Tudor

by Leanda de Lisle

  Medici family, 175

  Mirror of Naples (diamond), 147–8

  monarchy, English: arrangement of royal household, 16; monarchs’ duties and responsibilities, 2–3; Tudor-era attitude, 399–402, 406; Stuart-era attitude, 408

  monasteries, dissolution of, 199, 214–15, 404

  Montague, Henry, Lord, 219

  Monteagle, Lord, 384, 385

  Moray, Earl of, 338, 346–7

  More, Thomas, 103, 122, 183, 190, 192

  Mortimer, Roger, 24, 31

  Mortimer’s Cross, Battle of (1461), 24–5

  Morton, James Douglas, Earl of, 350

  Morton, John, Bishop of Ely, 53

  Mountjoy, William Blount, Lord, 131

  Najera, Juan Esteban, Duke of, 228–9, 242

  Nau, Claude, 366

  Neville, Anne, 35, 49, 61–2

  Neville, Isabel, 34–5

  Nicholson, George, 392

  Nonsuch Palace, 310

  Norfolk, Agnes, Dowager Duchess of, 223

  Norfolk, John, Duke of, 27, 69–70

  Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of, 86, 135, 136

  Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of: on Henry VIII’s desire for annulment, 175; shows French ambassador seal belonging to King Arthur, 179; buries Henry Fitzroy, 211; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 214; Henry VIII marries his niece, 222; Cranmer hopes to break influence, 224; Henry sends to Tower, 235; saved from execution by Henry’s death, 237

  Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of, 344, 347–8

  Norham Castle, 135, 177

  Norris, Sir Henry, 201–2, 203, 204, 206

  Northampton, Battle of (1460), 23

  Northampton, Marquess of see Parr, William, Marquess of Northampton

  Northumberland, Earl of (under Elizabeth I), 344

  Northumberland, Henry Percy, 4th Earl of, 29–30, 69, 70, 71

  Northumberland, Henry Percy, 6th Earl of, 163, 164, 206

  Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of: background, 236; becomes Earl of Warwick, 240; puts down religious uprisings, 250; becomes Lord president, 250–1; reformist changes made by, 252; destroys Somerset, 254–5; made Duke of Northumberland, 255; involves Edward VI in matters of state, 256; falls out with Cranmer, 257; escorts Mary I into London and lectures her on religion, 258–9; marries son to Lady Jane Grey, 260–1; attempts to conciliate Mary I, 262; and Edward VI’s will, 264, 265; plans in event of Edward’s death, 265; and Jane’s reign, 269; popular opposition to, 271; leads Jane’s army against Mary, 274; Mary intends him as scapegoat, 275; death, 277

  Norwich, 358–9

  Nostradamus, 304

  Orléans, Duke of, 161

  Owen, Sir David: his mother, 25; and Henry VII’s childhood, 27; supports Henry’s invasion, 65; at Henry’s wedding, 80; knighted after siege of Boulogne, 94; at Arthur’s wedding, 108; goes to Scotland to serve Margaret, 114; pays for tomb for father, 115; speaks at Henry VIII’s marriage trial, 174; death, 212–13

  Oxford, John de Vere, Earl of, 65, 70

  Paget, Sir William, 238–9, 250

  Parma, Duke of, 374

  Parr, Anne, 260

  Parr, Katherine: appearance and background, 228–9; marriage to Henry VIII, 228; at Lennox wedding, 230; gift from Henry, 248; ladies-in-waiting, 231; Edward VI’s closeness to, 232; Protestant leanings provoke trouble with Henry, 233–4; at his funeral, 242; Elizabeth I lives with, 245–7; her warnings to Elizabeth, 310; marriage to Thomas Seymour, 246; death, 246–7

