Enemies Within
Page 74
39. NA KV 2/4157, serial 1017z, minute of Roger Hollis, 26 June 1957; also serial 1017a, Courtenay Young, ‘Secret Note for File’, 24 July 1957.
40. Peter Broda, Scientist Spies: A Memoir of my Three Parents and the Atom Bomb (Kibworth Beauchamp: Matador, 2011), pp. 23–4.
41. NA KV 2/4150, serial 642a, ‘Interview with J. R. CUMMING BRUCE’, Skardon, 21 July 1953; S.B.R.C., ‘The Union Society’, Cambridge Review, 55 (2 February 1934), p. 216; Herbert Hensley Henson, Retrospect of an Unimportant Life, vol. 3 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950), pp. 254, 277, 280.
42. Tim [I. I.] Milne, Kim Philby: The Unknown Story of the KGB’s Master Spy (London: Backbite, 2014), p. 36; NA KV 2/1012, serial 5w, Maurice Dobb to Alexander Tudor-Hart, 2 December 1930.
43. John Cornford, ‘Left?’, Cambridge Left, 1 (Summer 1933), pp. 25, 29; Julian and Margaret Bullard, eds, Inside Stalin’s Russia: The Diaries of Reader Bullard, 1930–1934 (Charlbury: Day Books, 2000), p. 240; Minoo Dinshaw, Outlandish Knight: The Byzantine Life of Steven Runciman (London: Allen Lane, 2016), pp. 212–13.
44. Favourable views of him are given in R. W. Bowen, ed., E. H. Norman: His Life and Scholarship (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1984) and R. W. Bowen, Innocence is Not Enough: The Life and Death of Herbert Norman (Vancouver: Douglas & Macintyre, 1986).
45. The preceding paragraphs are drawn from Charles Rycroft, ‘Memoirs of an Old Bolshevik’ (1969), in Psychoanalysis and Beyond (London: Chatto & Windus, 1985), pp. 206, 208–11.
46. Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 72.
47. D.M., ‘Dare Doggerel. Nov 11’, Silver Crescent, December 1933, p. 3.
48. Donald Maclean, untitled review of R. D. Charques, Contemporary Literature and Social Revolution, in Cambridge Left, 1 (Winter 1933–4), pp. ii–iii.
49. Pat Sloan, ed., John Cornford: A Memoir (Dunfermline: Borderline Press, 1938), pp. 104–5; Robert Cecil, A Divided Life: A Biography of Donald Maclean (London: Bodley Head, 1988), p. 31.
50. Robin Cecil, ‘Legends Spies Tell’, Encounter, 50 (April 1978), p. 9; NA KV 2/4150, serial 642a, ‘Interview with J. R. CUMMING BRUCE’, Skardon, 21 July 1953.
51. Michael Straight, After Long Silence (London: Collins, 1983), pp. 65, 71, 98; Peter Parker, Housman Country: Into the Heart of England (London: Little, Brown, 2016), p. 157.
52. Donald Moggridge, ed., The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 21 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 494–5.
Chapter 9: The Vienna Comrades
1. George Slocombe, ‘France in Revolt’, Labour Monthly, 1 (September 1921), p. 282; J. D. Gregory, Dollfuss and his Times (London: Hutchinson, 1935), pp. 95–6.
2. Eric Gedye, Fallen Bastions: The Central European Tragedy (London: Gollancz, 1939), p. 112; Gregory, Dollfuss, pp. 165–6.
3. Gregory, Dollfuss, pp. 163–5.
4. George Slocombe, The Tumult and the Shouting (New York: Macmillan, 1936), p. 425.
5. George Antrobus, King’s Messenger, 1918–1940: Memoirs of a Silver Greyhound (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1941), p. 221; Naomi Mitchison, Vienna Diary (London: Gollancz, 1934), p. 36.
6. Slocombe, Tumult and Shouting, p. 423; Gedye, Fallen Bastions, p. 89; William E. Dodd and Martha Dodd, eds, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 1933–1938 (London: Gollancz, 1941), p. 85.
7. NA KV 2/1014, serial 143b, Arthur Martin, interview with sources, 3 October 1951.
8. Gedye, Fallen Bastions, p. 111.
9. Ibid., p. 114.
10. Sir Maurice Bowra and Dame Margaret Cole in William Rodgers, ed., Hugh Gaitskell, 1906–1963 (London: Thames & Hudson, 1964), pp. 28, 46–7; Lord Elwyn-Jones, In My Time (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983), p. 33; F. Elwyn Jones, ‘An Austrian Relief Fund’, Cambridge Review, 55 (9 March 1934), p. 308; Gedye, Fallen Bastions, p. 123.
