by Will Durant
27. Robertson, Freethought, I, 456-7.
28. Pastor, XII, 503.
29. Ranke, I, 159.
30. Pastor, XII, 508.
31. XIV, 286.
32. ibid., 300
33. Ibid
34. 414 f.; Ranke, I, 235.
35. Ibid., 245n.
36. Admitted by Janelle, 78.
37. Ibid., 71.
38. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 664, 678
39. Sarton, II-2, 916.
40. Ranke, I, 153; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 667; Froude, Edward VI, 9 f.
41. Ranke, I, 155; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 668.
42. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 518.
43. Froude, Council of Trent, 283.
44. Pastor, XIII, 116.
45. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 675; Ranke, I, 252.
46. Ibid., 251.
47. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 680.
48. Session XXV; Cath. En., VII, 787.
49. For Italy cf. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, I, 234, 333; for Spain, Lea, Auricular Confession, II, 426.
50. Lecroix, Prostitution, II, 1156.
51. Figgis, From Gerson to Grotius, 43; Robertson, Charles V, II, 515-6, Taine, Italy: Rome and Naples, 240.
Index
Dates are of birth and death except for kings and popes, where they are of the reign. A single date indicates a floruit. A footnote is indicated by an asterisk. Italicized page numbers indicate principal treatment.
Aachen, Germany, 144, 156
cathedral, 154
Abaqa, Khan (1265), 664
Abbate, Niccolo dell’ (c. 1512–71), 823, 826, 829
Abbeville, France, 58
church of St. Wulfram (1480), 96
Abd-er-Rahman, Sa’di (1596–1656), 695
Abélard, Peter (1079–1142), 5, 246, 250
Aberdeen, Scotland, university, 236, 603
Abrabanel, Isaac (1437–1508), 207, 217, 261, 741–742
Abrabanel, Judah Leon (d. 1535), 742
Abrabanel, Samuel (1473–1550), 742
absentee landlordism, 569
absolution, 22
absolutism, 255, 448, 571, 579, 718, 882, 924
abstractions, 247, 248
Abu-Abd-Allahi, “Az-Zaghral” (1480), 203
Abu-al-Fida (1273–1331), 689–690
Abu-al Hasan of Granada (1480), 202–203
Abu Sa’id (Timurid Sultan: 1452–69), 666, 676
Abulafia, Samuel (d. 1360), 200
Abyssinia, 192, 195
academy of scholars, 90
Acarnania, 179
Accusation, Act of (1529), 544
acrobats, 114
Acta Pauli, 924
Acuña, Antonio de (1520), 638
Adagiorum, Collectanea (Erasmus), 273–274, 275, 805
Adamites, sect, 72
Adashef, Alexis, 654, 656
Aden, 195
Adolf of Nassau (1462), 159, 331
Adoration of the Lamb, The (van Eyck), 131, 132*
Adret, Solomon ben Abraham ben (1235–1310), 742, 744, 745
Adrian VI, Pope (1522–23), 275–276, 285, 291, 357, 360, 380, 434, 440, 624, 625, 638, 918
quoted, 381, 433
Adrianople, 63, 179, 182, 186, 680
Adriatic, 178, 187
adulteration, 304
adultery, 70, 72, 112, 471, 474, 496, 529, 712, 762
Aegean, Turkish control, 299
Aeneas Sylvius, see Pius II
Aetolia, 179
Affonso IV, King of Portugal (1325–57), 191
Affonso V, King of Portugal (1438–81), 205, 259
Africa, 192, 193–194, 866
circumnavigability, 259, 260
Africa, Moslem, 203
Africa, West, 664
Africae, Descriptio (Leo Africanus), 864
age, expectation (1340), 39
Agenois, France, 68
Agincourt, battle of (1415), 70, 106
agnosticism, 3, 863
Agobard of Lyons, Saint (779–840), 232
Agricola, Alexander (1446?–1506), 771
Agricola, Georg (1494–1555), 752–753, 864;
quoted, 752, 864
De natura fossilium, 864;
De re metallica, 754, 864
Agricola, Rudolphus (1443–85), 129, 321
agriculture, 14, 38, 90, 269, 572
Agrippa, Henry Cornelius (1487–1535), 852–855, 876
quoted, 853, 854
Occult Philosophy, 853
On the Uncertainty of the Sciences, 854
Ahmad ibn Uways Jala’ir, Sultan (1382–93; 1405–9), 673
