and the technological thrust of the West’, in Parry and Yapp, eds., War, Technology and Society, pp. 97–112
Whitelock, D. et al., eds., The Norman Conquest (London, 1966)
Wolf, K. B. ‘Crusade and narrative: Bohemond and the Gesta Francorum’, Journal of Medieval History, 17 (1991), 207–16.
Yewdale, R. Bohemond I Prince of Antioch (Princeton, 1917)
Zajac, W. G. The Laws of War on the Crusades and in the Latin East 1095–1193 (forthcoming)
Zenghetin, C. ‘Le feu grégeois et les armes à feu byzantines’, Byzantion, 7 (1932) 265–8
Index
* * *
Abu’l-Qasim, brother of Baldajii, 191
Achard of Montmerle, 86, 337
Acre, 307, 328, 329, 333
Adalbero archdeacon of Metz and his lady, killed at Antioch, 205, 230, 232
Adam FitzMichael, 226
Adana, 167, 188, 194
Adela, daughter of the Conqueror, wife of Stephen of Blois, 83, 85, 101, 128
Adela of Flanders, 83, 101
Adelrard of Guizon, knight of the house of Boulogne, 132
Adhémar, bishop of Le Puy (late 1070S–98)
papal legate on the First Crusade, 5, 22, 23, 45, 79, 84, 105, 120, 162, 141, 181, 183, 210, 226, 231, 248, 257, 279, 283, 285, 290 4
appointed by Urban II, 96, 97
death of and its importance, 17, 18, 24, 303–4, 323–4, 367
leadership of the crusade, 121, 206, 225
letters with Patriarch of Jerusalem, 124, 125, 128, 209 10, 214, 375
orders oath of princes at Antioch, 271, 278
religious authority, 120, 138, 242, 280
in vision at Jerusalem, 333, 347, 356, see also Peter Desiderius
Adrianople (Edirne), 91, 100, 110, 114
al-Afdal, Armenian Vizier of Egypt, 166, 205, 251, 253, 325–6, 334, 343, 354, 355, 358, 360, 364; see also Badr al-Jamali, his father; Egypt, crusader negotiations
‘Afrin valley, 256, 307, 310
Afyon, 186, 194
Ahl Dag, Roman road over, 173
Ahlistha, 154
Ahmad ibn-Marwan, 270
Akkār (Caeserea Libani), 128, 214, 219, 301, 307, 325, 327, 331, 332, 357, 358
siege of and dispute over, 130–1, 132, 317, 318 23
Albara, 118, 130, 133–4, 237 8, 310, 312; see also Peter of Narbonne, bishop of
Alberadus of Cagnano, 229
Albert of Aachen, chronicler, 19, 91, 92, 93, 95, 111–15, 127–8, 132, 134–7, 139, 140–1, 143, 147–8, 158–9, 162–6, 169, 172, 174–5, 180–1, 184, 186–7, 192–3, 205–6, 208, 210, 21 1, 212, 216–20, 225–6, 228–33, 236, 237–41, 242–5, 249, 252, 253–4, 256, 258, 259, 260–1, 262–5, 270–80, 285, 286, 290–3, 301–2, 304, 309, 312–15, 318, 319, 320, 322, 328, 333–5, 336, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 360–1, 364–5, 379–82
Albert of Namur, count of Verdun, 26, 45, 81
Aleppo, 140, 152, 193, 203, 208, 224, 237, 242, 245, 256, 260, 267, 308, 310
Alexander, chaplain of Stephen of Blois and legate, 303
Alexandretta (Iskenderun), 189, 213, 217, 223, 270
Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (1081–1118), 20, 96, 110, 155, 215, 374
advises diplomatic contact w
ith Egypt, 165–6, 325, 355
and Armenians, 156, 167; see also First Crusade, Armenian strategy
and Bohemond, 74–7, 104, 111, 114–16, 122, 378
character of his rule, 154–5
embassy to ‘Akkār, 322–3, 330
and Godfrey, 106, 111, 114–15, 117, 122
agreement with the leaders, 20, 22, 24, 97, 102, 104, 108, 107–22, 116–18, 120–1, 124, 144, 165, 209–10, 263, 300, 368
and Hugh of Vermandois, 101, 111–12, 114, 117, 134, 210, 297, 299, 302
and Laodicea, 219
letter to al-Afdal found at Ascalon, 326
and Robert I of Flanders, 81, 87–8, 100–1
and Norman mercenaries, 153
and People’s crusade, 91, 93, 135
Philomelium and Stephen of Blois, 24, 191, 299–302, 375
and Raymond of Toulouse, 97, 105, 108, 111, 113–15, 117–18, 120, 122, 160, 301
reconquest of Asia Minor, 110, 184–85, 299–300, 302
and siege of Nicaea, 144, 162, 165
and Tatikios, 133
and Turks of Asia Minor, 154, 155, 156
