The Reformation

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The Reformation Page 144

by Will Durant


  27. Robertson, Freethought, I, 456-7.

  28. Pastor, XII, 503.

  29. Ranke, I, 159.

  30. Pastor, XII, 508.

  31. XIV, 286.

  32. ibid., 300

  33. Ibid

  34. 414 f.; Ranke, I, 235.

  35. Ibid., 245n.

  36. Admitted by Janelle, 78.

  37. Ibid., 71.

  38. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 664, 678

  39. Sarton, II-2, 916.

  40. Ranke, I, 153; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 667; Froude, Edward VI, 9 f.

  41. Ranke, I, 155; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 668.

  42. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 518.

  43. Froude, Council of Trent, 283.

  44. Pastor, XIII, 116.

  45. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 675; Ranke, I, 252.

  46. Ibid., 251.

  47. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 680.

  48. Session XXV; Cath. En., VII, 787.

  49. For Italy cf. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, I, 234, 333; for Spain, Lea, Auricular Confession, II, 426.

  50. Lecroix, Prostitution, II, 1156.

  51. Figgis, From Gerson to Grotius, 43; Robertson, Charles V, II, 515-6, Taine, Italy: Rome and Naples, 240.

  Index

  Dates are of birth and death except for kings and popes, where they are of the reign. A single date indicates a floruit. A footnote is indicated by an asterisk. Italicized page numbers indicate principal treatment.

  Aachen, Germany, 144, 156

  cathedral, 154

  Abaqa, Khan (1265), 664

  Abbate, Niccolo dell’ (c. 1512–71), 823, 826, 829

  Abbeville, France, 58

  church of St. Wulfram (1480), 96

  Abd-er-Rahman, Sa’di (1596–1656), 695

  Abélard, Peter (1079–1142), 5, 246, 250

  Aberdeen, Scotland, university, 236, 603

  Abrabanel, Isaac (1437–1508), 207, 217, 261, 741–742

  Abrabanel, Judah Leon (d. 1535), 742

  Abrabanel, Samuel (1473–1550), 742

  absentee landlordism, 569

  absolution, 22

  absolutism, 255, 448, 571, 579, 718, 882, 924

  abstractions, 247, 248

  Abu-Abd-Allahi, “Az-Zaghral” (1480), 203

  Abu-al-Fida (1273–1331), 689–690

  Abu-al Hasan of Granada (1480), 202–203

  Abu Sa’id (Timurid Sultan: 1452–69), 666, 676

  Abulafia, Samuel (d. 1360), 200

  Abyssinia, 192, 195

  academy of scholars, 90

  Acarnania, 179

  Accusation, Act of (1529), 544

  acrobats, 114

  Acta Pauli, 924

  Acuña, Antonio de (1520), 638

  Adagiorum, Collectanea (Erasmus), 273–274, 275, 805

  Adamites, sect, 72

  Adashef, Alexis, 654, 656

  Aden, 195

  Adolf of Nassau (1462), 159, 331

  Adoration of the Lamb, The (van Eyck), 131, 132*

  Adret, Solomon ben Abraham ben (1235–1310), 742, 744, 745

  Adrian VI, Pope (1522–23), 275–276, 285, 291, 357, 360, 380, 434, 440, 624, 625, 638, 918

  quoted, 381, 433

  Adrianople, 63, 179, 182, 186, 680

  Adriatic, 178, 187

  adulteration, 304

  adultery, 70, 72, 112, 471, 474, 496, 529, 712, 762

  Aegean, Turkish control, 299

  Aeneas Sylvius, see Pius II

  Aetolia, 179

  Affonso IV, King of Portugal (1325–57), 191

  Affonso V, King of Portugal (1438–81), 205, 259

  Africa, 192, 193–194, 866

  circumnavigability, 259, 260

  Africa, Moslem, 203

  Africa, West, 664

  Africae, Descriptio (Leo Africanus), 864

  age, expectation (1340), 39

  Agenois, France, 68

  Agincourt, battle of (1415), 70, 106

  agnosticism, 3, 863

  Agobard of Lyons, Saint (779–840), 232

  Agricola, Alexander (1446?–1506), 771

  Agricola, Georg (1494–1555), 752–753, 864;

  quoted, 752, 864

  De natura fossilium, 864;

