Paine on, 242–43, 286
of planters, 162–63
slavery vs., 438
of slaves, 224, 225
Stamp Act and, 169
Washington’s desire for white, 354
Whig view of, 229–30
of women, 472
Yates’s espousal of, 419
freedom of religion, 288
freedom of the press, 115
Freeman, Peg, 332
Freeman, Peter, 332
freemen, in Wintermute, 346
French and Indian War, 120, 220, 238, 247, 436
Fort Duquesne abandoned in, 130, 131
Fort Duquesne battles in, 108–9, 110, 123, 125, 130, 141, 144, 209, 312
Fort William Henry massacre in, 121
as global chess game, 140–41
Hoosick attacked in, 109
Iroquois convinced to ally with British in, 130–31
Lake George battle in, 111
Pitt’s strategy for, 131, 134–35
preparations for, 93–94, 102–3, 109–10, 111
soldiers stationed in Albany in, 111–14, 116–17, 119, 135, 193
Washington’s march to Forks of the Ohio in, 105–8
see also Seven Years’ War
French Revolution, 470
English fascination with, 468–69
runup to, 446–47, 458–59, 460
start of, 461–62
Yates’s worry about, 473
Fulani, 17, 516n
code of conduct of, 30–31, 32
creation myth of, 18
Furro, Broteer, see Smith, Venture (Broteer Furro)
Furro, Cundazo, 491
Furro, Saungm, 17, 18, 29–32
in Smith’s memoir, 491
torture and death of, 31–32, 46–47, 57, 177, 491
Furro, Soozaduka, 491
fur trade, 62, 64
Gage, Margaret Kemble, 371, 373
Gage, Thomas, 200, 258
Bostonians confronted by, 201
on Braddock’s expedition, 152
Coghlan desired to go to convent by, 371–72
Coghlan set up in home by, 372–73
Germain’s desire for replacement of, 208–9
Indian uprising ended by, 149
song attacking, 201
Gah-hon-no-neh, 55, 56, 57–58, 141
Gansevoort, Peter, 307
Gates, Horatio, 283, 330
in battle of Camden, 380
in Braddock’s march to Forks of the Ohio, 312
Burgoyne attacked by, 299
Burgoyne defeated at Saratoga by, 315–17, 318
made commander in north, 311
put in charge of South, 364
Washington’s command sought by, 312, 313
Washington’s relationship with, 312–13, 317–18
Gauls, 42
Genesee, 54
Geneseo (Big Tree), 463, 485
gentlemen, 32, 33, 62
George I, King of England, 14, 38
in battles with Parliament, 156
George II, King of England, 42, 140, 240
in battles with Parliament, 156
cabinet dissolved by, 133–34
death of, 153–54
French and Indian War preparations of, 93
French threatened by, 77
George III vs., 154
Germain hanging desired by, 139
Germain rejected as Secretary of War by, 133
troops led by, 37, 38
George III, King of England, 508
in battles with Parliament, 156
on Boston Tea Party, 195
Coghlan’s request for assistance from, 497–98
and demands for reform of aristocracy, 361–62
in disputes with father, 133, 134, 139–40, 154
first public reception of, 154
Germain invited to pay respects to, 155
Germain made Viscount Sackville by, 398
“gross misrepresentation” speech of, 201
Indian fondness for, 215
mental troubles of, 170
refusal to surrender in America, 396–97
shunning of Germain by, 398
speech on national unity by, 373
Stamp Act repeal opposed by, 171, 195–96
and Stamp Act violence, 170
toppling of New York statue of, 254
Treaty of Paris signed by, 427
warm colonial feelings toward, 184, 191
Wilkes’s attack on, 157
George, Prince of Wales, see George III, King of England
George, Lake, 111, 120
Georgia, 215n
Germain, Caroline, 384
Germain, Elizabeth (Lady Betty), 23
death of, 188
garden installed at Knole by, 14, 188
Germain, George (George Sackville), 12
