Killing for Profit: Exposing the Illegal Rhino Horn Trade
Page 38
Milliken, Tom, K. Nowell, and J.B. Thomsen. ‘The decline of the black rhino in Zimbabwe’. TRAFFIC International, 1993
Mills, J.A. ‘Rhinoceros horn and tiger bone in China’. TRAFFIC International, 1997
‘More than 1 tonne of ivory and rhino horns seized in Thailand’. TRAFFIC International, 25 February 2011
Nowell, Kristin. ‘Wildlife crime scorecard’. WWF, 2012
Nowell, Kristin, Wei-Lien Chyi, and Chia-Jai Pei. ‘The horns of the dilemma: The market for rhino horn in Taiwan’. TRAFFIC International, 1992
‘Perspectives on dehorning and legalised trade in rhino horn as tools to combat rhino poaching’. Endangered Wildlife Trust, 2011
Razafindrakoto, Mireille, François Roubaud, and Matthieu Salomon. ‘Global corruption barometer 2010: Vietnam country analysis’. Transparency International, 2011
Redpath, Jean. ‘Failing to prosecute? Assessing the state of the National Prosecuting Authority in South Africa’. ISS, 2012
Reeve, Rosalind. ‘The CITES treaty and compliance: Progress or jeopardy?’ Chatham House Briefing Paper, 2004
———. ‘Wildlife trade, sanctions and compliance: Lessons from the CITES regime’. International Affairs, 2006
‘South African National Parks annual report’. SANParks, 2010/11
‘Staff paper prepared for the Steyn Commission on alleged dangerous activities of SADF components’. Steyn Commission of Inquiry, December 1992
‘S v. Meiring and Another’ (1992) 4 All SA 120 (W), All South African Law Reports Tran Thi Thu Ha, et al. ‘Towards a transparent and quality healthcare system’. Transparency International, 2011
’t Sas-Rolfes, Michael. ‘Saving African rhinos: A market success story’. PERC, 2011
———. ‘The rhino poaching crisis: A market analysis’. PERC, 2012
‘Under siege: Rhinoceroses in South Africa’. Animal Rights Africa, 2009
US Embassy Harare. ‘Environmental impact of current crises on Zimbabwe’s wildlife’. Diplomatic Cable, 25 July 2003
———. ‘Land reform threatens wildlife’. Diplomatic Cable, 20 April 2004
———. ‘Poaching of wildlife is rampant in Zimbabwe’. Diplomatic Cable, 21 May 2002
———. ‘Save Valley: Struggling to hold on’. Diplomatic Cable, 17 December 2004
———. ‘ZANU-PF governor forcing himself on Amcit-owned conservancy’. Diplomatic Cable, 29 May 2009
Venkataraman, Bina. ‘A matter of attitude: The consumption of wild animal products in Hanoi, Vietnam’. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 2007
‘Vietnamese citizen gets 10 years’ imprisonment for illegal possession of rhino horn’. Endangered Wildlife Trust, 1 July 2010
FREQUENTLY USED WEBSITES
CITES: www.cites.org
Rhino Economics: www.rhino-economics.com
Rhino Resource Center: www.rhinoresourcecenter.com
Saving Rhinos: www.savingrhinos.org
TRAFFIC: www.traffic.org
FILM
Martin, Andrew (director). Rhino under Threat. Documentary film. UNTV/CITES, 2012
Index
32 Battalion 41, 50, 54
50/50 TV programme 258–259
Africa Confidential newsletter 89
African National Congress (ANC) 70, 74, 79–80, 87, 90, 98, 201, 203–204, 207–208, 210
African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) 205, 208–209 see also Malema, Julius
Agent Orange 276
Agliotti, Glen 158
aldicarb poison 243–244
Allison, Donald 246–247
Amin, Idi 110
Amnesty International 294
Anderson, Dr Jeremy 74, 87, 94
Angola 27, 29, 31–32, 34, 37–38, 43, 46, 110
decimation of wildlife 57–58
and SADF smuggling 45–49, 51, 53, 56–61
Anh, Vu Moc 258–259
Around the Clock Import-Export 96
