by Will Durant
78. Marcus, 170 f.
79. Abrahams, I., Chapters on Jewish Literature, 226.
80. Waxman, II, 258.
81. Jew. Encyc., XII, 404.
82. Baron, II, 132.
83. Husik, I., History of Medieval Jewish Philosophy, 360; Waxman, 256.
84. Jew. Encyc., VIII, 29.
85. Baron, 85.
CHAPTER XXXIII
1. Mattingly, G., Catherine of Aragon, 109.
2. Agricola, De re metallica, 99, 100.
3. Ibid., xiii, 46-7, 52.
4. Usher, 274.
5. Toynbee, A., A Study of History, IX, 365-6.
6. Erasmus, “Diversoria,” in Colloquies, I, 288 f.
7. Merchant of Venice, III, iv, 271.
8. Smith, Reformation, 473.
9. Froude, Edward VI, 41-2; Marx, Capital, 808.
10. Smith, Reformation, 554-5.
11. Ibid., 469.
12. Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologica, II Ilae, lxvi, 7; cxviii, 1.
13. Lacroix, Manners, Customs, and Dress during the Middle Ages, 479.
14. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 436.
15. Kesten, Copernicus, 33.
16. Coulton, Medieval Village, 338.
17. Lecky, Rationalism, II, 113.
18. Hackett, Francis I, 406.
19. Smith, Reformation, 483.
20. Beard, Luther, 126.
21. Froude, Edward VI, 2.
22. Pollard, Henry VIII, 432.
23. Armstrong, Charles V, I, 59.
24. Starkey, Thos., Dialogue between Reginald Pole and Thomas Lupset, London, 1871, in Allen, Political Thought, 149.
25. Smith, Erasmus, 27.
26. Bakeless, Tragicall Hy of Christopher Marlowe, 50.
27. Friedländer, Roman Life and Manners, II, 93.
28. Janssen, XI, 239.
29. Brantôme, Lives of Gallant Ladies, 65,68.
30. Maulde, 391.
31. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1151.
32. Janssen, XI, 233.
33. Lacroix, II, 1162 f.
34. Brantôme, 133.
35. Lacroix, II, 1189.
36. Smith, Reformation, 321
37. Erasmus, Colloquies, I, 342.
38. Rabelais, iii, 48.
39. Ascham, The Scholemaster, 50.
40. In Smith, Reformation, 412.
41. Turner, Hy of Courting, 45-7; Briffauk, The Mothers, III, 415; Smith, Modern Culture, I, 531.
42. Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici, 6.
43. Cf. Lippmann, W., The Public Philosophy, 117.
44. Cf. O’Brien, Economic Effects of the Reformation, 75.
45. Schapiro, Social Reform, 31.
46. Ibid.
47. Froude, Edward VI, 166.
48. Maulde, 66.
49. Sichel, Women, 230.
50. O’Brien, 55.
51. Janssen, III, 367.
52. Froude, Edward VI, 69.
53. Prescott, Mary Tudor, 327.
54. Froude, i.e.
55. Smith, Reformation, 559.
56. Ashley, II, 369.
57. Ibid., 342.
58. Watson, F., Luis Vives, 61.
59. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 372.
60. Lecky, Hy of European Morals, II, 54.
61. Ibid., 55.
62. Janssen, IV, 60 f.
63. Werke (Erlangen), I, 14, in Maritain, Three Reformers, 186.
64. O’Brien, 51, transposed.
65. Janssen, VI, 275; Smith, Luther, 416.
66. Janssen, VII, 301.
67. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 428.
68. Calvin, Preface to the Geneva Catechism.
69. Lang, Hy of Scotland, II, 402.
70. Froude, Edward VI, 265.
71. Traill, III, 160.
72. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1213-4.
73. Maulde, 217.
74. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 722.
75. Wright, Thos., Womankind in Western Europe, 325.
76. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1205.
