Enemies Within
Page 83
Mathew, Sir Theobald ‘Toby’ 413
Matisse, Henri 194
Maudling, Reginald 452, 508
Maugham, Robin Maugham, 2nd Viscount 385–6, 480
Maugham, W. Somerset 71, 253, 385; ‘Rain’ 182–3, 193
Maw, Herbert ‘Bertie’ 103
Mawby, Ray 510–511
Maxse, Marjorie 308
Maxwell, Sir Alexander 65, 77, 288, 442
May, Alan Nunn: background and early life 220; at Cambridge 220, 406; CPGB membership 220, 333, 334; atomic spy 220, 299–300, 332–5, 347, 349, 421; unmasking 220, 332, 335–6; security services’ surveillance and questioning 336–8, 394; trial and imprisonment 70, 338–9, 348, 436, 465, 477, 546; later life 338; aftermath of case 369, 388, 394, 395
May, Theresa 215
Mayall, Sir Lees 389
Mayhew, Christopher (later Baron Mayhew) 383
Mayor, Teresa ‘Tess’ see Rothschild, Teresa
Mazzini, Giuseppe 46
Meerut conspiracy trial (1929) 157
Melville, William 46
memoirs, civil servants’, restrictions on 500–501, 503
Men Only (magazine) 344, 381
Menzies, Sir Stewart: early SIS career 96, 100; SIS Chief 270, 309, 371, 537; during wartime 270; and Gouzenko and Volkov defections 331, 371; post-war reorganization of service and appointment of successor 357–8, 380–81; and Anglo-American operation in Albania 378–9; and Burgess and Maclean defections 412; and Kim Philby 419, 492, 503; gives evidence to Cadogan committee 464
Meredith, Frederick 156, 157, 424–5, 546
Mersey, Clive Bigham, 2nd Viscount 41–2
Metropolitan Police: officers’ pay 84, 85; officers’ union membership 84, 85, 205; strikes (1918–19) 54, 84–6, 91; Trenchard’s modernization plans (1933) 204–5; and prosecutions for homosexuality 469; see also Special Branch
Metternich, Klemens von 37
Meynell, Sir Francis 88, 89, 97, 409
MGB (Soviet Ministry for State Security) 14, 394, 398, 399–400, 421
MI5 (Security Service): origins and formation 43, 44–5, 46; remit 45, 49–50, 70, 161; size 46, 70, 269; administration, organizational culture and procedures xxiii, 50–51, 69–71, 255; budgets and financing 55–6, 68, 269; recruitment and characteristics of officers 67–71, 82, 254–5, 269, 270–71, 275; induction and training 106; during First World War 46; cuts following Armistice 55–6, 68; becomes lead national security service 49, 70; sources inside CPGB 484; penetration agents at Oxford in 1930s 215–16; expansion at outbreak of Second World War 269–71; wartime temporary applicants and recruits 269, 271–8, 547; wartime operations 286–90, 294–5, 319, 323–4, 354, 461–2; rivalry with SIS 287; Anthony Blunt works for 270, 271, 321–4; Guy Burgess as agent for 319–20; early Cold War challenges 354–6, 359–64; investigation of atomic spies 336–8, 343–4, 347–8; deployment of security liaison officers in colonies and formation of Overseas Department 359, 361–2; and Zionist terrorism 362–3; liaison with American security services 363–4; vetting of civil service staff 368–71; investigation of Donald Maclean 394–5, 398, 430; and Burgess and Maclean defections 399, 401, 409, 418; interviewing of Burgess’s associates and sexual partners 463–4, 480–81; investigation and interrogation of Philby 418–20, 438, 446–7; interrogations of John Cairncross 421–2, 513; investigation of Philby’s other contacts and review of old cases 422–5, 493–4; denigration of service following Burgess and Maclean defections 453–7, 501–5, 547–8; and Philby’s defection 497, 513, 514–15; subsequent mole hunts for further traitors 513–21, 532–4; and 1971 expulsion of Soviet agents from London 508–9; and allegations against Maurice Oldfield 541
MI6 see SIS (Secret Intelligence Service)