  Parr, William, Marquess of Northampton, 252, 253, 255, 260, 261, 262, 274, 275

  Parry, Thomas, 247–8

  Paul III, Pope, 190–1, 192, 219

  Paul IV, Pope, 298

  Pavia, Battle of (1525), 159

  Pembroke, Earl of see Herbert, William, Earl of Pembroke

  Pembroke Castle, 20–1, 26, 27, 28

  Percy, Sir Charles, 384

  Percy, Sir Jocelyn, 384

  Perth Priory, 411

  Peterborough Cathedral, 195, 373

  Philip II, King of Spain: appearance, 290; seeks to marry Mary I, 280, 284; does so, 290–1; at court, 292; at Margaret Clifford’s wedding, 419; returns to Continent, 295; supports Elizabeth I as heir, 296; attempts to find her a husband, 297, 298; returns to England, 297–8; provokes Mary to war with France, 298; returns to Continent again, 299; unable to be at Mary’s deathbed, 300; reaction to her death, 301; relations with Elizabeth early in her reign, 308; and the Armada, 367–8, 374; right to English throne, 374; dramatic representations, 408; and Belvoir Castle codex, 422

  Philip III, King of Spain, 393

  Philip the Fair, Duke of Burgundy, 95, 116, 117

  Philips, John, 352

  Pilgrimage of Grace (1536–37), 213–14, 404

  Pilkington, James, Bishop of Durham, 356

  Pius V, Pope, 357

  Pole, Arthur, 327, 329, 339

  Pole, Edmund (under Edward VI), 329, 339

  Pole, Edmund de la (under Henry VII and VIII) see Suffolk, Edmund de la Pole, Duke of

  Pole, John de la, Duke of Suffolk see Suffolk, John de la Pole, Duke of

  Pole, John de la, Earl of Lincoln see Lincoln, John de la Pole, Earl of

  Pole, Margaret see Salisbury, Margaret Pole, Countess of

  Pole, Cardinal Reginald, 219–20, 291–2, 298, 299, 301

  Pole, Richard de la, 134, 159

  princes in the Tower see Edward V, King of England; York, Richard, Duke of

  Puritans, 352

  Quadra, Bishop Alvarez de, 313, 314, 315, 321

  Raglan Castle, 28–9

  Raleigh, Sir Walter, 238

  Reformation see religion

  religion: medieval attitude, 22, 106; Books of Hours, 27–8; Masses for the Dead, 91–2; English church buildings, 105; Mass ceremony, 105–6; Luther’s teaching, 164–5, 170, 171; humanist attitude, 170–1; papal authority, 170, 171; Henry VIII becomes head of Church of England, 179, 183; Paul III seeks rapprochement with England, 190–1; dissolution of monasteries, 199, 214–15, 404; other religious changes under Henry VIII, 212–13; Pilgrimage of Grace, 213–14, 404; Henry’s attempts to shape Church of England, 218–19, 232–4, 404; Counter-Reformation, 232; changes under Edward VI, 243, 244–5, 249, 252–3, 256, 257; resulting religious unrest, 249–50; Mary I defends old ways, 249, 251–2, 253–4, 258–9; Book of Common Prayer, 249, 257; forty-two articles, 257; Mary overthrows Edward’s reforms, 281, 282, 283, 284, 301, 405, 406; England goes back to Rome, 291–2; Mary’s heresy burnings, 293–4, 405, 406; and Elizabeth I’s coronation, 306; her religious settlement, 309, 311, 329, 355–7, 407; Scottish Reformation, 311–12; Catholic persecution, 318, 327, 357, 361, 368, 407; Leicester’s support for Puritans, 352; St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 357; Catholics consider murdering Elizabeth, 361–2; Babington plot, 368–9; Armada as religious crusade, 368, 374; and issue of Elizabeth’s heir, 380–2; ongoing demonization of Catholics, 408–9

  Rennes, 60

  Riccio, David, 338–9

  Richard II, King of England, 1, 12, 31

  Richard III, King of England: appearance, background and character, 44; swears oath of loyalty to Edward V, 43–4; takes him into his care, 44–6; takes throne for himself, 46–9; royal progress, 51; and princes in the Tower, 51–6, 400, 401–2, 405–6; Buckingham’s failed plot, 52–3, 57–8; piracy against Breton ships, 56; attempts to have Henry VII returned from Brittany, 60; proves excellent ruler, 61, 121; loss of son and wife, 61–2; believed to be considering marriage to Elizabeth of York, 62; tries to defend against Henry VII’s invasion and dies at Bosworth, 5, 63–73; discovery of remains, 398–9