11. NA KV 2/1603, serial 39a, letter from Alexander Tudor-Hart [Room Z1, Passage hotel, Moscow] to May Linnard, intercepted 11 May 1931; NA KV 2/1012, serial 5w, intercepted letter from Maurice Dobb to Alexander Tudor-Hart, 2 December 1930.
12. Genrikh Borovik (with Phillip Knightley), The Philby Files: The Secret Life of the Master Spy – KGB Archives Revealed (London: Little, Brown, 1994), pp. 27–9, 32.
13. Philip Jordan, Say that She were Gone (London: Heinemann, 1940), pp. 40–1.
14. Whittaker Chambers, Witness (London: André Deutsch, 1953), p. 233.
15. R. F. V. Heuston, Lives of the Lord Chancellors, 1940–1970 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), p. 50; Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., The Maisky Diaries: Red Ambassador to the Court of St James’s, 1932–1943 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), pp. 110–11; ‘Lords and Foreign Policy: The Primate on Events in Austria – a Step to Stability’, The Times, 30 March 1938, p. 7.
16. Sir George Rendel, The Sword and the Olive: Recollections of Diplomacy and the Foreign Service, 1913–1954 (London: John Murray, 1957), p. 261.
Chapter 10: The Ring of Five
1. NA KV 2/4167, serial 4a, Report by J.O., 27 January 1931.
2. NA KV 2/4167, serial 56a, Sir Arthur Willert to Harker, 12 November 1934; NA FO 1093/48, Sir Vincent Caillard to Henry Asquith, 1 February 1916, and Caillard to Basil Zaharoff, 4 February 1916.
3. Peter Smolka, Forty Thousand against the Arctic: Russia’s Polar Empire (London: Hutchinson, 1937), pp. 13, 72, 77, 82.
4. John Costello and Oleg Tsarev, Deadly Illusions (London: Century, 1993), p. 175.
5. David Guest, ‘Democracy and the State’, Student’s Vanguard (June–July 1933), reproduced in Carmel Haden Guest, ed., David Guest: A Scientist Fights for Freedom (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1939), p. 217.
6. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, pp. 179–80.
7. NA KV 2/4153, serial 857a, G. R. Mitchell, ‘Note’, 11 January 1956; Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, p. 192.
8. Sir Owen O’Malley, The Phantom Caravan (London: John Murray, 1954), p. 37; Donald Gillies, Radical Diplomat: The Life of Archibald Clark Kerr, Lord Inverchapel, 1882–1951 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1999), p. 30; Valentine Lawford, Bound for Diplomacy (London: John Murray, 1963), p. 235.
9. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, pp. 193–5.
10. Cyril Connolly, The Missing Diplomats (London: Queen Anne Press, 1952), pp. 17–18, 21; Lord Vansittart, ‘The Great Foreign Office Mystery’, Sunday Dispatch, 10 June 1951, p. 4; Percy Hoskins, ‘Missing Diplomats’, Argosy, January 1953, p. 55.
11. Humphrey Slater, The Conspirator (London: John Lehmann, 1948), pp. 59–60, 90, 125.
12. Genrikh Borovik (with Phillip Knightley), The Philby Files: The Secret Life of the Master Spy – KGB Archives Revealed (London: Little, Brown, 1994), pp. 48–9.
13. Sir Reader Bullard, The Camel Must Go (London: Faber & Faber, 1961), pp.166–7; Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, p. 224.
14. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, pp. 226, 228, 239.
15. NA KV 2/804.
16. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, p. 208.
17. Alexander Foote, Handbook for Spies (New York: Doubleday, 1949), pp. 18–19, 23, 27; Ruth Werner, Sonya’s Report (London: Chatto & Windus, 1991), pp. 193–4.
18. J. D. Bernal, ‘The End of a Political Illusion’, Cambridge Left, 1 (Summer 1933), pp. 11-12, 14; Robert Cecil, A Divided Life: A Biography of Donald Maclean (London: Bodley Head, 1988), p. 33.
19. Wilfred Macartney, Walls Have Mouths: A Record of Ten Years’ Penal Servitude (London: Gollancz, 1936), pp. 433–5; Edmund Wilson, The Thirties: From Notebooks and Diaries (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1980), p. 525; David Footman, Balkan Holiday (London: Heinemann, 1935), p. 124.
20. Philip Jordan, Say that She were Gone (London: Heinemann, 1940), pp. 179–80.
21. Jon Snow, ‘Francis Graham-Harrison’, Guardian, 7 January 2002; NA KV 2/4139, serial 1579b, ‘Interview with Francis L. T. Graham-Harrison’, 29 May 1963; NA KV 2/4106, serial 320b, Skardon, ‘Interview with Rosamond Lehmann on 20.10.51’, 29 October 1951.
