In 2007, San Leandro: “San Leandro, CA Police Taser Wrongful Death Settlement,” Lawyers and Settlements, June 7, 2007. Available at: http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/settlements/08342/police-taser-death.html.
In 2015, Baltimore, Maryland: Keith L. Alexander, “Baltimore Reaches $6.4 Million Settlement with Freddie Gray’s Family,” The Washington Post, September 8, 2015. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/baltimore-reaches-64-million-settlement-with-freddie-grays-family/2015/09/08/80b2c092-5196-11e5-8c19-0b6825aa4a3a_story.html.
In 2017, St. Anthony, Minnesota: Sarah Horner, “Philando Castile Family Reaches $3M Settlement in Death,” Twin Cities, June 26, 2017. Available at: http://www.twin-cities.com/2017/06/26/philando-castile-family-reaches-3m-settlement-in-death/.
Also in 2017, Ferguson, Missouri: Paul LeBlanc, “Settlement Reached in Michael Brown Civil Lawsuit,” CNN, June 20, 2017. Available at: http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/20/us/michael-brown-settlement-ferguson/index.html.
But like LPRs: Elizabeth Atkins, “#Blacklivesrecorded,” Unpublished Thesis, Thomas Jefferson School of Law, 2016. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3894162-SSRN-id2803588.html#document/p12/a362822.
Even now, a Silicon Valley startup: Cyrus Farivar, “Meet Visual Labs, A Body Camera Startup That Doesn’t Sell Body Cameras,” Ars Technica, September 3, 2016. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/09/meet-visual-labs-a-body-camera-startup-that-doesnt-sell-body-cameras/.
However, facial recognition doesn’t: Cyrus Farivar, “Boston Police Chief: Facial Recognition Tech Didn’t Help Find Bombing Suspects,” Ars Technica, April 21, 2013. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/04/boston-police-chief-facial-recognition-tech-didnt-help-find-bombing-suspects/.
Even the 2013 Boston bombing suspects: David Montgomery, Sari Horwitz, and Marc Fisher, “Police, citizens and technology factor into Boston bombing probe,” The Washington Post, April 20, 2013. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/inside-the-investigation-of-the-boston-marathon-bombing/2013/04/20/19d8c322-a8ff-11e2-b029-8fb7e977ef71_story.html?utm_term=.0a608ddee0e3.
Although, algorithms: Cyrus Farivar, “Facebook’s Facial Recognition Will One Day Find You, Even While Facing Away,” Ars Technica, June 24, 2015. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/business/2015/06/facebooks-facial-recognition-will-one-day-find-you-even-while-facing-away/.
In October 2016, Georgetown researchers: “The Perpetual Line Up Center on Privacy and Technology at…,” Georgetown Law Center on Privacy & Technology, October 2016. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3896102-The-Perpetual-Line-Up-Center-on-Privacy-and.html.
To take one example: Declan McCullagh, “Call It Super Bowl Face Scan I,” Wired, 2001. Available at: https://www.wired.com/2001/02/call-it-super-bowl-face-scan-i/.
Georgetown professor Alvaro Bedoya: Committee to Review Law Enforcement’s Policies on Facial Recognition Technology, Full House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, March 22, 2017. Available at: https://oversight.house.gov/hearing/law-enforcements-use-facial-recognition-technology/.
They found that such systems: Clare Frankle, “Facial-Recognition Software Might Have a Racial Bias Problem,” The Atlantic, April 7, 2016. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/04/the-underlying-bias-of-facial-recognition-systems/476991/#article-comments.
For now, the most prominent: “DMV Investigators Catch Federal Fugitive on the Run for 25 Years,” Nevada DMV, 2017. Available at: http://www.dmvnv.com/news/17004-federal-fugitive-caught.htm.
In June 2017, a Jacksonville, Florida, man: “How a Jacksonville Man Caught in the Drug War Exposed Details of Police Facial Recognition,” Florida Times-Union, May 26, 2017. Available at: http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/public-safety/2017-05-26/how-jacksonville-man-caught-drug-war-exposed-details-police.