aggressive response to Lexington and Concord desired by, 208–9
alliance with Iroquois desired by, 234–35, 277–80, 300–301, 305
ambition of, 5, 26
and American invasion of Quebec, 232, 233
American taxes created by, 183
appearance of, 3, 17
Arnold’s contacting of, 377
Barré’s criticism in Parliament of, 321–22
in battle at Minden, 132, 135–37, 154, 209, 212, 341, 413
birth of, 13, 515n
Brant’s meeting with, 303
British army supplied by, 234
and British peace commission, 233, 256, 261, 280
British soldiers criticized by, 209
Burgoyne’s blaming of, 324
and Burgoyne’s self-defense in Parliament, 340–41
and Burgoyne’s surrendering of army, 320–23
childhood of, 14–15
colonial taxes desired by, 159, 160
and Cornwallis’s surrender, 395–96
court-martial of, 138–39, 154
criticized for failure to charge at Minden, 136–37, 139–40, 154, 157, 189–90, 232, 300, 324, 375, 399
criticized in House of Lords, 398–400
death of, 415, 416
in duel, 189–90
and fall of Charleston, 363
feudal notions of, 17, 154–55, 171, 506
at first public reception of George III, 154
Fox’s criticism of, 323, 324, 374, 375
and France’s joining of Revolution, 339, 341
French colonies in North America as concern of, 86
French and Indian War strategy of, 134, 135
Gage’s replacement desired by, 208–9
George III’s shunning of, 398
Germain name assumed by, 188–89
German mercenaries hired by, 232–33, 266
given command of British strategy in Revolutionary War, 339–40
health problems of, 412–13
history studied by, 15, 16, 17
imperial views of, 24, 26–27
inheritance of, 14–15, 188–89
injury of, 40, 84, 86, 111
Ireland governed by, 84–85, 94, 133
Irish disliked by, 229
Irish mockery of, 87
Irish trade issue and, 413, 415
Knole schedule of, 154–55
knowledge of colonies of, 211
as Lord Lieutenant’s apprentice, 24–25, 26–27, 37
loyalists relied on by, 384, 397
made Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance, 134
made Secretary of State for American Department, 210–12
made Viscount Sackville, 398
in move to Dublin, 23
named adjutant of Northern Neck district, 46
offered diplomatic post in colonies, 210
as optimistic about outcome of Revolution, 231
Parliament’s lack of support for, 398
personality of, 17
Pitt as mentor to, 94, 131
plan for fighting Revolutionary War of, 3–4
power seen as
central issue in Revolution by, 253
in preparations for French and Indian War, 93–94, 102, 103
pressure to end war felt by, 377
quick end to war desired by, 362–63
quick war expected by, 248
reemergence on political scene, 155, 156–57, 158
refusal to surrender in America, 397
rehabilitation of, 155
in resignation as Lieutenant-General, 137–38
restructuring of colonial governments proposed by, 196
retirement considered by, 325
retirement of, 400, 486–87
Revolutionary War strategies of, 4, 232, 234, 300–301, 319–21, 342, 343, 346, 349, 363, 380, 383–85
in riots, 362
Saratoga defeat blamed on, 4, 321–25, 340–41
South as focus of, 380, 383–85
Stamp Act urged by, 165
strong religious views of, 414
Swift’s mentoring of, 23–24, 25, 26–27
third child born to, 151, 155
tough response to Stamp Act violence desired by, 171
at Trinity College, 24
turned down as Secretary of War, 133
war against colonists defended by, 229–30
in War of Austrian Succession, 37–40, 86, 111, 146
Washington’s report on French in North America read by, 84, 86
Wilkes despised by, 158, 159