23. Footman, Balkan Holiday, pp. 167, 174, 195, 201; David Footman, Pemberton (London: Cresset Press, 1943), p. 10.
24. J.S., ‘New Short Stories’, The Times, 15 July 1938, p. 22; David Footman, ‘Goronwy Rees’, Encounter, 56 (January 1981), p. 32.
25. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, pp. 236–7.
26. Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), pp. 23, 35.
27. Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 218.
28. Peter Kidson, ‘Anthony Frederick Blunt’, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy, vol. 13 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 29–30.
29. Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives (London: Macmillan, 2001), pp. 186–7.
30. In this section I draw on conversation with Geoff Andrews, 1 February 2017, about his forthcoming biography of Cairncross, provisionally entitled The Virtues of Disloyalty, and an email from Andrews of 17 February 2017.
31. Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives (London: HarperCollins, 1998), pp. 204–6.
32. Ibid., pp. 207–9.
33. Igor Damaskin, Kitty Harris: The Spy with Seventeen Names (London: St Ermin’s Press, 2001), p. 168.
34. Gaynor Johnson, ed., Our Man in Berlin: The Diary of Sir Eric Phipps, 1933–1937 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), pp. 38, 92, 94, 97, 195; Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944: His Private Conversations, trans. Norman Cameron and R. H. Stevens (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1953), p. 488.
35. John Herman, The Paris Embassy of Sir Eric Phipps: Anglo-French Relations and the Foreign Office, 1937–1939 (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1998), p. 111; Cambridge, Churchill College archives, Phipps papers I 3/2, Sir Eric Phipps to Duff Cooper, 8 December 1938.
36. Philip Jordan, Russian Glory (London: Cresset Press, 1942), pp. 1–2.
37. Philip Jordan, Say that She were Gone, p. 90; Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, p. 174.
38. Gill Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery: Desmond Morton and the World of Intelligence (London: Routledge, 2007), pp. 260–1.
39. ‘Lieut.-Col. M. R. Chidson: Rescue of Dutch Diamonds’, The Times, 4 October 1957, p. 13.
40. Boyle, Climate of Treason, p. 76; Justin Evans, ‘How humble is “humble”?’, Liverpool Post, 5 December 1979; Leslie Mitchell, Maurice Bowra: A Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 125; Jenny Rees, Looking for Mr Nobody: The Secret Life of Goronwy Rees (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994), p. 54.
41. Elizabeth Bowen, Death of the Heart (London: Cape, 1938), pp. 75–6; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Berlin Ms 256, Stuart Hampshire to Isaiah Berlin, [nd; October 1936]; Rees, Mr Nobody, pp. 85–6.
42. Stuart Hampshire, Innocence and Experience (London: Allen Lane, 1989), pp. 5–6; Louis MacNeice, The Strings are False (London: Faber & Faber, 1965), p. 168.
43. Rees, Mr Nobody, p. 91.
44. A. L. Rowse, All Souls and Appeasement: A Contribution to Contemporary History (London: Macmillan, 1961), p. 32.
45. Sidney Aster, ed., Appeasement and All Souls: A Portrait with Documents, 1937–1939 (Cambridge: Royal Historical Society, 2004), pp. 166–8, 225; Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives, p. 143.
46. NA KV 2/4106, serial 328b, ‘Top Secret’, 14 November 1951; Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., The Maisky Diaries: Red Ambassador to the Court of St James’s, 1932–1943 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), p. 212; Jonathan Haslam, Near and Distant Neighbours: A New History of Soviet Intelligence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 103.
47. Richard Overy, The Morbid Age: Britain between the Wars (London: Allen Lane, 2009), pp. 297–8.
48. Sir Maurice Peterson, Both Sides of the Curtain (London: Constable, 1950), p. 198.
Chapter 11: The People’s War
1. Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1973), p. 127; Crane Brinton, The United States and Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1945), p. 70; Leslie Mitchell, Maurice Bowra: A Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 243; Evelyn Waugh, The Sword of Honour Trilogy (London: Everyman, 1994), p. 272.
2. Sir John Masterman, On the Chariot Wheel: An Autobiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 218.
3. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre 10/48, Dick White to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 10 February 1980.
4. J. C. Masterman, The Case of the Four Friends: A Diversion in Pre-Detection (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1956), pp. 70–1; Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 451.
5. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/50, Cyril Mills to Hugh Trevor-Roper 19 January 1985.
6. Nicola Lacey, A Life of H. L. A. Hart: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 38, 48, 85, 89.
7. Ibid., pp. 90–1; Jenifer Hart, Ask Me No More: An Autobiography (London: Peter Halban, 1998), pp. 211–12.
8. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Berlin Ms 256, Stuart Hampshire to Isaiah Berlin, 9 March 1945; William Waldegrave, A Different Kind of Weather: A Memoir (London: Constable, 2015), p. 106.