Middleton, Sir George 318, 392, 447
Milford, Wogan Philipps, 2nd Baron 251–2
Military Intelligence Division (United States) 280
Millar, Frederick Hoyer (later 1st Baron Inchyra) 387
Miller, Hugh M. 70–71, 73, 88, 92, 255
Miller, Peter 86
Mills, Bertram 271–2
Mills, Cyril 271–3, 275, 331
Mills, Kenneth 386
Mills, Ray 539
Milmo, Sir Helenus 290, 419–20, 438
Milne, A.A. 180; Winnie the Pooh 322
Milne, George Milne, 1st Baron 42, 148
Milne, Ian ‘Tim’ 179, 180, 206, 221, 314, 331, 381, 453
MINCEMEAT, Operation (disinformation strategy; 1943) 273, 432
Mine, London (FO drinking-hole) 121
Minley Manor, Surrey, War Office training centre 321, 322
misogyny 176, 202–3; see also sex discrimination and inequality
Mission to Moscow (film; 1943) 298–9
Mitchell, Graham: MI5 career 370, 443; investigation of 515–16; exonerated 516
Mitchison, Naomi 231
Mitford, Nancy 412; Don’t Tell Alfred 430
Mitrokhin, Vasili 275
Modin, Yuri 347, 384, 395, 398–9, 414, 421, 437–8, 446
Modrzhinskaya, Elena 305–6, 322–3, 328
Moholy-Nagy, László 163
Molière 227, 258
Molotov, Vyacheslav 6, 9, 32, 298, 313
Monkland, George 150, 151
Monroe Doctrine 361
Monsarrat, Nicholas 163
Montagu of Beaulieu, Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron 309; trials 469–70
Montagu, Ewen 520, 533
Montenegro 40, 206
Montgomery, Peter 206
Montgomery of Alamein, Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount 177
Montreal 334–5, 336, 518
Montreux naval conference (1936) 160
Moody, Charles 73–4, 150, 160, 344, 349, 381
Moody, Gerty/Gerda (née Isaacs) 344, 349
Moore, G.E. 205
Moore, Henry 163
Moorehead, Alan 338
moral panics, definition of 425
Morocco 42, 101, 102
Morris of Borth-y-Gest, John Morris, Baron 289
Morrison, Herbert (later Baron Morrison of Lambeth): Home Secretary 442–3; Deputy Prime Minister 370; Foreign Secretary 398, 409, 411–12, 441, 443, 446, 463; and Cambridge spies 398, 409, 411–12, 442, 443; opinions and views 442–3, 446, 463
Morton, Sir Desmond: SIS officer 55, 57; and Zinoviev letter 99–100; formation of SIS economic section (Section VI) 148–9; and ARCOS raid 103–4; head of Industrial Intelligence Centre 149; wartime security adviser to Churchill 270, 273, 289; post-war career 358
Moscow 478; British embassy 416, 435–6, 476, 477; National Hotel 482; US embassy 28
Moscow Narodny Bank, London branch 158, 508
Moscow News (newspaper) 154
Mosley, Sir Oswald 136, 156, 412
Mott, Sir Nevill 339
Mott, Norman 291
Mount, Lady Julia 391
Moxon, Margaret ‘Peggy’ 210
Muggeridge, Malcolm 292, 324, 409, 454–5, 526, 527, 537
Mundt, Karl 366–7
Munich agreement (1938) 170, 258, 260, 340, 361
munitions works see armaments manufacture
Münzenberg, Willi 221, 245, 339
Murdoch, Rupert 543
Mussadiq, Muhammad 522
Mussolini, Benito 7, 27, 64, 67, 96, 231, 253, 499
MVD (Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs) 14
Nagasaki, atomic bombing 335, 342–3
Nahum, Ephraim ‘Ram’ 333
Namier, Sir Lewis 374
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French 37
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French 6–7
Napoleonic wars 4
Nash, Norman 428
Nathanson, Isser 362
National Council for Civil Liberties 157
National Unemployed Workers’ Movement 154, 226
National Union of Police and Prison Officers see NUPPO
nationalism and nationalists xxvii, 79–82, 188, 304, 406, 427, 432, 509; Indian 45, 49; Irish 45, 46–7, 387; Italian 46; Scottish 71;
Spanish 59, 173, 261–2; Ukrainian 9, 29; see also exceptionalism, English
nationalization of industry 363