77. Ibid., 1204.
78. Allen, P. S., Age of Erasmus, 203-4; Smith, Reformation, 510.
79. Wright, Thos., Domestic Manners, 491.
80. Coulton, Social Life, 376; Medieval Panorama, 313.
81. Baedeker, Munich, 12.
82. Huizinga, Waning of Middle Ages, 289.
83. Smith, Reformation, 500,
84. Wright, Domestic Manners, 485-8.
85. In Nock & Wilson, Rabelais, 41.
86. In Bainton, Here I Stand, 343.
87. Rashdall, Universities, III, 422.
88. In Lacroix, Manners, 241.
CHAPTER XXXIV
1. Sichel, Women, 246.
2. Lang, Music in Western Civilization, 300.
3. Einstein, A., The Italian Madrigal, I, 7.
4. Grove, Dictionary of Music and Musicians, III, 459.
5. Whitcomb, Literary Source Book of the German Renaissance, 22.
6. Grove, III, 254.
7. McKinney and Anderson, Music in History, 210.
8. Blok, II, 377.
9. Kiesewetter, Hy of Music, in Grove, III, 684.
10. Bainton, Here I Stand, 343.
11. McKinney, 303.
12. Guizot, Hy of France, III, 123.
13. Bainton, Here I Stand, 344.
14. Janelle, Catholic Reformation, 218.
15. Froude, Erasmus, 122.
16. Grove, IV, 20 f.
17. Cf. Oxford Hy of Music, II, 243.
CHAPTER XXXV
1. Putnam, Books, II, 40-1.
2. Luther, Works, IV, 128.
3. Janssen, III, 355.
4. Ibid., 356.
5. 363.
6. Luther, IV, 156.
7. Richard, German Civilization, 289; Janssen, III, 358.
8. Paulsen, German Education, 56-7.
9. Luther, IV, 128.
10. Janssen, XIII, 260, 264.
11. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 468; Gasquet, Eve, 42.
12. Traill, III, 93.
13. Owen, J., Skeptics of the French Renaissance, 438.
14. Graves, F., Peter Ramus, 15.
15. Camb. Hy of Poland, I, 274.
16. Elyot, The Governour, i, 12.
17. Ibid., I, II.
18. Watson, F., Luis Vives, 33.
19. In Haydn, Counter-Renaissance, 242.
20. Ibid., 199.
21. Sichel, Women, 47.
22. Marot, Rondeau 13, in Maulde, 165.
23. France, A., Rabelais, 6.
24. Smith, Erasmus, 414; France, Rabelais, 38.
25. Faguet, 211.
26. Rabelais, Gargantua, ed. Cluny, Introd., xxi.
27. Michelet, III, 300.
28. Rabelais, Introd., xxiii.
29. Owen, French Renaissance, 619.
30. Rabelais, Works, bk. ii, ch. 8.
31. Tilley, Studies in the French Renaissance, 85 f.
32. Nock, Rabelais, 105.
33. Brunetière, Manual of French Literature, 46n.
34. France, Rabelais, 216.
35. Smith, Reformation, 195n.
36. France, 124.
37. Sichel, Women, 239.
38. Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici, 245
39. La Tour, Origines, IV, 413.
40. Roeder, Catherine de’ Medici, 510.
41. Holzknecht, Backgrounds of Shakespeare, 270.
42. Camb. Hy of English Literature, III, 189.
43. Richard, German Civilization, 151.
44. Janssen, XIII, 467.
45. In Bainton, Reformation, 129.
46. En. Brit., IX, 675.
47. Putnam, Books, II, 243.
48. Janssen, XI, 317 f.
49. In Friedell, Cultural Hy of the Modern Age, I, 232.
50. Janssen, XII, 324 f
51. En. Brit., XXXIII, 1192.
52. In Trend, Civilization of Spain, 101.
53. Prescott, Ferdinand, II, 568n.
54. Ibid., 569n; Camb. Mod. Hy, V, 495.
55. Hefele, Ximenez, 101; Hu
me, The Spanish People, 348.
56. Allen, Political Thought, 119.
57. Diaz del Castillo, True Hy of the Conquest of Mexico, xi.
58. Mendoza, Lazarillo de Tormes, Introd., 3.
59. Ticknor, Spanish Literature, II, 512.
60. Mendoza, 71.
CHAPTER XXXVI
1. In Coulton, Art and the Reformation, 408.
2. Janssen, XI, 56.
3. Calvin, Institutes, I, xi, 12.
4. Michelet, III, 295.
5. Dimier, French Painting in the Sixteenth Century, 51.
6. Tavannes in Sichel, Catherine, 294.
7. Vasari, II, 355.
8. Ibid.
9. Blomfield, Hy of French Architecture, I, 81.
10. Lacroix, Arts of the Middle Ages, 151.
11. Ward, Architecture of the Renaissance in France, II, 125.
12. Sichel, Catherine, 394.
13. Réalitiés magazine, March, 1954, p. 27.
14. Conway, The Van Eycks, 494.
15. Glück, Pieter Brueghel le Vieux, 7.
16. Conway, 492.
17. Glück, Brueghel: Details from His Pictures, 10-11.
18. Craven, Treasury of Art Masterpieces, 112.
19. Smith, Luther, 176.
20. Bond, Fr., Westminster Abbey, 131.
21. Bacon, Fr., Henry VII, in Works, VI, 245.
22. Blomfield, Renaissance Architecture in England, 8; Lees-Milne, Tudor Renaissance, 31.
23. Ibid.
24. 45.