and Urban II, 97–8, 108–10
Alp Arslan, Seljuk Sultan (1063–72), 146–7, 152–3, 202
Altalon, 225–27
Altenahr, Jews persecuted at, 92
Altinova (see Civitos), 93
Altinözü, 225
Amalfi, 82, 99
Amasa of Cuzh, 261
Amasa of Niz, 261
Amasya, 309
Ambrières, castle of, 43, 44
Ambrose, St, vision of at Antioch, 278
ambush, 14, 46, 54, 55, 134, 140, 159, 184, 188–9, 193, 224, 231, 248, 252–4, 296, 337
Ammanus mountains, 190, 192, 213
Amorium, 186
Amouk, 192, 193, 206, 228
Ancyra (Ankara), 156, 173, 185
Andronicus Doukas, 153
Andronicus Tzintziloukes, 219
Anglona, 82
Anglo-Saxons, 30, 61, 62, 67–70, 74
and Byzantium and Black Sea, 13, 101, 215, 218
Anjou, county of and counts of, 43, 53, 83; see also Angevins, Fulk, Geoffrey
Anna Gomnena, author of the Alexiad, 16, 20, 37, 76, 100, 102, 103, 110–12, 117, 120–2, 127, 155, 165, 169–70, 202, 257 8, 299–302, 382
Anonymous, chronicler, writer of the Gesta Francorum, 20, 21, 82, 107–8, 112–14, 117–18, 137–8, 140, 157–8, 161–3, 165, 169–71, 173, 174, 180–2, 185–6, 206, 228–31, 235, 237–39, 246, 246–51, 255, 257–595 263–5, 270–80, 284–5, 290–2, 297–8, 301, 311–14, 319, 321, 333, 335 337, 343, 345, 348, 356, 360, 364, 375–6, 378–9, 382
Anselm of Ribemont, 125, 133, 214, 236, 238, 243, 246, 274–6, 285, 290, 376
killed at ‘Akkār, 319
letters of, 22, 278–9, 374–5
mission to Alexius, 169
Antioch, 23, 117, 130, 134, 169, 171, 185, 188, 190, 191, 196, 212, 219, 222, 265, 280, 288, 298, 303, 305, 308, 378
betrayal and capture of, 1, 21, 128, 257–8, 262–7, 358
blockade of proposed and debated, 220–2
Bridge of Boats, 224, 226, 229, 231
Bridge Gate, 138–9, 140, 212, 213, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226–7, 228, 229, 234, 235, 244, 254, 255, 287–8
Byzantine capture of in 969, 220, 223, 227, 273
citadel, 23, 222, 269, 297; see also Ahmad ibn-Marwanand
counterforts, 224; see also Malregard, Mahommeries, Tancred’s Tower
crusader garrison needed, 134, 303
crusader order of siege, 225–6
crusader rule, 25, 130, 310, 366
crusader siege of, 3, 4, 17, 22, 98, 132, 133, 197–269, 328, 368, 369, 376; see also fleets, Genoese
description of the city, 199, 222–5, 228
dispute over, 112, 114, 116, 118, 121, 128, 297–8, 310–11; see also Bohemond and Raymond of Toulouse
Dog Gate, 205, 223, 226–8
Duke, Gate of, 223, 230, 231
falls to Philaretus, 154, 167
falls to the Turks, 110, 154, 167, 184, 228, 258; see also Sulayman
false rumour of Turks deserting it, 191–2
food shortages and hardships, 17, 43, 137–9, 232–3, 235, 236–7, 241–2, 269, 277–8
garrison, of, 159, 200, 205, 223–4, 230
Godfrey and Robert of Flanders remain at, 316–18
held as an ‘Iqta, 200
importance in crusader planning, 167
Iron Gate, 222, 235
Kerbogah’s siege and his camps, 269–70, 275–6, 279, 287, 288, 293
massacre at crusader capture of, 266–7
Mt Silpius, 222, 223, 230, 273
Mt Staurin, 222
Palace and Bridge Gate held then lost by Raymond of Toulouse, 299, 311, 315
Parmenian torrent, 222, 227
ports to supply siege of, 213–20
Saint George Gate, 212, 223, 226–7, 228, 229, 236, 237, 244, 254, 263, 265, 287–8
St Paul Gate, 223, 226, 224, 244, 270, 273, 276
St Peter’s fountain, 228
second siege of, 205, 270–96, 367, 369
strategy of siege, 222–5, 277
western trade with, 99
Antioch-in-Pisidia or Antiochetta (Yalvaç), 187, 188, 299
aplèkta, 150
Arabs, 145, 154, 184, 198, 272, 308, 336
in Egyptian army, 359, 364
Archelais (Aksaray), 185
archers, 35–7, 44, 48, 54, 206
Armenian, 205, 359
English, 35, 69
Egyptian, 363–4
firing at horses, 37
mounted, 145–6, 147, 290, 293, 359
Norman, 36, 58
Syrian, 205; see also Hastings; Turks, tactics of
Arid al-Jaysh, head of Diwan al-Jaysh, 200