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): formation 361, 385; West German admission 432
Nazi Germany: Hitler’s rise to power 221; British officials’ assessments of 58, 136, 260; communists in 339; rearmament 153–4; remilitarization of Rhineland 153; racial ideology and atrocities 174, 523–4; sabotage activities in Austria 231; Anschluss of Austria 213, 238–9, 260; invasion of Poland 267, 270; invasion of Soviet Union 284, 294–5; opposition to regime 431; Soviet victory over 301–4
Nazi–Soviet pact (1939) 136, 138, 139, 144, 267, 277, 293; response of Western communists 157, 211, 212, 214, 266–7, 280, 294, 309, 334, 340
Netherlands 22, 35, 137; Nazi occupation 145, 264, 449, 526, 531; see also Hague, The
Neue Freie Presse (Austrian newspaper) 240
New College, Oxford 218, 445
New Republic (magazine) 139
New Statesman (magazine) 228
New York 342, 356, 406, 479; Century Club 367
New York Times 366, 493
New Zealand 361
Newbold, J.T. Walton 52, 152
Newburn, Roger 317
Newcastle-upon-Tyne: City Hall 298; shipyards 147
Newman, John Henry 418
Newnham College, Cambridge 202
News Chronicle 262
News of the World 406, 477, 537
Newsam, Sir Frank 65
Newspaper Publishers Association 524
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia 3, 7, 8
nicknames, use of 66, 117, 179, 480
Nicolson, Benedict 416
Nicolson, Sir Harold 252, 266, 276, 316, 411, 459, 489–90; and Guy Burgess 209, 252, 320, 384, 412, 416
Nixon, Richard 366, 367
NKGB (Soviet People’s Commissariat of State Security) 14, 371, 372; and atomic spies 341, 343, 350, 421; US network 307, 350
NKVD (Soviet People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs): formation 14; administration and procedures 50; characteristics of agents 16; organizational culture 305–6, 332
Nobel prizes: chemistry 340; peace 266, 362, 518; physics 205, 333, 336
Noel-Baker, Francis 382
Noel-Baker, Philip (later Baron Noel-Baker) 535
Norman, Egerton Herbert 223, 518, 541
Normanbrook, Norman Brook, 1st Baron 354, 454, 464, 503
Northumberland, Alan Percy, 8th Duke of 51
Norway 26
Norwood, Sir Cyril 192–3
Norwood, Melita 163–4, 170, 341, 343
Nottingham, High Pavement School 428
novels, spy 44, 103, 152, 246, 311, 390, 475, 480, 498–500, 525–6
nuclear disarmament campaigns 453, 484
nuclear power see atomic energy
nuclear weapons see atomic and nuclear weapons
Nunn May, Alan see May, Alan Nunn
NUPPO (National Union of Police and Prison Officers) 84–6, 91–2, 105, 109
Nussbaum, Hilary (later Norwood) 164
Nye, Gerald 152–3
Nye Committee (Special Senate Committee of Investigation into the Munitions Industry) 152–3, 279
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 335
Oake, Raymond 129, 131–4
Oates, Titus xxiv, 533
Obama, Barack 546
Obert de Thieusies, Vicomte Alain 428
Obrenović dynasty (Serbia), deposition 7
Observer (newspaper) 277, 394, 417, 440, 456, 479, 485, 492, 495, 501, 524–5
Odessa 13, 150
Odhams Press (newspaper publisher) 112
Office of Co-ordination of Information (United States) see COI
Office of Naval Intelligence (United States) 280, 284–5
Office of Strategic Services (United States) see OSS
Official Secrets Act (1911) 45, 511, 533; prosecutions 103, 110, 157
OGPU (Soviet Combined State Political Directorate) 13–14, 16, 21, 24, 50, 201; Oldham works for 123–9, 131; Oake works for 131–4; King works for 133–6, 140–41; see also GPU
Okhrana (Imperial Russian secret police) 4–6, 10–11, 12, 86