  De re metallica, 754, 864

  Agricola, Rudolphus (1443–85), 129, 321

  agriculture, 14, 38, 90, 269, 572

  Agrippa, Henry Cornelius (1487–1535), 852–855, 876

  quoted, 853, 854

  Occult Philosophy, 853

  On the Uncertainty of the Sciences, 854

  Ahmad ibn Uways Jala’ir, Sultan (1382–93; 1405–9), 673

  Ahmad Pasha (d. 1496), 682

  Ahmedi of Sivas (c. 1334–1413), Alexander, Book of, 682

  Aiguesmortes, 60

  Ailly, Pierre d’ (1350–1420), 73, 240

  Imago mundi, 259

  Aix, Germany, 305

  Aix-en-Provence, France, 76, 505, 508

  Akhmet Khan (1480), 652, 653

  Alama, Morocco, 202

  Albania, 178, 179, 182, 187

  Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor (1438–40), 152

  Albert III, Duke of Saxony (1464–85), 339*

  Albert of Saxony (1364), 241

  Albertus Magnus (1193?–1280), 246, 255

  Albigensians, 153, 216, 423

  Albo, Joseph (d. 1444), Fundamental Principles, 746

  Albrecht, Count of Hohenlohe (1525), 388

  Albrecht (Albert), Duke of Prussia (1490–1568), 412, 439, 628

  Albrecht Alcibiades (1522–57), 455

  Albrecht of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz (1490–1545), 320, 327, 338, 341, 356, 389, 440

  Albret, Henri d’ (1503–55), 498, 507

  Albret, Jeanne d’ (1528–72), 498, 761

  Albuquerque, Affonso de (1453–1515), 195, 707

  Alcalá, Spain, University, 225, 228, 237

  alchemy, 231, 234, 242, 877

  Alcuin (735–804), 225

  Aldine press, 784

  Aleander, Jerome (1480–1542), 332, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362–363, 430, 431, 432, 444, 445, 897, 898

  quoted, 359

  Alençon, Charles, Duke of (1489–1525), 509

  Alençon, French acquisition, 92

  Aleppo, 673

  Alexander III, Pope (1159–81), 6

  Alexander V, anti-pope (1409–10), 9

  Alexander VI, Pope (1492–1503), 13, 14, 19, 92, 94, 95, 124, 199, 213, 215, 219, 264, 332, 340, 416, 653, 722

  Alexander, Great Prince of Lithuania (1500), 653

  Alexander, Book of (Nizami), 682

  Alexandria, Egypt, 676, 720

  Alexandrovsk, Russia, 657, 658

  Alexis, St., Metropolitan of Moscow (ft. 1354–70), 649

  Alfonso V, King of Aragon (1385–1458), 93

  Alfonso X, King of Castile and León (1252–84), 771

  Alfonso XI, King of Castile (1312–50), 197, 200

  Alfonso I, the Magnanimous, King of Naples (1443–58), 132

  Algeria, 696, 720

  Algiers, 696, 736

  Ali-Shah (1312), 666

  Aljubarrota, Portugal, 192

  Allgemeine, commons, 293

  Almagest (Ptolemy), 239

  al-Malik al Nasiz (1381–99), 673, 676

  Almanach perpetuum (Zacuto), 743

  almanacs, astrological predictions, 850

  Almería, Granada, 201

  alphabet, French, 885

  Alsace, 135, 294, 389, 392

  Altas, Ribas (d. 1488), 217

  Altdorfer, Albrecht (1480–1538), 833, 836

  Battle of Arbela (Munich) 836

  Rest on the Flight to Egypt (Berlin) 836

  St. George (Munich), 836

  Alva, Fernando Alvarez, Duke of (1508–1583). 453, 522, 923

  Alvarado, Pedro de (1495?–1541), 865

  Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy (1383–1451) see Felix V

  Amadís da Gauia (Lobeira), 100, 192, 224–225, 905

  Amazon river, 269

  Amberger, Christopher (1500–61), 836

 
; Charles V (Lille Museum), 836

  Portrait of a Man (Chicago). 836

  Amboise, Charles d’ (1473), 97, 98

  Amboise, Georges d’ (1460–1510), 95, 96, 97, 98

  Amboise, 492

  royal lodge, 97, 496

  Amboise, School of, 98

  Amen, Jakob, 401*

  Àmerbach, Bonifacius (1496?–1562), 432

  Amerbach, Hans (1444–1513), 159, 432

  America: Declaration of Independence, 255;

  discoveries, first history of, 225

  discovery, 16, 194, 261–268, 332

  America, South, see South America

  America, Spanish, 216, 864, 924

  Amiens, 59, 80, 91, 506

  Cathedral, 79, 99

  Amir Husein, 672

  Amish Mennonites, 402*

  amoralism, 322

  Amours (Ronsard), 809

  Amsdorf, Nicholas von (1483–1565), 393

  Amsterdam, Holland, 144, 400, 475, 633, 736

  Amurath, see Murad

  amusements, 114, 198

  Amyot, Jacques (1513–93), 499, 791, 805

  Anabaptists, 229, 294, 370, 395–402, 410, 421, 423, 424, 435, 442, 445, 461, 480, 580, 584, 597, 600, 614, 633, 635, 786, 813