  Richmond Palace, 108–9, 119, 390

  Ridley, Nicholas, Bishop of London, 293

  river pageants, 185

  Rivers, Anthony Woodville, Lord, 43, 44, 45, 47

  Robsart, Amy, 307–8, 310, 313–14

  Rochford, Jane Boleyn, Lady, 205, 225, 226

  Rome: Charles V’s sack of, 168–9

  rose symbol, 19, 31, 77–8, 81, 409

  Ross,
Alexander, Duke of, 138, 148, 149–50, 152

  Rowley, Samuel, 402–3

  Rufford Abbey, 349, 350

  Rumsfeld, Donald, 399

  Rutland, Earl of (under Henry VIII), 221

  Rutland, Earl of (under Elizabeth I), 385

  Rye, 311

  St Albans, Battle of (1455), 19

  St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572), 357

  Saint-Quentin, 298

  Salazar, Francisco de, 168, 169

  Salisbury, Margaret Pole, Countess of, 182, 189, 219–20, 272

  sanctuary, 11

  Scotland: James IV harbours Warbeck and supports his invasion, 97–8; marriage of James IV to Margaret Tudor, 109–10; James IV invades England, 133, 135; Flodden, 135–7; treaty with England, 138; Margaret struggles with Albany for regency, 138–9, 148–52; Angus seizes power, 177; Henry VIII invades, 227–8; James V’s early death, 227–8; proposed marriage between Edward VI and Mary, Queen of Scots, 229–30; rebellion against Mary of Guise and ensuing Protestant reformation, 311–12; early reign of Mary, Queen of Scots, 321; Darnley marriage and its breakdown, 338–41; Mary deposed, 341; Lennox becomes regent after Moray’s death, 346–7; Morton becomes regent after him, 350

  Scott, Sir Walter, 19

  Scrope, Lady, 394

  Seymour, Edward (under Edward VI) see Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of

  Seymour, Edward (under Elizabeth I) see Hertford, Edward Seymour, Earl of

  Seymour, Jane: appearance, background and character, 196, 216; Henry VIII falls in love with, 196–7, 200; marriage to Henry VIII, 209; kindness to Mary I, 210; pregnancy, 215; death, 216–17; in Holbein fresco, 218; images incorporated on Henry’s tomb, 242

  Seymour, Lady Jane (niece of the above), 321, 325–6

  Seymour, Thomas, 228, 240, 246–8, 289

  Seymour, Lord Thomas (great-nephew of the above), 331

  Shakespeare, William: on Clarence, 42; on dangers of licence, 398; Henry V, 134; Henry VIII, 402–3; Richard II, 1, 384–5; Richard III, 44, 71; on Wolsey, 176

  Shelton, Lady, 189

  Shelton, Mary, 193–4, 235

  Shrewsbury, 66–7

  Shrewsbury, Earl of, 163

  Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 6th Earl of, 349, 364, 371–2

  Silva, Don Diego Guzman de, 335, 336, 337–8, 339, 360

  Simnel, Lambert, 87–90, 91

  Sixtus V, Pope, 368, 374

  Skip, John, 199

  Smeaton, Mark, 201, 202–3, 204, 206

  societal order, 399–400, 423

  soldiers: English, 68–9; Landsknecht, 89

  Solway Moss, Battle of (1542), 227

  Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of, Lord Protector: joins Henry VIII’s Privy Council, 196; aids Henry’s courtship of Jane Seymour, 200; Henry names as executor of will, 235–6; becomes Lord Protector, 238–9, 239–40; becomes Duke of Somerset, 240; and religion, 243, 249; and Edward VI’s formal entry into London, 243; treatment of Edward’s sisters, 245; coup against, 250; end, 254–5, 289