An Indiana man who was: Lauren E. Hernandez, “FBI: Facial Recognition Software Helps ID Indiana Cold-Case Fugitive,” USA Today, January 13, 2017. Available at: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/01/13/fbi-facial-recognition-software-helps-id-indiana-cold-case-fugitive/96570250/.
A year earlier, in January 2016: David Kravets, “Enhanced DMV Facial Recognition Technology Helps NY Nab 100 ID Thieves,” Ars Technica, August 28, 2016. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/08/enhanced-dmv-facial-recognition-technology-helps-ny-nab-100-id-thieves/.
While facial recognition: Ava Kofman, “Real-Time Face Recognition Threatens to Turn Cops’ Body Cameras into Surveillance Machines,” The Intercept, March 22, 2017. Available at: https://theintercept.com/2017/03/22/real-time-face-recognition-threatens-to-turn-cops-body-cameras-into-surveillance-machines/.
“And there is real-time analysis”: More Weise, “Taser Thinks a Camera on Every Cop Makes Everyone Safer,” Bloomberg Businessweek. July 12, 2016. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-12/will-a-camera-on-every-cop-make-everyone-safer-taser-thinks-so.
“We have hundreds of politicians”: Cyrus Farivar, “The Airborne Panopticon: How Plane-Mounted Cameras Watch Entire Cities,” Ars Technica, July 10, 2014. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/07/a-tivo-for-crime-how-always-recording-airborne-cameras-watch-entire-cities/.
For years, PSS has: G. W. Schulz, “Hollywood-Style Surveillance Technology Inches Closer to Reality,” Reveal, April 11, 2014. Available at: https://www.revealnews.org/article-legacy/hollywood-style-surveillance-technology-inches-closer-to-reality/.
In 2013: Jeremy P. Kelley, “Dayton surveillance plan delayed,” Dayton Daily News, February 6, 2013. Available at: http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-surveillance-plan-delayed/I3OJCRuSkMPwcJVg4cieOP/.
In the summer of 2016: Cyrus Farivar, “Persistent Surveillance Systems Has Been Watching Baltimore for Months [Updated],” Ars Technica, August 24, 2016. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/08/persistent-surveillance-systems-has-been-watching-baltimore-for-months/.
“We believe”: Ibid.
McNutt was likely : Florida v. Riley, 488 U.S. 445 (1989). Available at: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/488/445/case.html.
In June 2017, Miami-Dade Police: J. Iannelli, “MDPD Wants to Record Entire County from the Sky Using Iraq War Technology,” Miami New Times, June 1, 2017. Available at: http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/mdpd-wants-to-record-entire-city-from-the-sky-using-iraq-war-technology-called-wide-area-surveillance-9385950.
The bill, known as Senate Bill 21: “SB-21 Law Enforcement Agencies: Surveillance: Policies,” California Legislative Information, 2017. Available at: http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB21&firstNav=tracking.
Chapter Five
The Fourth Amendment does not: Brief for Petitioner, Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2000). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3897367-Kyllo-Brief-for-Kyllo.html.
His first thought was: Danny Kyllo, “DANNY LEE KYLLO KYLLO vs US 2001! DSCF7027,” YouTube, September 11, 2017. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eGmPAxCFo4.
Eventually, the agents let him: Danny Kyllo declined the author’s invitation for an interview.
While infrared scans: Author’s interview with Robert Thomson, February 27, 2017.
“We just kept the public back”: Author’s interview with Dan Haas, July 19, 2017.
“They were referring to”: Author’s interview with Robert Thomson, February 27, 2017.
In fact, less than two months: Office of Legal Counsel, Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel of the United States, Volume 16 (Washington, DC: Department of Justice, 1992). Available at
: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3900045-Op-Olc-v016.html#document/p51/a364252.
But the OLC disagreed: Ibid.
“I was so happy that I got an attorney”: Danny Kyllo, “DANNY LEE KYLLO KYLLO vs US 2001! DSCF7027,” YouTube, September 11, 2017. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eGmPAxCFo4.
“This was one of the major points”: Author’s correspondence with Kenneth Lerner, October 26, 2017.