  anarchism, 32, 170

  Anatolia, 179, 181, 663

  anatomy, 243

  Ancona, Italy, 705

  Ancrum Moor, Scotland, battle (1545), 577

  Andalusia, 227

  Andelot, François d’, 521

  Andreae, Laurentius (1482–1552), 625

  Andreae, Valentin (1586–1654), quoted, 476

  Andrew III, King of Hungary (1290–1301), 184

  Andronicus II (1260–1332), 175

  Anet, France, Brézé mansion, 520

  Angela, Saint (1470–1540), 900

  Angelus, 90

  Anghiera, Pietro Martire d’ see Peter Martyr

  Anglican Articles of Religion, 787

  Anglican Church, 547, 548, 579, 590

  Anglo-Saxon, evolution into English, 45

  Ango, Robert (1493), 96

  Angoulême, duchy, 58, 93, 491

  Angoumois, 68

  Anhalt, Germany, 454, 478

  Duke of Anhalt Rug, 702

  animalium, Historia (Gesner), 868

  animals, trials and executions, 72

  Anjou, duchy, 58, 92, 491, 510

  Anjou, Duke of, see Louis I

  Ankara, Turkey, 181, 674

  annates, 7, 11, 215, 546, 547, 561

  Anne, wife of Ferdinand I (1521), 301

  Anne de Pisselieu (1508–80), 492, 512, 520, 825

  Anne of Beaujeu (1460–1522), 93, 98

  Anne of pahemia, Queen of England (1382–94), 56, 163

  Anne of Brittany, Queen of France (1491–1514), 93, 95, 491

  Anne of Cleves (1515–57), 575

  Anne of Vere, Lady, 272, 274

  Antichrist, 34, 148, 164, 328, 345, 439, 471

  anticlericalism, 30, 31, 32, 115, 153, 332, 345, 544, 556, 605

  anti-Semitism, 198, 290, 422, 727

  Antoine de Bourbon, 521

  Antwerp, Belgium, 58, 136, 299, 475, 631–632, 633, 635, 754

  Cathedral (1352–1474), 130, 136

  St. Jacques Church, 136

  town hall, 846

  Apelles (4th century B.C.), 315

  Apian, Peter (1501–52), 866–867

  Apocalypse, 370, 396, 608

  Apollonius of Perga (3rd Century B.C.), Conies, 849

  Apologie pour Herodote (Étienne), 785

  Apostolic Church, 169

  Appeals, Statute of (1533), 547

  Appenzell, Switzerland, 396, 403, 410

  aqueduct, “Forty Arches,” 716

  Aquinas, Thomas (1225–74), 241, 246, 247, 250, 254, 255, 745, 757, 929

  Summa Theologica, 929

  Arabia, 681

  Aragon, 197, 205, 214, 215, 224

  Arboga, Sweden, 146

  Arch-Wisdom, The (Paracelsus), 876

  Archeteles (Zwingli), 406

  Archimedes (287?–212 B.C.), 848, 856

  architects, German, 306

  architecture: civil 79–80, 826, 846

  domestic, 306

  ecclesiastical, 79, 96, 154–155, 220–221, 236, 306, 649, 660, 822, 838

  England, 118, 838–840

  France, 822, 823–828

  Germany, 835

  Italian influence, 96–97

  Moslem Persian, 685

  mosques, 677, 684–686

  Russian, 649–650, 660

  Saracenic, 221

  Spain, 220–221

  Architecture, Treatise on (Delorme), 828

  Architettura, Opere di (Serlio), 826

  Arcimboldo, Giovanni, 627

  Arctic, 652

  Aretino, Pietro (1492–1556), 760, 893

  Argentina, 865

  Argyropoulos, Johannes (1416?-?1486), 123, 323

  Arians, 584

  Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 B.C.), 856, 860

  Aristotelians, 176

  Aristotelicae animadversiones (Ramus), 884

  Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), 117, 193, 226, 238, 241, 246, 247, 248, 370, 744, 745, 746, 867, 883–884