25. Blomfield, 11.
26. Ganz, P., The Paintings of Hans Holbein, 218.
27. So Stange, German Painting, 28; but Ganz, 223, assigns it to 1528-30.
28. En. Brit., VIII, 679a.
29. Stange, 22.
30. Janssen, XI, 48.
31. Ibid.
32. Ganz, 284.
33. Woltmann, Holbein and His Time, 454.
34. Calvert, Cordova, 97.
35. Dieulafoy, Art in Spain and Portugal, 230.
36. Calvert, Sculpture in Spain, 125; but Stirling-Maxwell, Annals of the Artists of Spain, I, 126, questions the story.
37. Dieulafoy, 336.
CHAPTER XXXVII
1. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 182.
2. Janssen, XII, 292.
3. Traill, III, 269.
4. Janssen, XII, 307.
5. Thorndike, Hy of Magic and Experimental Science, V, 231.
6. Coulton, Medieval Village, 268.
7. Janssen, XII, 372.
8. Bainton, Hunted Heretic, 112.
9. In Kesten, Copernicus, 96.
10. Lacroix, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 211; Thorndike, V, 175, 255-9.
11. Bainton, Hunted Heretic, 112.
12. Smith, Luther, 310.
13. Roeder, Catherine de, Medici, 368.
14. Lecky, Rationalism, II, 3.
15. Lacroix, Military and Religious Life, 444; Smith, Reformation, 656.
16. Friedell, I, 283.
17. Lea, Studies in Church Hy, 588.
18. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, IV, 220.
19. Lecky, Hy of European Morals, II, 54.
20. Traill, III, 326; Froude, Henry VIII, III, 191.
21. Lea, IV, 212-25.
22. Janssen, XII, 355.
23. Spence, Cornelius Agrippa, 84.
24. Ibid.
25. Thorndike, V, 136-7.
26. Spence, 79.
27. Owen, Evenings with the Skeptics, II, 495-6.
28. Kesten, 196; Thorndike, V, 178 f.
29. Cath. En., IV, 352.
30. Leonardo, Notebooks, I, 310, 298.
31. Gassendi in Kesten, 109.
32. Kesten, 132.
33. Ibid., 153.
34. Commentariolus, in Rosen. Three Coperincan Treatises, 58.
35. Trattner, Architects of Ideas, 28.
36. Luther, Table Talk, 69, in Fosdick, Great Voices of the Reformation, xviii
37. In Russell, B., Hy of Western Philosophy, 52%.
38. Kesten, 233.
39. Ibid., 382.
40. 309.
41. 295-6.
42. Rosen, 30.
43. Kesten, 297-8.
44. E.g., Kesten, 299; Trattner, 31,
45. Prefaces and Prologues, in Harvard Classics, XXXIX, 52 f.
46. Copernicus, De revolutionibus, i, 5.
47. Ibid., i, 10.
48. Josiah Royce in Fletcher, J. A., Dante, 236.
49. In White, Warfare of Science with Theology, I, 212.
50. In Agricola, De re metallica, 595.
51. Penrose, Travel and Discovery, 306.
52. R. I. Mantiri of Indonesia has argued unconvincingly that Magellan was not killed on Mactan, but chose to remain behind and to found a kingdom in the Celebes.
53. Castiglioni, Hy of Medicine, 421.
54. Sigerist, The Great Doctors, 125.
55. In Saunders & O’Malley, The Illustrations from the Works of Andreas Vesalius, 14.
56. Locy, Biology and Its Makers, 28.
57. Saunders, 14; italics mine.
58. Ibid., 15.
59. In Haydn, Counter-Renaissance, 198.
60. Vesalius, De humam corporis fabrica, 15, in Thorndike, V, 526.
61. Locy, 35.
62. Letter of Vesalius of June 13, 15;6, in Thorndike, V, 529.
63. Sarton, III-1, 267.
64. Saunders, 37.
65. Ibid., 39.
66. Walsh, Popes and Science, 117.
67. Speculum, April, 1928, p. 193.
68. Castiglioni, 466.
69. Janssen, XIV, 68.
70. Sigerist, 131.
71. Ibid., III. The usual interpretation of Paracelsus as meaning “Beyond Celsus” is stultified by the very minor rank of Celsus (1st cy A.D.) in the history of medicine.
72. Pachter, Magic into Science: the Story of Paracelsus, 92.
73. Ibid., 105-6.
74. Cf. passage in Robinson, D. S., Anthology of Modern Philosophy, 13-14.
75. Pachter, 67,112,116.
76. Thorndike, V, 628.
77. Opus Paramirum, in Pachter, 129.
78. Thorndike, V, 665.
79. In Pachter, 210.
80. Ibid., 211.
81. Ibid.
82. 147.