  Somerset, William Seymour, Duke of (K Grey’s grandson), 386–7, 388–90, 414

  Somerset, John Beaufort, Duke of, 15

  Southampton, Earl of, 385

  Spain: Arthur marries Katherine of Aragon, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105–9, 125–6, 174; Philip II marries Mary I, 290–1; he provokes her to war with France, 298; considers substituting Lady Katherine Grey for Elizabeth I, 308, 309–10; Margaret Douglas appeals to, 315; Armada, 368, 374–8; infanta put forward as Elizabeth’s heir, 384, 391; Essex keen to pursue war with, 384; supports Arbella Stuart as Elizabeth’s heir, 393

  Spinola, Baptista, 269–70

  Spurs, Battle of the (1513), 134

  Stafford, Sir Henry, 21, 26, 37, 38, 39

  Stanley, Thomas, Lord: marriage to Margaret Beaufort, 40, 41; on chances of Edward IV pardoning Henry VII, 43; acknowledges Edward V as king, 43; temporarily arrested by Richard III, 46–7; Richard III courts, 48; Henry VII and Richard III vie for his support, 66, 67; at Bosworth, 69, 70, 71; supports Henry VII in Simnel rebellion, 89

  Stanley, Sir William, 66, 67, 72, 73, 86, 96

  Starkey, David, 233, 423

  Stirling Castle, 137, 150

  Stokes, Adrian, 288

  Stony Stratford, 44

  Stow, John, 244, 354–5, 410

  Strange, Lord, 66

  Strangways, Thomas, 178

  Stuart, Arbella: birth, 351, lives with Bess of Hardwick, 363–4; marriage to William Seymour, 386–7, 388–90; paranoia, 391; foreign support as heir to Elizabeth, 392–3; and tablet picture of Henry VIII, 414

  Stuart, Lord Charles: background, 316; brought to court to be watched over, 325; imprisoned at Sheen, 326; returns to court, 332; reunited with mother after Darnley’s death, 340; marries Elizabeth Cavendish, 348–50; named as heir to James VI, 351; death, 351; tomb, 352

  Stuart of Traquair, Lady Jane, 167

  Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of: background, 142; at Margaret Tudor’s wedding, 109–10; at Mary Tudor’s coronation, 143, 144; marriage to Mary Tudor, 141–2, 145–8; at tournament for Margaret’s visit, 154; daughter born, 154; at Henry VIII’s marriage trial, 175; attitude to Anne Boleyn, 171; she accuses him of sleeping with his daughters, 181; and Anne Boleyn’s fall, 204–5; death, 231

  Suffolk, Edmund de la Pole, Duke of, 104, 116, 117, 134

  Suffolk, Harry Grey, Duke of see Dorset, Harry Grey, Marquess of

  Suffolk, John de la Pole, Duke of, 79

  Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, 235, 237

  Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of see Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of

  sweating sickness, 76

  Swynford, Katherine, 16

  Tadcaster, 27

  Tailboys, Gilbert, 155

  Talbot, Mary, 163, 164

  Tallis, Thomas, 356

  Tantallon Castle, 151

  Teerlinc, Levina, 331

  Tewkesbury, Battle of (1471), 38

  Tewkesbury Abbey, 215

  Thérouanne, siege of (1513), 134, 156

  Thirlwall, Sir Percival, 71

  Thomas of Woodstock, 21

  Thornbury, 156

  Tilbury, 375–7

  Tilney, Katherine, 225

  Torrigiano, Pietro, 128

  Tournai, siege of (1513), 137

  tournaments, 144

  Towton, Battle of (1461), 26–7, 72

  Trent, Council of, 232, 292

  Troyes, Treaty of (1420), 18

  Tudor, Catherine, 13

  Tudor, David Owen, 389

  Tudor, Edmund, 9, 13–17, 19–20, 115, 126, 212

  Tudor, Jasper: birth, 9; education, 13; at court, 13–14, 126; made Earl of Richmond, 14; helps Margaret Beaufort after husband’s death, 20–1; at Wakefield, 24–5; goes on run, 26, 27; estates seized, 28; raids in Wales, 35; escorts Henry VII to London, 35; absence from Barnet, 37; flees to Brittany, 38–9, 50; escapes to France from Brittany, 61; dragon badge, 64; and Bosworth, 67; at Henry VII’s coronation, 79; marriage to Katherine Woodville, 79; as Henry VII’s councillor, 86; and Simnel rebellion, 90; death, 103; Masses for, 212