Oldfield, Sir Maurice: background, education and early life 374, 539, 543; character and sexuality 461, 462, 526, 539, 540, 541, 542; intelligence career 123, 374–6, 377, 380, 432, 461, 539–40; retirement as SIS chief 114, 540; visiting Fellow at All Souls 540; recalled to posting in Northern Ireland 540; allegations about sexual conduct 540–41; interrogated by MI5 541; visited by Margaret Thatcher 541, 543; death 541; press coverage and aftermath of allegations 541–3
Oldham, Ernest: background, character and early life 121, 123, 136, 458; joins Foreign Office 121–2; first posts with Communications Department 116, 117, 122–3; marriage and personal life 123, 127, 250; promoted to Staff Officer of Communications Department 123; espionage activities 123–9, 131, 143; alcoholic breakdowns 124, 127, 128, 129, 458; dismissed from FO 128–9; investigated by MI5 and FO 129–30, 131; death 130; repercussions of case 130–31, 133
Oldham, Lucy 123, 127, 128–9, 146
Oliver, F.S., The Endless Adventure xxiv
Oliver, Sir Roland 338–9
Olympic Games: International Olympic Committee 540; London (1948) 450
O’Malley, Sir Owen 20, 75, 79, 121, 122, 243–4, 296, 302
O’Neill, Sir Con 260–61, 266
opinion polls, on communism vs. Nazism 267–8
Oprichnina (Russian political police) 4
Ordzhonikidze (Soviet cruiser) 483
Oriel College, Oxford 212, 262
Orlov, Alexander 241–2, 243, 247–8, 252
Orthodox Church, Russian 8
Orwell, George, Animal Farm 300
OSS (US Office of Strategic Services): formation and remit 280, 285–6; recruitment of personnel 280–81; communist agents in 212, 281–3, 284, 305, 324, 346; replaced by CIA 377
Osterley Park, Home Guard Training Establishment 277
Ostrowski, Lieschen 210
Ottawa: British high commission 221, 332; Soviet embassy 330–31, 332, 334
Ottaway, John 106–7, 129–30, 163
Otten, Karl 431
Ottoman Empire 40, 507; Young Turks 7, 41; see also Turkey
OVERLORD, Operation (D-Day landings; 1944) 324
Overseas Development, Ministry of 520
Ovey, Sir Esmond 18, 151
Owen, David (later Baron Owen) 542
Owen, Will 175–6, 510
Oxford 214, 216; City Council 217; St Edward’s School 428; see also Cowley
Oxford and Cambridge Club, London 292
Oxford City (parliamentary constituency) 217
Oxford Union debates 215; (1919) 196; (1933; ‘King and Country’) 211, 282
Oxford University xxiii, 153, 237; compared to Cambridge 203–4, 210, 214–19; homosexuality at 218, 535; Rhodes scholars 94, 211–14, 216, 282; security services’ investigations of 517, 518–19; undergraduates and communism 196–9, 202, 210–218; see also All Souls College; Balliol College; Brasenose College; Christ Church; Hertford College; Magdalen College; New College; Oriel College; St Anne’s College; St Edmund Hall; University College; Wadham College; Worcester College
Oxford University Labour Club 202, 216
pacifism and pacifists 49, 88, 152, 211, 249, 260, 485
Page, Bruce 502
Page, Sir Denys 314
Palestine 109–110, 140, 360, 361, 362, 363, 389
Palliser, Sir Michael 432, 433
Palmela, Domingos de Sousa Holstein-Beck, Duque de 428
Palmer, Leonard 314
Paparov, Fyodor 259
Paris: British embassy 192, 259–61; St Michael’s Anglican Church 192, 322
Paris Peace Conference (1919) 121; see also Versailles, treaty of
Parker of Waddington, Hubert Parker, Baron 451
Parkhurst prison 81, 117
Parlanti, Conrad 134–5, 141
Parmoor, Charles Cripps, 1st Baron 100
Part, Sir Antony 506
passport control officers (PCOs), SIS officers deployed as 59–60, 135, 253
Pasternak, Boris, Dr Zhivago 486
Patterson, Robert 285
Pauker, Karl 30–31
Pax Britannica 38
Peake, Iris 449
Pearce, Martin 543
Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack (1941) 284, 355, 536
Pearson, Lester 518