Ahmad Pasha (d. 1496), 682
Ahmedi of Sivas (c. 1334–1413), Alexander, Book of, 682
Aiguesmortes, 60
Ailly, Pierre d’ (1350–1420), 73, 240
Imago mundi, 259
Aix, Germany, 305
Aix-en-Provence, France, 76, 505, 508
Akhmet Khan (1480), 652, 653
Alama, Morocco, 202
Albania, 178, 179, 182, 187
Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor (1438–40), 152
Albert III, Duke of Saxony (1464–85), 339*
Albert of Saxony (1364), 241
Albertus Magnus (1193?–1280), 246, 255
Albigensians, 153, 216, 423
Albo, Joseph (d. 1444), Fundamental Principles, 746
Albrecht, Count of Hohenlohe (1525), 388
Albrecht (Albert), Duke of Prussia (1490–1568), 412, 439, 628
Albrecht Alcibiades (1522–57), 455
Albrecht of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz (1490–1545), 320, 327, 338, 341, 356, 389, 440
Albret, Henri d’ (1503–55), 498, 507
Albret, Jeanne d’ (1528–72), 498, 761
Albuquerque, Affonso de (1453–1515), 195, 707
Alcalá, Spain, University, 225, 228, 237
alchemy, 231, 234, 242, 877
Alcuin (735–804), 225
Aldine press, 784
Aleander, Jerome (1480–1542), 332, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362–363, 430, 431, 432, 444, 445, 897, 898
quoted, 359
Alençon, Charles, Duke of (1489–1525), 509
Alençon, French acquisition, 92
Aleppo, 673
Alexander III, Pope (1159–81), 6
Alexander V, anti-pope (1409–10), 9
Alexander VI, Pope (1492–1503), 13, 14, 19, 92, 94, 95, 124, 199, 213, 215, 219, 264, 332, 340, 416, 653, 722
Alexander, Great Prince of Lithuania (1500), 653
Alexander, Book of (Nizami), 682
Alexandria, Egypt, 676, 720
Alexandrovsk, Russia, 657, 658
Alexis, St., Metropolitan of Moscow (ft. 1354–70), 649
Alfonso V, King of Aragon (1385–1458), 93
Alfonso X, King of Castile and León (1252–84), 771
Alfonso XI, King of Castile (1312–50), 197, 200
Alfonso I, the Magnanimous, King of Naples (1443–58), 132
Algeria, 696, 720
Algiers, 696, 736
Ali-Shah (1312), 666
Aljubarrota, Portugal, 192
Allgemeine, commons, 293
Almagest (Ptolemy), 239
al-Malik al Nasiz (1381–99), 673, 676
Almanach perpetuum (Zacuto), 743
almanacs, astrological predictions, 850
Almería, Granada, 201
alphabet, French, 885
Alsace, 135, 294, 389, 392
Altas, Ribas (d. 1488), 217
Altdorfer, Albrecht (1480–1538), 833, 836
Battle of Arbela (Munich) 836
Rest on the Flight to Egypt (Berlin) 836
St. George (Munich), 836
Alva, Fernando Alvarez, Duke of (1508–1583). 453, 522, 923
Alvarado, Pedro de (1495?–1541), 865
Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy (1383–1451) see Felix V
Amadís da Gauia (Lobeira), 100, 192, 224–225, 905
Amazon river, 269
Amberger, Christopher (1500–61), 836
; Charles V (Lille Museum), 836
Portrait of a Man (Chicago). 836
Amboise, Charles d’ (1473), 97, 98
Amboise, Georges d’ (1460–1510), 95, 96, 97, 98
Amboise, 492
royal lodge, 97, 496
Amboise, School of, 98
Amen, Jakob, 401*
Àmerbach, Bonifacius (1496?–1562), 432
Amerbach, Hans (1444–1513), 159, 432
America: Declaration of Independence, 255;
discoveries, first history of, 225
discovery, 16, 194, 261–268, 332
America, South, see South America
America, Spanish, 216, 864, 924
Amiens, 59, 80, 91, 506
Cathedral, 79, 99
Amir Husein, 672
Amish Mennonites, 402*
amoralism, 322
Amours (Ronsard), 809
Amsdorf, Nicholas von (1483–1565), 393
Amsterdam, Holland, 144, 400, 475, 633, 736
Amurath, see Murad
amusements, 114, 198
Amyot, Jacques (1513–93), 499, 791, 805
Anabaptists, 229, 294, 370, 395–402, 410, 421, 423, 424, 435, 442, 445, 461, 480, 580, 584, 597, 600, 614, 633, 635, 786, 813