9. NA KV 2/1540, serial 35a, Arthur Reade to Harold Stannard, 4 October 1939, and Stannard to Sir Vernon Kell, 11 October 1939; NA KV 2/1541, serial 54a, G. Lennox of War Office to S. C. Strong, MI5, 21 December 1940, minute 83 by D. G. White, 16 August 1948, minute 96 by H. Loftus Browne, 2 October 1951; Stuart Ball, ed., Parliament and Politics in the Age of Churchill and Attlee: The Headlam Diaries, 1935–1951 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 207.
10. NA KV 2/2159, serial 84a, Dudley Collard to Colonel William Hinchley Cooke, 3 July 1940; serial 92a, Lt Col. W. A. Alexander to Commander Kenneth Carpmael, 1 October 1941.
11. NA KV 2/4168, serial 117x, F. Beaumont Nesbitt to Sir Vernon Kell, 12 January 1940; ibid., serial 121b, ‘Note Re Harry Peter Smolka alias Smollett’, 4 February 1940; ibid., serial 133a, Dick White to I.P.I., 8 June 1940; NA KV 2/4169, Roger Hollis minute 155 of 13 August 1941.
12. Graham Ross, The Foreign Office and the Kremlin: British Documents on Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1941–45 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 198.
13. NA KV 2/4169, serial 173a, Richard Brooman-White to Roger Fulford, 12 September 1942.
14. The preceding paragraph derives from NA HW 15/25, Venona transcript of 26 August 1944; NA KV 2/4036, minute 40 of Peter Ramsbotham, 14 May 1942; digest of items in NA KV 2/4037.
15. Mark A. Bradley, A Very Principled Boy: The Life of Duncan Lee, Red Spy and Cold Warrior (New York: Basic Books, 2014), p. 168.
16. Ibid., pp. 65–6; Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – the Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999), p. 252; Don S. Kirschner, Cold War Exile: The Unclosed Case of Maurice Halperin (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995), p. 69.
17. Kirschner, Cold War Exile, pp. 72–3.
18. Bradley, Principled Boy, p. 19.
19. This characterization follows Kathryn Olmstead, Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
20. This paragraph relies upon Kirschner, Cold War Exile.
21. In the preceding section I follow John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), pp. 131, 134–6.
22. Ball, Churchill and Attlee, pp. 270–1.
23. Nigel West, ed., The Guy Liddell Diaries: MI5’s Director of Counter-Espionage in World War II, vol. 1: 1939–1942 (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 90–2.
24. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds, War Diaries, 1939–1945:
Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001), p. 400; Sir Hardy Amies, Just So Far (London: Collins, 1954), p. 109.
25. F. H. Hinsley and C. A. G. Simkins, British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 4: Security and Counter-Intelligence (London: HMSO, 1990), p. 53.
26. Ibid., p. 57.
27. Hart, Ask Me No More, p. 96; Hinsley and Simkins, British Intelligence, vol. 4, p. 39; Nigel West, ed., The Guy Liddell Diaries: MI5’s Director of Counter-Espionage in World War II, vol. 2: 1942–1945 (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 63–4.
28. Hinsley and Simkins, British Intelligence, vol. 4, p. 288.
29. Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), p. 43.
30. West, Liddell Diaries, vol. 1, pp. 98, 256.
31. NA KV 2/1456, serial 83a, Kim Philby to Helenus Milmo, 30 November 1943, answering serial 80x, Milmo to Philby re Plan Squealer, 24 November 1943; Calder Walton, Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire (London: Harper Press, 2013), p. 65; Brian Stewart and Samantha Newbery, Why Spy? The Art of Intelligence (London: Hurst, 2015), p. 104.
32. Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., The Maisky Diaries: Red Ambassador to the Court of St James’s, 1932–1943 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), pp. 287–8.
33. Christopher Murphy, Security and Special Operations: SOE and MI5 during the Second World War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 4–5; ‘Mr Norman Mott’, The Times, 18 February 1987.
34. West, Liddell Diaries, vol. 1, pp. 98–9; Malcolm Muggeridge, Chronicles of Wasted Time: The Infernal Grove (London: Collins, 1973), pp. 103–4.
35. Ben Pimlott, ed., The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1940–45 (London: Cape, 1986), p. 62.
36. Dennis Wheatley, The Deception Planners (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p. 30; NA KV 2/2839, minute 88, Major Rupert Speir, 21 June 1941; information from Professor Michael Wheeler, historian of the Athenaeum, 11 October 2016.
37. Gorodetsky, Maisky Diaries, pp. 231, 238, 239.