as worried about Howe, 319–20
Germain, John, 14
German Flatts, N.Y., 181, 275, 277, 304
Germanic tribes, 15
German immigrants, 165
German states, 39, 132, 134
mercenaries hired from, 232–33, 266
Germantown, Pa., battle at, 315
Gerry, Elbridge, 439
Ghana, 508–9
Gibbon, Edward, 396
Gibraltar, 361
Giffard, Thomas, 444–45, 446
Glorious Revolution, 156, 238
gold, 16, 28, 30, 48, 49
Gold Coast, 45, 48–51
Goldsmith, Oliver, 237
Good Peter, 277
Gordon, Thomas, 156
Grasse, Comte de, 386, 387–88, 389
Great Britain:
colonies of, 16, 20, 22–24, 86
Dutch wars with, 16
French North American holdings ceded to, 147, 149, 158
Gold Coast trading by, 29, 49
history of, 15, 16–17
Iroquois alliance with, 2–3, 4, 275, 277–80, 301–6, 320, 346, 404, 465
Iroquois betrayed by, 404–6
in landing on Long Island, 265–66, 289
Mohawk alliance with, 143
New York captured by, 281–82, 288
in New York Harbor, 244, 247, 248, 250, 260
in plan to split colonies in half, 4, 5, 279, 300–301, 319–21, 339
poor finances of, 318–19
rioting in, 362
Savannah captured by, 349
slave trade of, 49
Treaty of Paris signed by, 413–14
in War of Austrian Succession, 37–40, 86
in war with Revolutionary France, 473
western outposts built by, 146
Great Law of Peace, 58, 142, 144, 367
Green, James, 298, 383
Greene, Nathanael, 281–82, 345, 400
put in charge of South, 380
Gregg, Captain, 307
Grenville, George:
on Boston Tea Party, 195–96
and legality of taxing colonists, 159
Stamp Act repeal opposed by, 171, 182–83
tax on Americans put forth by, 159–60
Grey, Lieutenant, 328
Groesbeek, Wouter, 95
Grotius, Hugo, 237
Groton, Conn., 70, 101
Grunshi, 48
Guadaloupe, 135
Guinea, 17, 28
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 23
Gumbala, 31
guns, 29, 59
Guyasuta, 142, 143, 218
in siege on Fort Pitt, 148
war with Britain desired by, 146–47, 149
Washington led to Fort Le Boeuf by, 79–80, 141, 463
Habsburgs, 38
Haddam, Conn., 228, 296, 330, 331, 380–81, 382, 407–8, 479, 507
Haddam Neck, 297
Half King (Tanacharison), see Tanacharison (Half-King)
Half Moon, N.Y., 62
Half-Town, 463
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 235, 458
Hamilton, Alexander, 345, 351
allowed to enter Albany, 473
as annoyed at job as Washington’s assistant, 378–79, 497
and Arnold plot, 377, 378
attack on Clinton desired by, 344
Burr’s shooting of, 497
commoners distrusted by, 241
at Constitutional Convention, 433, 434, 436–37
Constitutional Convention left by, 437
Holt’s attack on, 493
made receiver of taxes, 417
marriage of, 378, 419–20
military academy desired by, 488
move of capital to Potomac opposed by, 462
and popular anger over Jay Treaty, 473–74
standing army desired by, 400–401
strong federal government desired by, 402, 436–38, 448, 453
taxation desired by, 401
treaty with England desired by, 473
Washington pushed to become president by, 454
in Washington’s cabinet, 476
Washington’s relationship with, 330, 378
Washington urged to take stand on France issue by, 488
Yates’s anti-elitism opposed by, 419
Yates’s lunch with, 448–49
Hamilton, Elizabeth Schuyler, 378, 420, 473
Hancock, John, 212, 213, 220, 270, 282, 314, 315, 350
Hand, Edward, 353
Handel, Georg Friedrich, 38–39
Handsome Lake, 277, 367, 404, 482, 500–501, 502–3
Hanover Square, 127
Harlem, 267, 269, 270, 271, 281
Harris, Lydia, 122
Harrison, Benjamin, 379
Harrison, John, 318
Hart, Elisha, 492