Aurora Private Nature Reserve 174, 180, 193
Baloi, Joshua Elias 197, 199
Baloi, Sarafina 197, 199
Bao, Nguyen Anh 258
Barbie, Klaus 71
Bat Trang, Vietnam 264–265
BBC 70, 206, 236, 281
Beck, Hans 75, 86
Beeka, Cyril 159
Beeld newspaper 18, 40, 200
Beitbridge 6, 7, 8, 233
Bekeramayi, Sydney 88
Bell, Dr Richard 76
Beukes, Lt Col André 83
Beveridge, Russell D. 33, 38
black rhino 19–20, 22, 51
population, Africa 2, 4, 19, 64, 111, 275
Boehme, Keith 97
Boing, Werner 172
Bojanelo District 118
Boschrand Lodge 169–170
Boshoff, Magdel 125, 259
Botha, Pik 72
Botha, P.W. 81
Bouphavanh, Bouasone 299
Breytenbach, Breyten 50
Breytenbach, Col Jan 41, 50–56, 60, 61, 62
Bridgland, Fred 52–53
Brink, Hennie 54
Broederbond 66
Bruce, Nish 70, 83
Bruma Lake 199, 200
Buabuata 48, 54
Bubiana Conservancy 4–5, 8
Bubye Valley Conservancy 1–3, 5–8, 10, 12, 128, 129
Buffalo Battalion 41, 50, 54
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, US (ATF) 24–25, 33
Burman, Des 45, 47, 48, 49–50, 53, 61, 62
Burundi 81
Busch, August A. Jnr 66
bush meat 3, 5, 14
Business Day newspaper 209
Buthelezi, Mangosuthu 74
Butland, Peter 102–103
Bvute, Andrew ‘British’ 12–13
Cambodia 269, 291
cancer myth 274–275, 276–279
Canhane, Mozambique 211–215
‘canned’ cheetah hunting 124, 134
‘canned’ lion hunting 97, 123, 170
Caprivi 38, 47, 48, 49, 51–55, 87
Capstick, Peter Hathaway 118
Captain Jack see Lukman, John C. Jnr
Carnie, Tony 120
Carte Blanche TV programme 147
cash-in-transit robberies 226–227
Cele, Bheki 204
Central African Republic 74, 275
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 23, 26–29, 43, 46, 49, 292, 298
Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO) 27, 76–77
Chad 111, 275
Chadenga, Vitalis 12
cheetah trophies 28, 124, 134
Chete Gorge 21
Chief of Staff Intelligence (CSI) 47–50, 53
Chiguba, Joseph 12
China x, 289, 291, 292, 294, 298
and CITES treaty 111, 272
and trade in rhino horn 93, 102, 171, 269, 272–274
Chiradza, Freedom 9
Chizarira National Park 21
Chokwe, Mozambique 215, 229
Chu, Duc Manh 263
Chunchom, Punpitak (Peter) 152–154, 160–163, 166, 170, 174, 178, 186, 189, 301
cigarette smuggling 232, 236, 237, 243
CITES see Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
City Press newspaper 87, 205, 208, 209, 210
Claassens, Harry 168–169, 174, 180–181, 189, 192
Clifford, Bob 24–25, 26, 28, 29–31
Coetzee, Dirk 81
Colchester Zoo 247
Cold War 27, 46
Colombian drug trade 28
Coltart, David 131
commercial use of wildlife 108–110
and CITES and rhino 112–113
see also legal trade in rhino
contra rebels, Nicaragua 28
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 103–104, 111–112, 285
and ban on rhino horn trade 58, 59, 108, 112, 137, 140, 272
SA’s poor compliance with 113–116
and Xaysavang Export-Import Company 288, 289, 294, 297
/> corruption
at Beitbridge border post 8, 235
hunting regulations 116–117
Kruger National Park 225–226
Laos 290
and permitting officials 165
and SA police 163, 236–237, 254
Vietnam 277
Zimbabwe 9, 11, 13
criminal syndicates, Far Eastern 103, 252–253 see also Xaysavang Export-Import Company
Crocodile Gang 129
Cronjé, Frans 66
Crooke, Col Ian 67–69, 71, 74, 75–79, 81–86, 88–89, 90, 94
Crooke, Lesley 90
Cuando Cubango 48, 51, 52
Cuba 27, 28, 29, 34, 46
Czech pseudo-hunters 126
Daily Mail, Britain 129
Davy, Charles 128–130
Davy, Chelsy 128–129
Dawes, Nic 203
De Haes, Charles 66–67, 92
De Klerk, F.W. 98
De Kock, Eugene 81, 87
De Lange, Johnny 220