Peierls, Sir Rudolf 340, 342, 347, 535
Pembroke, Marie de Valence, Countess of 203
Pembroke College, Cambridge 19, 203
Penney, Sir Ronald 355, 358
Penning-Rowsell, Edmund 405–6
People (newspaper) 438–9, 472–3, 474
Percy, Lord Eustace (later 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle) 44, 45
‘Permissive Society’ 455, 456
Perth, James Drummond, 3rd Duke of 36
Perth, Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of 27
Perutz, Max 203, 340
Pétain, Philippe 206, 315
Peter I ‘the Great’, Tsar of Russia 3, 8
Péter, Gábor 232
‘Peter the Painter’ (criminal) 106
Peterhouse, Cambridge 478
Peterson, Sir Maurice 32, 121, 268, 371, 373, 460
Petrie, Sir David 269–70, 355
Petrov, Evdokia 437
Petrov, Vladimir 437–8, 440, 442, 471, 472, 483, 484
Petrovsky, Max 93, 112
Philby, Aileen (née Furse) 308, 373, 374, 380, 387–8, 414, 417, 419, 491–2, 494–5
Philby, Dora (née Johnston) 177, 376, 492
Philby, Dudley 308
Philby, Eleanor (earlier Brewer) 493
Philby, Harry 308
Philby, John 308
Philby, Josephine 308
Philby, Kim: family background 177–8; birth and naming 177; upbringing and schooling 173–6, 178–85, 194–5; at Cambridge 199, 205, 206–7, 306; politicization 199, 207, 209; leaves Cambridge 221–2, 231; in Vienna 232–4, 379; marriage to Litzi Friedmann 232, 234, 235, 308, 373; returns to London 234; recruited as Soviet agent 177, 199, 210, 221–2, 234–7, 239, 422; induction as agent 240–42, 246, 248–9; and recruitment of Maclean and Burgess 242–3, 247; journalist in Spain during civil war 261–2, 309; decorated by Franco 262, 309; returns to London 262–3; relationship with Aileen Furse 308, 373; Krivitsky’s incomplete identification of 143–4; admission to SIS 270, 271, 308–310, 318–19; training of SOE operatives 309–310, 319, 426; head of sub-section for Iberia 310–312; wartime material supplied to Soviets 294, 305, 306–7, 312, 319; Soviet handlers’ treatment of 305–7, 324; and Juan Gómez de Lecube 290; and Peter Smolka 278, 312; head of SIS Section IX 314, 357; and Gouzenko defection 331, 337; and Volkov and Rado attempted defections 372–3, 374–6, 381, 418; marriage to Aileen Furse 308, 373, 374, 380, 491–2, 494–5; posting to Istanbul 373–4, 375–6; as potential future chief of SIS 376, 381, 503–4; Oldfield’s suspicions of 375–6, 377, 380, 432; posting to Washington embassy 377–8, 379–81; continued espionage activities and betrayals 377, 378–9, 380, 522; mounting fear of exposure 377–8, 381, 386; warns of VENONA evidence 347, 386, 430; and Burgess’s posting to Washington embassy 387–8, 397; learns of security services’ investigation of Maclean 395–6; under security services’ investigation 410, 414, 418, 446–7; recalled to London 414, 418; interrogated by White, Milmo and Skardon 261, 418–20, 438; leaves SIS 419, 438, 503; MI5’s investigation and interrogation of contacts 421–4, 493–4; domestic life in England 491–2; and Vladimir Petrov’s defection and revelations 437–8; reinterviewed by SIS 444; parliamentary exchanges on 442, 447; exonerated by Macmillan 444–5; holds press conference denying guilt 446, 447; death of wife 492; resumes work for SIS 492–3, 504; posting to Beirut 492–3, 514; marriage to Eleanor Brewer 493; denounced by Flora Solomon 494–5; confronted by SIS in Beirut 495–6, 497; defection 180, 496–7; reactions to defection 309, 354, 480, 497–8, 501–2, 503–4, 514–15, 545–6; publication of Sunday Times account of case 175, 499, 501–2; publication of memoirs (My Secret War) 310, 314, 357, 453, 499, 502–3, 512–13; response to expulsion of Soviet agents in London 510