Nearly immediately after sentencing: Scott J. Smith, “Thermal Surveillance and the Extraordinary Device Exception: Re-Defining the Scope of the Katz Analysis,” Valparaiso University Law Review 30 (1996), 1071. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3900048-Thermal-Surveillance-and-the-Extraordinary.html#document/p2/a364255.
After years of work, the 9th Circuit: Opinion, United States v. Kyllo, CR-92-00051-1 (9th Cir.). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3897368-Kyllo-Ninth-Circuit-Opinion-2.html#document/p5/a364046.
Worse still, as the 9th Circuit: Opinion, United States v. Kyllo CR-92-00051-1 (9th Cir.). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3897368-Kyllo-Ninth-Circuit-Opinion-2.html#document/p7/a364048.
On November 13, 2000: Brief for Petitioner to Supreme Court of the United States, United States v. Kyllo, 99-8508. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3897367-Kyllo-Brief-for-Kyllo.html#document/p13/a364009.
“Even if Katz”: Ibid. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3897367-Kyllo-Brief-for-Kyllo.html#document/p16/a364010.
“Technological developments hold”: Ibid. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3897365-Kyllo-Brief-for-US.html#document/p10/a364232.
“However, both Knotts and Smith”: Reply Brief for Petitioner to Supreme Court of the United States, United States v. Kyllo, 99-8508. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3897366-Kyllo-Reply-Brief-for-Kyllo.html#document/p8/a364248.
“You have to figure out”: Author’s interview with Kenneth Lerner, July 26, 2017.
In June 2017, Dreeben was: Joseph Tanfani, “Robert Mueller’s Team Has Prosecuted High-Stakes Cases—Including Obstruction of Justice,” Los Angeles Times, June 23, 2017. Available at: http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-mueller-team-20170622-story.html.
receding hairline: Michael Dreeben, Oyez. https://www.oyez.org/advocates/michael_r_dreeben.
In the end, months later: United States v. Kyllo, 533 U.S. 27 (2001). Available at: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/533/27/case.html.
“In our hearing in the district”: Author’s correspondence with Kenneth Lerner, October 26, 2017.
By coincidence, months later: Author’s interview with Kenneth Lerner, July 26, 2017.
More than five years after Kyllo: Florida v. Jardines 569 US ___ (2013). Available at: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/569/11-564/opinion3.html.
Roughly a month later: Jardines v. Florida, SC08-2101 (Sup. Ct. Fl., 2011). Available at: https://origin-www.bloomberglaw.com/public/desktop/document/Jardines_v_State_73_So_3d_34_Fla_2011_Court_Opinion?1501821269.
With no trouble at all: David Smiley, “Miami-Dade Police Dogs, Cocaine Used in 4th-Grade Science Project,” Miami Herald, January 28, 2013. Available at: http://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article1946758.html.
In a 5–4 decision : Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. ___ (2013). Available at: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/569/11-564/.
On November 7, 2012, less: Attachment B: Kansas Department of Corrections Parole Violation Warrant. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3914205-13-2.html.
At about 8:30 AM: United States v. Denson, Brief of the Appellant (10th US Circ. Ct. App., 2014). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3914196-Document-12.html#document/p14/a366797.
Nearly a year later: United States v. Denson, Motion to Suppress Hearing, 6:13-mj-06107 (2013). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3914201-Document-14.html#document/p64/a366795.
Despite the fact that the Doppler: United States v. Denson, Response to Defendant’s Motion to Suppress, 13-10111-01 (2013). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3914203-Gov-Uscourts-Ksd-92888-15-0.html#document/p2/a366796.
“Police! Come to the door!”: Attachment A: Report by Deputy Marshal Joshua Moff. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3914204-13-1.html.
As the case progressed: United States v. Denson, 13-10111-01, Motion to Suppress and Brief (2013). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3914206-13.html.
The judge did not find Denson’s: Memorandum and Order, United States v. Denson, 13-10111 (2013). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3914202-Show-Public-Doc.html.
“Unlawful searches can give”: Opinion, United States v. Denson, 13-3329 (3rd Circ. Ct. App., 2014). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3903151-13-3329.html#document/p7/a366794.
Roughly midway through his 20-year career: Author’s interview with Brad Heath, May 26, 2017.