Delmas 152–154
Democratic Alliance (DA) 172, 220, 223, 296
Democratic Republic of Congo 43, 275
Department of Environmental Affairs
and Chumlong 182–183
and hunting permits 103–104, 124–125
and legality of trade 140, 260
and lions 171, 172
norms and standards for rhino hunting 125
and poaching statistics 220–223
and Thai prostitutes 179–180
and Vietnam 259, 286
Die Volksblad 170
Dinaka Game Reserve 249
diplomatic immunity 252, 257
Directorate of Priority Crimes Investigation see Hawks, the
DNA profiling 125, 216, 225, 245–248
D’Oliviera, Col José 49
Dr Kenneth Kaunda District 102
Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District 101–102, 180
drug trade 28, 53, 54, 56, 291–292
Dung, Huong Quoc 289, 298
Dung, Pham Cong 257, 258–259
Du Preez, Gen G.P.O. 48
Du Preez, Gys 143
Du Toit, Raoul 3, 21, 129
Edwards, Ken 70
electric fences 217–218
Elegant Food Distributors 60
Ellis, Stephen 65, 77, 81, 88, 89, 91–92, 94–95, 99
El Salvador 27, 31
Els, Jacques 147
Emperors Palace Casino 160, 161, 166, 189
endangered animals as delicacies 282–283
Endangered Species Protection Unit (ESPU) 73, 95–97, 144, 261, 271
Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) 57, 96–97, 184, 262
Engelbrecht, Dr Deon 167
English, Norman 10, 20
Environmental Crime Investigations, SANParks 261–262
Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) 81, 289
Erasmus, Tielman 131, 143, 146
Erwee, Hennie 235
Escobar, Pablo 28
Executive Outcomes 71, 90
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife 119–120, 140
fake rhino horn 238–242, 244
Falck, Leon 83
farm attacks, South Africa 13–14, 15–16
First, Ruth 80
Flamingo’s strip club 175, 176–178
Fletcher, Clayton 149
FNLA 46, 50, 54
Fourie, Tommy 147
Frama Intertrading 48, 54, 55, 58, 60–61
French Indochina War 291
Gaddafi, Muammar 118–119
Gaddafi, Saadi 118–119
Gaisford, Jeff 119–120
Galster, Steven 43, 299
Gastrow, Peter 253
Gazankulu Homeland 87
Genco, Jim 29
Gold Reef City 198
Gordhan, Pravin 204, 207
Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park 217
Green Left Weekly 43
Green Movement 111
Grobler, Dr Douw 175–176
Grobler, Manie 54
Groenewald, Dawie 102, 115, 117, 122, 123, 140, 260
background 132–136
and Charles Davy 129–130
illegal hunting in Zimbabwe 130–132
investigation into and jail 142–146
and John Hume 136–137
prosecution of 127–128
Groenewald, Janneman 132–133
Groenewald, Sariette 127, 134
Guggisberg, Prof Charles 117
‘guma-guma’ 232–233, 234
Gwaai Valley Conservancy 3, 130
Gwin, Peter 148
Ha Long Bay 283–284
Hanks, Dr John 63–64, 67–69, 71–72, 89, 91–95
Harare-based gangs 5, 6
Harper, Dr Cindy 246–248, 249
Harris, Ray 72, 74
Hartford Courant, US 23, 27
Hawks, the 143, 159, 209, 248
Hawthorne, Robbie 57–58
Hayton, Bill 281, 282, 283
Hendrie, Doug 279
Hern, Ed 163
Heroin 291–292
HHK Safaris 128
Hien, Tran Thi Minh 251, 260–261, 275
Hlongwane, Washington 196–200 see also Kateka, Washington Phiri
Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve viii, 149
HMS Trading 83
Hoang, Nguyen Tien 106, 108
Hoang, Xuan 247, 261–263
Hofmeyr, Dr Markus 145
Holtzhausen, Richard 244
Hong Kong 58, 270, 272
Hughes, Dr George 77
Hughes, Jim 72, 74
Hulett, Gavin 176
Hume, John 109, 136-139
Hung, Nguyen Phi 263
Hunting 103–105, 117-118
contribution to conservation 120
by Europeans and Americans 100–101
negative public perceptions on 120–121
norms and standards for 125
regulations 107–108, 116–117, 165
and rhino populations 110–111