Hartford, Conn., 181–82, 229
Hartley, Thomas, 347
Haudenosaunee, see Iroquois
Head of Elk, Md., 388
Heday, Joseph, 81–82, 87–88
Hempstead, Joshua, 120, 122
Henry, Floyd, 508–9
Henry, Mandred, 507–8
Henry, Patrick:
in Continental Congress, 204
in refusal to go to Constitutional Convention, 433
slaves owned by, 205
Stamp Act opposed by, 166
tobacco grown by, 166
Townshend Duties opposed by, 190
Henry VIII, King of England, 13
Herculas, Abrah, 122
Herkimer, Nicholas, 308–9
Hervey, John Augustus, 441, 442–43
Hessians, 266
Fort Washington taken by, 281–82
in Trenton, 284–85
Hiawatha, 58, 142, 366–67
Hickey, Thomas, 247–48
Highlanders, 235, 266
Hildebrandt, George, 499
Hill, Aaron, 366
Hiokatoo, 349
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 396
Hoaksley, Robert, 239
Holt, Charles, 489, 490, 491, 492–93
Home Farm, 21
Hone, Nathaniel, 12
Hooker, William, 181
Hoosick, N.Y., 109
horse riding, 42–43
Hôtel de la Force, 460
Hôtel de l’Université, 446
House of Burgesses, 46, 161, 163–64, 165, 379
dissolution of, 190, 203
Stamp Act opposed by, 165–66
Townshend Duties opposed by, 190
House of Commo
ns, British, 155–56, 160, 414
House of Lords, British, 398–400, 405, 413
House of Representatives, apportionment of, 438
Howe, Richard:
arrival in New York, 256–57
in move to New York, 235
on peace commission, 233, 256–57, 261
Howe, William, 208–9, 220, 279, 318, 322, 328
in battle at Brandywine Creek, 313–14, 326, 329
Boston evacuated by, 220–21, 234
Coghlan’s toast to, 262
and Coghlan’s toast to Putnam, 264–65
directed to capture New York, 234, 235
Long Island invaded by, 265–66, 289
Loring’s affair with, 291, 293, 374
in move to capture Philadelphia, 310–11, 313, 315, 319
New York City winter quarters of, 284, 290, 292, 296
in New York Harbor, 244, 250
New York strategy of, 266
on peace commission, 233
resignation of, 341
sent to Albany, 319–20, 340
sent to Boston, 232
theater opened by, 292
Howell, David, 416
Hudson River, 192–93, 246, 255–56, 300
British capture of forts on, 5
ferry across, 472
Germain’s desire for control of, 234
Hudson Valley, 306, 315–16
Hurons, 148
Illinois, 59, 164
indentured servants, 20, 80–81
Independent Reflector, 115, 204, 251
India, 414
Indian Queen Hotel, 426, 437
Indians:
Northwest Territory land of, 462
relocated in west, 502
Washington’s concerns in Revolution with, 349, 352–54, 365
Washington’s early encounter with, 44
see also Iroquois League; specific tribes
individuals, 6–7, 16, 156, 187, 206–7, 229, 237, 329, 436, 459
changing nature of, 292
in Locke’s philosophy, 238
rights of, 7, 490
and women’s rights, 293, 294
Inferior Court, 168
inner voices, 294–95
Intolerable (Coercive) Acts, 197, 229
Ireland, 22–27, 94, 133, 145–46
debt of, 25
move toward self-government in, 84–85
poverty in, 25–26
taxes in, 25, 26, 85
trade of, 413, 415
Iroquois League:
in Albany, 61
at Albany Conference, 95–98, 144
British alliance with, 2–3, 4, 234–35, 275, 277–80, 300–306, 320, 346, 404, 465
British betrayal of, 404–6
British threatened by, 422–23
brutality of attacks by, 4
colonists’ land frauds against, 96
convinced to ally with Britain by Johnson, 130–31
creation myth of, 53–54
in discussions with Lafayette, 406–7
disputes settled in, 58
as divided by War of 1812, 501–2
falling population of, 59
formation of, 58, 142, 464–65
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