anarchism, 32, 170
Anatolia, 179, 181, 663
anatomy, 243
Ancona, Italy, 705
Ancrum Moor, Scotland, battle (1545), 577
Andalusia, 227
Andelot, François d’, 521
Andreae, Laurentius (1482–1552), 625
Andreae, Valentin (1586–1654), quoted, 476
Andrew III, King of Hungary (1290–1301), 184
Andronicus II (1260–1332), 175
Anet, France, Brézé mansion, 520
Angela, Saint (1470–1540), 900
Angelus, 90
Anghiera, Pietro Martire d’ see Peter Martyr
Anglican Articles of Religion, 787
Anglican Church, 547, 548, 579, 590
Anglo-Saxon, evolution into English, 45
Ango, Robert (1493), 96
Angoulême, duchy, 58, 93, 491
Angoumois, 68
Anhalt, Germany, 454, 478
Duke of Anhalt Rug, 702
animalium, Historia (Gesner), 868
animals, trials and executions, 72
Anjou, duchy, 58, 92, 491, 510
Anjou, Duke of, see Louis I
Ankara, Turkey, 181, 674
annates, 7, 11, 215, 546, 547, 561
Anne, wife of Ferdinand I (1521), 301
Anne de Pisselieu (1508–80), 492, 512, 520, 825
Anne of Beaujeu (1460–1522), 93, 98
Anne of pahemia, Queen of England (1382–94), 56, 163
Anne of Brittany, Queen of France (1491–1514), 93, 95, 491
Anne of Cleves (1515–57), 575
Anne of Vere, Lady, 272, 274
Antichrist, 34, 148, 164, 328, 345, 439, 471
anticlericalism, 30, 31, 32, 115, 153, 332, 345, 544, 556, 605
anti-Semitism, 198, 290, 422, 727
Antoine de Bourbon, 521
Antwerp, Belgium, 58, 136, 299, 475, 631–632, 633, 635, 754
Cathedral (1352–1474), 130, 136
St. Jacques Church, 136
town hall, 846
Apelles (4th century B.C.), 315
Apian, Peter (1501–52), 866–867
Apocalypse, 370, 396, 608
Apollonius of Perga (3rd Century B.C.), Conies, 849
Apologie pour Herodote (Étienne), 785
Apostolic Church, 169
Appeals, Statute of (1533), 547
Appenzell, Switzerland, 396, 403, 410
aqueduct, “Forty Arches,” 716
Aquinas, Thomas (1225–74), 241, 246, 247, 250, 254, 255, 745, 757, 929
Summa Theologica, 929
Arabia, 681
Aragon, 197, 205, 214, 215, 224
Arboga, Sweden, 146
Arch-Wisdom, The (Paracelsus), 876
Archeteles (Zwingli), 406
Archimedes (287?–212 B.C.), 848, 856
architects, German, 306
architecture: civil 79–80, 826, 846
domestic, 306
ecclesiastical, 79, 96, 154–155, 220–221, 236, 306, 649, 660, 822, 838
England, 118, 838–840
France, 822, 823–828
Germany, 835
Italian influence, 96–97
Moslem Persian, 685
mosques, 677, 684–686
Russian, 649–650, 660
Saracenic, 221
Spain, 220–221
Architecture, Treatise on (Delorme), 828
Architettura, Opere di (Serlio), 826
Arcimboldo, Giovanni, 627
Arctic, 652
Aretino, Pietro (1492–1556), 760, 893
Argentina, 865
Argyropoulos, Johannes (1416?-?1486), 123, 323
Arians, 584
Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 B.C.), 856, 860
Aristotelians, 176
Aristotelicae animadversiones (Ramus), 884
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), 117, 193, 226, 238, 241, 246, 247, 248, 370, 744, 745, 746, 867, 883–884
Arithmetica integra (Stifel), 855
Arkhangelsk, 655
Armagnac, France, 58
Armagnac party, 126
Armenia, 673
Armleder, peasants, 730
armor, 688
arms equipment, Ï82, 709
army, first standing, in Europe (1439), 88
Arneys, Antoine, 482
Arnold of Brescia (1100?-1155), 25
Arnouillet, Balthasar (1553), 481
Arran, James Stewart, Earl of (id. 1596), 606
Arras, Flanders, 92, 96, 136, 233
arrows, 671
art: Asiatic Islam, 684–688
baroque, 932
Burgundy, 130–134
Byzantine, 176–177, 183
Catholicism, 894–895
Chinese, 687
Church function, 6, 18, 80
France, 78–81, 96–99, 822
Germany, 154–156, 306–311
Gothic, 821
Greece, 177
Hebraeo-Moorish, 200
hieratic style, 177
Hungary, 184, 189
Italian influence, 80, 98, 137