After reporting for a couple: Brad Heath, “New Police Radars Can ‘See’ Inside Homes,” USA Today, January 19, 2015. Available at: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/01/19/police-radar-see-through-walls/22007615/.
As of January 2018: Christopher Soghoian, “Some Job News,” Twitter, January 2, 2018. https://twitter.com/csoghoian/status/948314721316425728.
Unlike an infrared scanner: Ibid.
According to an October 2012: “Through-the-Wall Sensors for Law Enforcement Market Survey,” US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, October 2012. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3903149-00-WallSensorReport-508.html#document/p5/a396296.
These devices have been commercially: Will Saletan, “Killer Drones that Can See Through Walls,” Slate, September 17, 2008. Available at: http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/human_nature/2008/09/nowhere_to_hide.html.
According to Heath’s reporting: Brad Heath, “New Police Radars Can ‘See’ Inside Homes,” USA Today, January 19, 2015. Available at: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/01/19/police-radar-see-through-walls/22007615/.
If it hasn’t happened already: “Through-the-Wall Sensors for Law Enforcement Market Survey,” US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, October 2012. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3903149-00-WallSensorReport-508.html#document/p20/a366798.
“A suspect’s criminal history”: Maryland v. King, 12-207 (2013). Available at: http://www.leagle.com/decision/In SCO 20130603D42/MARYLAND v. KING.
While the Supreme Court arrived: Rhett Allain, “Trying Out the iPhone Infrared Camera: The FLIR One,” Wired, August 18, 2014. Available at: https://www.wired.com/2014/08/a-review-of-the-iphone-infrared-camera-the-flir-one/.
Chapter Six
The ability to store everything: Orin Kerr, “The Next Generation Communications Privacy Act,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 162 (2013). Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2302891.
Dressed in a tank top and shorts: Author’s interview with Ladar Levison, August 18, 2017.
Levison owned and operated: Ladar Levison, “Statistics,” Lavabit, 2013. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20130508091526/http://lavabit.com:80/statistics.html.
As an e-mail provider: Levison, “Statistics.”
The d-order required: Levison in re application US District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia 1:13 EC 254, June 10, 2013. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3935582-Document-21.html#document/p8/a369641.
The d-order Levis
on had received: Required Disclosure of Customer Communications or Records, 18 U.S. Code § 2703. Available at: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2703.
However, in the digital world: Orin Kerr, “A User’s Guide to the Stored Communications Act—And a Legislator’s Guide to Amending It,” George Washington Law Review 72 (2004). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3924362-Users-Guide-SCA.html.
While it was popularly understood: Linda Greenhouse, “Drug War v. Deficit: The Senate Blinks,” V. The New York Times, October 2, 1986. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/02/us/drug-war-vs-deficit-the-senate-blinks.html.
This warrant requirement turned on: Cyrus Farivar and Joe Mullin, “History by Lawsuit: After Gawker’s Demise, the ‘Inventor of E-mail’ Targets Techdirt,” Ars Technica, 2017. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/06/shivas-war-one-mans-quest-to-convince-the-world-that-he-invented-e-mail/.
The ECPA draws a distinction: Kerr, “A User’s Guide to the Stored Communications Act.”
In 1991, Senator Patrick Leahy: M. Betts, “Do Laws Protect Wireless Nets?,” Computerworld, 1991. Available at: https://books.google.com/books?id=_djw_FNRO4cC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=leahy+ecpa+task+force&source=bl&ots=m5E4iXzwfM&sig=ePVBP-GcsASljPLtnwwbaroLdzU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi84filoubVAhVLwGMKHbBHAkoQ6AEITjAH#v=onepage&q=leahy%20ecpa%20task%20force&f=false.
Modern e-mail, however: M. Poole and M. Shvartzberg, “The Politics of Parametricism: Digital Technologies in Architecture,” (Bloomsbury, 2015)
With the pen/trap order: United States v. Under Seal, Brief of the United States, 1. 13-2652(L) (2013). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3924368-Document-16.html#document/p11/a369627.
“Safeguards were incorporated”: Author’s correspondence with Ladar Levison, November 28, 2017.
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