  Tudor, Owen (husband of Catherine de Valois), 1–2, 8–13, 24–6, 63, 115, 409

  Tudor, Owen (son of the above), 13

  Tudors: origins of name, 8; sense of dynasty, 4

  ‘The Twelve Triumphs of Henry VII’, 100

  Tyrone, Hugh O’Neill, Earl of, 384, 392

  Tyrrell, Sir James, 122

  Underhill, Edward, 275, 284

  Vannes, 60

  Venice, 390–1

  Vergil, Polydore: on Buckingham, 52; on Elizabeth Woodville receiving news of sons’ death, 56; on Elizabeth Woodville’s retirement, 87; on Henry VII’s decline into avarice, 117; on Henry VIII, 125; on Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, 94–5; on Owen Tudor, 9; on princes in the Tower, 122; on Stanley’s death, 96; on Warbeck, 92; on Warwick’s death, 102

  Vortigan, King, 64

  Wakefield, Battle of (1460), 24

  Wales: English attitude to Welsh, 10; support for Henry VII,
64, 65

  Walsingham, 218–19

  Warbeck, Perkin, 92–103, 122

  Wars of the Roses (1455–85): popular attitude to, 3; origins of name, 19; beginnings, 19; erupts again in 1460, 23; Edward IV wins throne, 24–7; Henry VI imprisoned in Tower, 31; Warwick betrays Edward IV and reinstates Henry VI, 33–5; Edward IV recaptures throne and kills Henry VI, 36–8; Richard III seizes throne, 46–9; Buckingham’s failed plot, 52–3, 57–8; Henry VII’s invasion and Bosworth, 63–73

  Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, Earl of, 47–8, 76, 77, 81, 87–90, 101–2

  Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of (‘the Kingmaker’), 26, 33–5, 37–8

  weapons, 68, 135, 136

  Welles, John, 53

  Welles, Lord, 26, 27

  Welles, Richard, 85

  Weobley Castle, 34

  Westminster Abbey: Lady Chapel, 4, 7, 115–16, 120, 217, 303, 352–3, 407–8; Owen Tudor claims sanctuary, 11; Elizabeth Woodville in sanctuary, 46; princes in Tower possibly interred there, 122–3; Mary I’s funeral, 303; Henry V’s chantry, 409

  Westmoreland, Earl of, 344

  Weston, Sir Francis, 194, 204, 206

  White, John, Bishop of Winchester, 303

  William of Orange, 365

  Winchester, 81–2; round table, 179

  Winchester Cathedral, 291

  Windsor: St George’s Chapel, 87, 217–18, 241–2

  Woking, 36, 76

  Wolsey, Thomas: provides supplies for Henry VIII’s French campaign, 134; Katherine of Aragon writes to, 137; arranges treaty with Louis XII, 139; tells Henry about Mary’s and Suffolk’s wedding, 146; godfather to Margaret Douglas, 154; London home and growing wealth, 155; surveillance on Buckingham, 156, 157; negotiates French marriage for Mary I, 161; Northumberland serves in household, 163; helps Henry seek annulment, 166, 169, 170–3; end of career and death, 175–6; fate of tomb commissioned for himself, 242

  women: contemporary attitude to female virtue, 9–10; ‘femme sole’ status, 84; later depictions of Tudor women, 424; relative freedom enjoyed in England, 106; and royal succession, 165, 267, 302, 306

  Woodstock Palace, 290

  Woodville, Anthony see Rivers, Anthony Woodville, Lord

  Woodville, Sir Edward, 50

  Woodville, Elizabeth: marriage to Edward IV, 31–2, 34, 164; family’s ambition, 32; Buckingham’s attitude to, 45; in sanctuary at Westminster Abbey, 46; hands over Richard of York to Richard III, 47; marriage declared bigamous, 47; Margaret Beaufort negotiates marriage between Henry VII and Elizabeth of York with her, 53–4, 56; knowledge of sons’ death, 54, 55–6; arranges pardon for Thomas Grey, 62; retirement and death, 86, 87–8, 93–4