Italy, 313
Lowlands, 136–142, 831
Moorish influence, 222
Moslem, 677, 820
Persia, 700
Poland, 173–174
Portugal, 192, 195–196
pre-Christian, 16
realistic, 156
Serbian, 179
Spain, 220–224, 845
art crafts, Germany, 835
Artevelde, Jacob van (1290?-1345), 62–63
arthritis, gold cure, 231
Arthur, son of Henry VII (1487–1502), 535
artillery, 63
artists, German, 306
Artois, 58, 92, 93, 126, 510
Arundel, Richard, Earl of (1346–97), 56, 57
Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop (1353–1414), 115, 533
asceticism, 199
Ascham, Roger (1515–68), 761
Asher, Jakob ben (1270–1349), 738–739
Asia, 676, 865–866
Asia Minor, 181, 663, 673, 678, 710
Aske, Richard, 566
Askew, Anne, 577
Assertion of the Seven Sacraments against
Martin Luther (Henry VIII), 532
Astorga, Spain, 221
Astrakhan, Russia, 655, 660, 673
astrology, 73–74, 230–231, 234, 239, 240, 255, 420, 477, 850–851
astronomical physics, 241
astronomical tables, 743
astronomy, 230, 238, 239, 240, 241, 420, 676, 689, 743, 744, 855
Copernican, 849
geocentric, 856, 863
heliocentric. 856–857, 862, 863
atheism, 328, 371, 395, 881, 939
; Athens, Greece, 177, 186
Atlansee, publishers, 427
Atlantic ocean, no, 240, 259, 299, 867
Auch, France, 60, 99
Audit, French Bureau of, 238
Audley, Thomas (1488–1544), 547
Augenspiegel (Reuchlin), 324
Augmentations, Court of, 564
Augsburg, Germany, 144, 156, 159, 269, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 397, 381, 412, 424, 439, 454, 787
Confession (1530), 424, 443, 446, 456
Diet (1525), 3921 (1530), 442
(1547), 455
(1555), 456
Fugger chapel, 306
Fuggerei, 296*
Recess (1530), 444
Augustine, St. (354–430), 246, 375, 465
Augustinians, 19, 275, 329, 633
Eremites, 329, 343, 344, 899
Wittenberg Congregation disbanded, 366
Augustus, Elector of Saxony (1553–86), 456
Aunis, 68
auricular confession, 35, 37, 376, 376*
Austerlitz, 398
Austin Canons, 899
Austria, 143, 147, 148, 188, 389, 706
German empire, separation, 300
peasant revolt (1525–26), 392
Swiss Catholic cantons alliance, 411
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 188
authors, payment, 157
auto-da-fé, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 640
autos, acts, 195, 815, 817
Auvergne, France, 58
Auxerre, France, cathedral (1335), 79
Avalos, Costanza d’ (1520), 893
Avalos, Fernando, Marquis of Pescara (1489–1525), 508
Averroës, ibn Rushd (1126–98), 249, 255, 744, 745
Averroistic skepticism, 252
Avicenna (980–1037), 873
Kanun, 869
Avignon, France, Holy See, 6, 8, 148, 149, 332
Ávila, Spain, church of Santo Tomás, 846
Axiomata Erasmi (Erasmus), 430
Ayesha, Sultana, 202
Azerbaijan, 672, 673, 698, 700
Azores, 193, 263
Aztec Empire, 865
Baalbeck, 673
Babur, Zahir ud-Din Muhammad (1483–1530; emperor of India 1526–30), 676
Babylonian Captivity of the Church, The (Luther), 359
Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685–1750), 772, 778
Backoffen, Hans (c. 1465–1519), 306
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), 45, 108, 251, 713, 838, 869, 915, 939
Bacon, Roger (1214?-94), 251
Badby, John (1410), 116
Baden, Germany, 392, 478
Baden-Baden, Germany, 302
Badia, Tommaso, 897
Baghdad, 663, 664, 673, 698, 700, 713
Baïf, Antoine de (1532–89), 808
Bainham, James (d. 1532), 549
Baisunkur Mirza, 687
Bajazet I, Sultar (1380–1402), 180-181, 185, 673, 674, 680, 712
quoted, 679
Bajazet II, Sultan (1481–1512), 680–681, 682, 686, 736
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de (1475–1517), 269
Baleares, 197, 216
Balkans, 178–181, 182, 183, 186, 679, 680, 709