83. 152-3.
84. 163.
85. 158.
86. 155.
87. 168.
88. 187.
89. 167.
90. Inscription on engraving of Paracelsus in Vienna State Library.
91. Pachter, 108, 229.
92. Ibid., 4.
93. Commentary on Galatians, iii, 6, in Janssen, XIV, 121.
94. Robertson, Freethought I, 399
95. Ibid., 389.
96. Table Talk, 66,
97. La Tour, IV, 417.
98. Sichel, Women, 225,
99. In Hallam, Introd. to the Literature of Europe, II, 140.
100. Montaigne, Letter to M. de Mesmes in Sichel, Montaigne, 21.
101. In Rocker, R., Nationalism and Culture, 134.
102. In Taylor, Thought and Expression in the 16th Cy, I, 381.
103. Speculum, Oct. 1933, p. 431.
104. Owen J., Skeptics of the French Renaissance, 505.
105. Ibid., 539.
106. Graves, Peter Ramus, 108. Italics mine.
107. Owen, 529.
108. Ibid., 534-5; Michelet, III, 474; Graves, 106-7.
109. Ibid., 106.
110. Michelet, III, 474.
CHAPTER XXXVIII
1. Pastor, X, 310; XII, 494; Robertson, Freethought, I, 408.
2. Noyes, Ferrara, 203-19.
3. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 386.
4. Trend, Civilization of Spain, 123.
5. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 651.
6. Pastor, XI, 3.
7. Ibid., X, 444.
8. Carpacciolus in Ranke, Hy of the Popes, I, 131.
9. Janelle, Catholic Reformation, 64.
10. Pastor, XI, 13
4.
11. Ibid., 155 f.
12. Ranke, Popes, I, 117.
13. In Pastor, XI, 164 f.
14. Ibid., 192.
15. McCabe, Crises in the History of the Papacy, 319.
16. Voltaire, Selected Works, ed. McCabe, IV, 216.
17. Fülöp-Miller, Saints That Moved the World, 333.
18. Ibid., 350.
19. 354.
20. James, Varieties of Religious Experience, 414.
21. Fülöp-Miller, 375.
22. James, 411.
23. Fülöp-Miller, 367.
24. Ibid., 396.
25. 405.
26. 419.
27. 274.
28. Ignatius, St., Autobiography, 28.
29. Ibid., 40.
30. 54.
31. Cath. En., VII, 640,
32. Fülöp-Miller, 302.
33. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 657; McCabe, Candid Hy of the Jesuits, 8; Ranke, Popes, I, 173n.
34. Longridge, The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola, 119.
35, Sedgwick, Ignatius Loyola, 350; McCabe, Candid Hy, 40.
36. Sedgwick, 182.
37. Belloc, 228, 234.
38. McCabe, 32.
39. Sedgwick, 221.
40. Ibid., 215.
41. Symonds, The Catholic Reaction, I, 215.
42. Report of Father Gonzalez in Sedgwick, 344.
43. Fülöp-Miller, 319-20,
44. Cath. En., VII, 643.
45. Sedgwick, III.
46. Penrose, Travel and Discovery, 69.
47. Campbell, Thos., The Jesuits, 77-8.
48. Ibid., 78.
49. 84.
50. McCabe, 84.
51. Acton, Lectures, 115.
52. Robertson, Charles V, II, 78
53. Pastor, XIII, 222.
54. Graves, Hy of Education during the Middle Ages, 214.
55. Smith, Reformation, 666
CHAPTER XXXIX
1. Pastor, VII, 6.
2. Ibid., 5.
3. Pastor, X, 385.
4. XI, 40.
5. Cellini, Autobiography, i, 123,
6. Pastor, XI, 50.
7. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 233
8. Ranke, Popes, I, 125.
9. Froude, Council of Trent, 213
10. Pastor, XI, 356.
11. XIII, 61 f.
12. Ibid., 154.
13. Robertson, Charles V, II, 401
14. Pastor, XIV, 72.
15. Armstrong, Charles V, II, 361.
16. Pastor, XIV, 126.
17. Ranke, Popes, I, 218.
18. Pastor, XIV, 345.
19. Ibid., 142-3.
20. Ranke, I, 226.
21. Ibid., 227.
22. Acts, xix, 19.
23. Putnam, Censorship of the Church of Rome, I, 1.
24. Draper, Hy of Intellectual Development, II, 214.
25. Pastor, XIV, 277 f.
26. Sarpi, Istoria del Concilio Tridenttno, II, 91, in Symonds, Catholic Reaction, 1, 154.