  Arithmetica integra (Stifel), 855

  Arkhangelsk, 655

  Armagnac, France, 58

  Armagnac party, 126

  Armenia, 673

  Armleder, peasants, 730

  armor, 688

  arms equipment, Ï82, 709

  army, first standing, in Europe (1439), 88

  Arneys, Antoine, 482

  Arnold of Brescia (1100?-1155), 25

  Arnouillet, Balthasar (1553), 481

  Arran, James Stewart, Earl of (id. 1596), 606

  Arras, Flanders, 92, 96, 136, 233

  arrows, 671

  art: Asiatic Islam, 684–688

  baroque, 932

  Burgundy, 130–134

  Byzantine, 176–177, 183

  Catholicism, 894–895

  Chinese, 687

  Church function, 6, 18, 80

  France, 78–81, 96–99, 822

  Germany, 154–156, 306–311

  Gothic, 821

  Greece, 177

  Hebraeo-Moorish, 200

  hieratic style, 177

  Hungary, 184, 189

  Italian influence, 80, 98, 137

  Italy, 313

  Lowlands, 136–142, 831

  Moorish influence, 222

  Moslem, 677, 820

  Persia, 700

  Poland, 173–174

  Portugal, 192, 195–196

  pre-Christian, 16

  realistic, 156

  Serbian, 179

  Spain, 220–224, 845

  art crafts, Germany, 835

  Artevelde, Jacob van (1290?-1345), 62–63

  arthritis, gold cure, 231

  Arthur, son of Henry VII (1487–1502), 535

  artillery, 63

  artists, German, 306

  Artois, 58, 92, 93, 126, 510

  Arundel, Richard, Earl of (1346–97), 56, 57

  Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop (1353–1414), 115, 533

  asceticism, 199

  Ascham, Roger (1515–68), 761

  Asher, Jakob ben (1270–1349), 738–739

  Asia, 676, 865–866

  Asia Minor, 181, 663, 673, 678, 710

  Aske, Richard, 566

  Askew, Anne, 577

  Assertion of the Seven Sacraments against

  Martin Luther (Henry VIII), 532

  Astorga, Spain, 221

  Astrakhan, Russia, 655, 660, 673

  astrology, 73–74, 230–231, 234, 239, 240, 255, 420, 477, 850–851

  astronomical physics, 241

  astronomical tables, 743

  astronomy, 230, 238, 239, 240, 241, 420, 676, 689, 743, 744, 855

  Copernican, 849

  geocentric, 856, 863

  heliocentric. 856–857, 862, 863

  atheism, 328, 371, 395, 881, 939

 
; Athens, Greece, 177, 186

  Atlansee, publishers, 427

  Atlantic ocean, no, 240, 259, 299, 867

  Auch, France, 60, 99

  Audit, French Bureau of, 238

  Audley, Thomas (1488–1544), 547

  Augenspiegel (Reuchlin), 324

  Augmentations, Court of, 564

  Augsburg, Germany, 144, 156, 159, 269, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 397, 381, 412, 424, 439, 454, 787

  Confession (1530), 424, 443, 446, 456

  Diet (1525), 3921 (1530), 442

  (1547), 455

  (1555), 456

  Fugger chapel, 306

  Fuggerei, 296*

  Recess (1530), 444

  Augustine, St. (354–430), 246, 375, 465

  Augustinians, 19, 275, 329, 633

  Eremites, 329, 343, 344, 899

  Wittenberg Congregation disbanded, 366

  Augustus, Elector of Saxony (1553–86), 456

  Aunis, 68

  auricular confession, 35, 37, 376, 376*

  Austerlitz, 398

  Austin Canons, 899

  Austria, 143, 147, 148, 188, 389, 706

  German empire, separation, 300

  peasant revolt (1525–26), 392

  Swiss Catholic cantons alliance, 411

  Austro-Hungarian Empire, 188

  authors, payment, 157

  auto-da-fé, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 640

  autos, acts, 195, 815, 817

  Auvergne, France, 58

  Auxerre, France, cathedral (1335), 79

  Avalos, Costanza d’ (1520), 893

  Avalos, Fernando, Marquis of Pescara (1489–1525), 508

  Averroës, ibn Rushd (1126–98), 249, 255, 744, 745

  Averroistic skepticism, 252

  Avicenna (980–1037), 873

  Kanun, 869

  Avignon, France, Holy See, 6, 8, 148, 149, 332

  Ávila, Spain, church of Santo Tomás, 846

  Axiomata Erasmi (Erasmus), 430

  Ayesha, Sultana, 202

  Azerbaijan, 672, 673, 698, 700

  Azores, 193, 263

  Aztec Empire, 865

  Baalbeck, 673

  Babur, Zahir ud-Din Muhammad (1483–1530; emperor of India 1526–30), 676

  Babylonian Captivity of the Church, The (Luther), 359

  Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685–1750), 772, 778

  Backoffen, Hans (c. 1465–1519), 306

  Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), 45, 108, 251, 713, 838, 869, 915, 939

  Bacon, Roger (1214?-94), 251

  Badby, John (1410), 116

  Baden, Germany, 392, 478

  Baden-Baden, Germany, 302

  Badia, Tommaso, 897

  Baghdad, 663, 664, 673, 698, 700, 713

  Baïf, Antoine de (1532–89), 808

  Bainham, James (d. 1532), 549

  Baisunkur Mirza, 687

  Bajazet I, Sultar (1380–1402), 180-181, 185, 673, 674, 680, 712

  quoted, 679

  Bajazet II, Sultan (1481–1512), 680–681, 682, 686, 736

  Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de (1475–1517), 269

  Baleares, 197, 216

  Balkans, 178–181, 182, 183, 186, 679, 680, 709

 

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