see also pseudo-hunters; Vietnamese, hunting by
hunting permits 105, 165
chaotic records, SA 103–104
and SA’s non-compliance with CITES 114
and Vietnamese applicants 124–125
Hunting Report newsletter 131
Hurter, Johannes 66
Hussey, Kenneth R. 39
Huxley, Chris 75
Hwange National Park 3, 130
Ignatius 197, 198–199
Ilsley, John 75
Independent newspaper, UK 89, 90
Indonesia 271
information peddlers 203–204
Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) 70, 74, 87–88
International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) 96, 97
International University Exchange Fund (IUEF) 80
Interpol 119, 158
Wildlife Crime Working Group 248
Irwin, Steve 108–109
Ives, Mike 280
ivory trade 75–76, 81–82, 86
Angola 48–49, 52–53, 59–61
Laos 292, 296, 297, 301
South Africa 40, 71, 75, 77–78, 86, 95–96, 106, 113
by South African Authorities 37–38, 45, 49, 53–59, 61, 83–85, 90
Thailand 165, 188
Vietnam 252, 274, 285, 297
Jacobs, Frikkie and Kobus 123
Jamba 34, 47–48
Jangjumrus, Kritsada 152–154
Japan 58, 59, 95, 271
Javan rhino 275–276
Johnson, Daniel Karl 145
Jones, Pelham 220
Jooste, Col Johan 143–145, 248
Josias 197–198
Kadzombe, Ed 130
Kamina Air Base 43
KaNgwane homeland 74, 88, 90
KaNgwane Parks Board 87
Kapama Game Reserve 97
KAS Enterprises 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74–75, 76–78, 79, 89
Kateka, Washington Phiri 195 see also Hlongwane, Washington
Katima Mulilo 5
3
Kaunda, Kenneth 76
Kelly, Gary 120
Kenya 88, 98, 110, 118, 297
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) 296
Keosavang, Vixay 156, 287–288, 295, 296, 300–301
background 289–290, 298–301
and rhino 179, 185, 288
see also Xaysavang Export-Import Company
Kitshoff, Adri 116, 120–121, 122, 132
K.K. 155–156
Klipplaatfontein farm 169
Kodwa, Zizi 207, 209
Koevoet 87
Krejcir, Radovan 157–159
Krejcirova, Katerina 159
Kruger National Park 51, 73, 149, 175–176, 196, 199, 211
corruption 225–226
and Mozambique 214–218, 229–231
rangers 224–225
statistics on poached rhino 218–223, 224
Krugersdorp Lion and Rhino Nature Reserve 163
Kumleben, Judge Mark 60–61
Kumleben Commission 60–61, 82, 83, 85, 92, 96
Lacey Act, US 25, 142
Lackay, Adrian 207, 209
Lalibela Game Reserve 118
Lalla, Commissioner Ray 200
Lam, Nguyen Van 257
Kumleben, Judge Mark 60–61
Landbou Weekblad magazine 170
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos) vii, 111, 287–290 see also Xaysavang Export-Import Company
Lategan Capt Piet 73–74, 77, 81, 85–86, 90, 95–97, 271
Leathem, Blondie 3, 7–8, 19–22, 132
Le Chêne, Evelyn 71, 79
Lee, Charles 253–255
Leeuwbosch farm 108, 166, 167
legal trade in rhino 107–108, 112, 137, 139–142, 227
CITES ban 58, 59, 108, 112, 137, 140
Lembede Investment Holdings 208
Lemmer, Faan 13–14, 15–16
Lemtongthai, Chumlong (Chai) 156, 160–167, 179 182–189, 191–193, 301
leopard trophies 24–25, 27, 34, 142–143
Leseding township 195–196, 197
Leslie, Bruce 218
Letsatsi La Africa Wild Animal and Predator Park 171
lion bones 156, 160, 164, 170–174, 187
use of 173
lion carcasses, export of 172
lions, ‘canned’ hunting of 97, 123, 170
Loan, Mrs Tu 282–283
Longreach (Pty) Ltd 80–81, 89
Lopes, José Francisco (Lobbs) 47, 53–55, 60
Luangwa Valley 19, 76, 110
Lubbe, Capt Herman 195–198, 203
Lubisi, Dumisane 208
Lukman, John C Jnr 22, 24–28, 35, 38–40, 42
and rhino horn 31–37
weapons trading 28–31, 38, 39–40
Lumbe, Andrew 196
Lusaka 20, 53, 56
Luyt, Louis 66
M99 anaesthetic 175
Mabasa, Joey 159
Mabuza, Enos 87