Armanaz, 267
Armenia, 151, 184, 198, 355, 382
of ‘Artah, 192
in Byzantine army, 152
Catholicus of Jerusalem, 334
and crusaders, 168, 190, 196, 208, 256, 267, 307
lesser Armenia, 156
merchants at Antioch, 196
princes of, 138, 167, 194–5, 304–5; see also archers, First Crusade, Edessa
armour, of Egyptians, 359
of knights, 33–4
of Turks, 149–204–6; see also horses; knights; scale; lamellar
Arnulf of Choques, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 211, 331, 357, 360
Arnulf bishop of Martirano, 360
Arnulf III count of Flanders, 55–6
Arnulf of Tirs, 230, 232
Arnulf, made legate by Urban II, 303
Arslan-Tasch, emir of Sindjar, 260–1
Arsuf, 329, 332, 365
‘Artāh (Artasia), 148, 192–3, 195, 203, 206, 235, 286
Artuk, Turkish emir, 153, 201; see also Sokman and Il-Ghazi
Arved, brother of Peter Tudebode, 275
Ascalon, city, of, 334, 335, 337
description of, 361–3
quarrel over, 332, 365
Ascalon, battle of, 12 August 1099, 3, 14, 15, 128, 131, 308, 329, 358, 360–5, 369, 371
crusader numbers at, 125, 128, 141, 361
Ascelin (Goël), Norman knight, 41, 42
Ascanian lake (Iznik Golii), 122, 143, 162
‘Askar, 202
Asia Minor (Anatolia), 3, 59, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 116, 120, 122, 135, 142, 145, 149–50, 152, 158, 169, 173, 295, 355
Byzantium and, 147, 150, 152–7
Byzantine reconquest of, 184, 187–8, 368
during the crusade, 4, 124, 141, 153, 159, 165, 167–8, 187–8, 190
roads and the march across, 136, 137, 173–4, 185–6, 189, 233, 282, 298
Assassins, allies of Rid wan, 198
Aubré of Grandmesnil, brother of William, 270
Avdan Daglari, 143, 173
Avlona, 75, 103, 107
axe, 30, 33, 69
‘Azāz, 193, 307, 309
Azoparts, see negroes
B
abylon (Cairo), 166, 251
Badr al-Jamali, Armenian Vizier of Egypt (1074–94), 166, 205, 357–9; see also al-Afdal
Baghras, 261
Bagrat of Cyrrhus, Armenian prince, 168, 194, 256, 307
Bagratids, Armenian royal house, 167; see also Constantine son of Roupen
Bajac or Balas of Amacha and Sororghia, 261
Balak of Sororghia, 309
Baldajii (or Hasan) Cappadocian emir, 156, 191
Balduk of Samosata, 199, 203, 256, 261, 292, 305
Baldwin V count of Flanders, 55, 58, 218
Baldwin VI count of Flanders, 55, 56
Baldwin Calderan, 163
Baldwin of Boulogne, 14, 36, 45, 55, 83, 137, 168, 186, 188, 216–17
and Edessa, 14, 132, 138, 194–5, 199, 205–6, 304–5, 307, 309
to Jerusalem, 133, 237
Baldwin of le Bourcq, king of Jerusalem (1118–32), 72, 337
Baldwin of Ghent, 163
Baldwin of Hainault, son of Baldwin VI, 56, 134, 210, 226, 290
balista, (ballista), 48, 49
Balkans, 95, 136, 145, 150, 151, 152, 156
Banu-’Ammar, rulers of Shi’ite Tripoli, 199, 203, 307
Banu-Munqidh, Arab rulers of Shaizar, 199; see also Abu el-Hasan
Ba’ouda, 310
Barbastro, 9, 12
barbicans (double wall), 223, 342, 345, 350
Bar-Hebraeus, 259, 262, 268
Bari, 47, 62, 75, 82, 85, 99, 102, 103, 104, 211
Basil II, Byzantine emperor (976–1025), 150–1
Batrun, 328
Battle, 68, 69, 73
battle, 2, 4, 22, 55, 67, 74, 77
nature of, 28–30, 34
risks of, 27, 55–6, 66, 142
and strategy, 65–6
theory of decisive battle, 29; see also under individual placenames
Bauldry of Dol, 163, 191, 209–10, 211, 301, 378
Bayeux Tapestry, 34, 35–6, 39–40, 50, 57, 58, 59–60, 67, 69, 71, 73
Bedouin, 198, 308
in Egyptian army, 359, 360
beehives, thrown at crusaders at Ma’arra, 314
Beirut, 327–9
Belen Pass (Gates of Syria), 190, 193, 262
Belgrade, 3, 90, 91, 104
Berbers in Egyptian army, 166, 359
Berkyaruk, Seljuk Sultan of Baghdad (1095–1107), 160, 167, 198
Bethlehem, 331, 334
Bilecik, 173
bishops, at Clermont, 5, 80
on crusade, 20, 210–11
on great German pilgrimage, 87, 100
bistangi, 201
Bithynia, 153
Black Sea, 13, 145, 155
Boel of Chartres, 21