Acknowledgements
Research on this book began in April 2006, when I set off with my wife Maria for the Firth of Clyde on the first of successive expeditions to explore the site of a vanished kingdom. For the next five years we shared the ardours and pleasures of an enterprise in which I was the pen-pusher cum designer and she the undisputed chef des idées and manager of life-support systems. Once again, Roger Moorhouse provided sterling assistance as picture-researcher, map-drawer and adviser in matters German. Katarzyna Pisarska has served throughout as my virtual PA, skimming over all obstacles whether in Harvard, Uzbekistan or Nepal. I acknowledge my debt to several institutions, including the Fundacja Nauki Polski and Carta Blanca S.A. in Warsaw, the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Clare Hall and Peterhouse, Cambridge, and St Antony’s College, Oxford; and I wish to express my special gratitude to numerous individual contributors. Almost every chapter has been read and improved by consultants of the highest calibre, whose comments calmed doubts and fears while leaving ultimate responsibility with the author. The long list of names is headed by that of my late friend and colleague Rees Davies, who was in at the start and who was followed by Jorg Hensgen, Peter Heather, James Campbell, Conrad Leyser, David Abulafia, Robert Frost, Robert Evans, Philip Mansel, Noel Malcolm, Roy Foster, Geoffrey Hosking, Margus Laidre and Chris Clark, who proved particularly generous. Additional advice was kindly supplied by Alexandra Loewe, Alba and Andrea Skidmore, and Thomas Charles-Edwards. The digitalized text was beautifully produced from a large manuscript by Gosia Figwer, Malgorzata Ciszewska and the late Miranda Long, ably supplemented by Heather and Sebastian Godwin and Hazel Dunn. Professional editorial work was undertaken by David Milner, Charlotte Ridings and Elizabeth Stratford. The project was launched by Will Sulkin, who gave valuable early support, but came to fruition through the combined efforts of my irreplaceable agent, David Godwin, and of my literary adviser, fellow Boltonian and publishing director of Allen Lane, the indefatigable Stuart Proffitt.
Index
Page references in italic indicate maps or figures, which can also be found listed in full at the front of the book.
Aachen 122
Aberlemno Stone 60–61
Abernethy, Treaty of 75
Académie Florimontane 407
Acallan na Senórach (‘Old Men’s Colloquy’) 78–9
Acton, Sir Harold 499
Adalbert of Prussia, St (Vojtech of Prague) 337
Adamnan 53, 57
Adams, Gerry 672–3, 677, 678, 681
Adelheid (St Adelaide) 117, 118
Aderydd (Arhuret) 59
Aedan macGabrain 53, 56
Aeron (Ayrshire) 49, 62
Aetius, Flavius 21, 93, 94
Aftanazy, Roman 306
Agaunum (St Maurice-en-Valais), abbey of 99
Agde, General Church Council of 19
Agnon, S. Y. 478
Ahern, Bertie 673, 676
Aidan, St 60
Ailamae 718
Aix-en-Provence 118, 217
Aix-les-Bains 415, 417
Alaborg 243
Åland Isles 617
Alans 17, 18, 31
Alaric I 16–17, 31
Alaric II 18, 24–5, 26, 30, 31
Alaric, Montagne d’ 27
Alauna 46, 47
Alba 66, 70–71, 72, 74, 75–6
Alban, St 46
Albania 197, 587, 597, 601, 617
Albert I of Belgium 600
Albert II of Monaco 637
Albert, prince 543–9, 551–9, 573, 637
timetable he prepared for himself, aged fourteen 547, 548
Albert the Bear 344
Albigensian Crusade 125, 179
Albon, counts of 118, 127
Albrecht Friedrich von Hohenzollern 355
Albrecht von Habsburg 478
Albrecht von Hohenzollern 341, 351, 352, 353–4
Alcañiz, fortress 184
Alcluith 39, 64
Alclut 69
Aleksandar, crown prince of Serbia 593, 601, 606, 612
Aleksandar I Obrenović 589–90
Alemanni 24
Alessandria 414
Alexander I, tsar 293, 334, 699
Alexander II, ‘Tsar Liberator’ 294, 297
Alexander VI, Roderic Llançol de Borja 215, 218
Alexander of Teck, 1st earl of Athlone 566, 569
Alexandria, Egypt 401, 435
museum 481
Alexandria, Vale of Leven 37
Alfons de Borja, Pope Callistus III 215
Alfonso I El Batallado 169, 170
Alfonso II of Aragon and I of Barcelona 171
Alfonso II of Naples 214
Alfonso V the Magnanimous, of Aragon 210, 211–12, 213–14
Alfonso VII of Castile 175
Alfonso of Aragon, Infante Alfonso 201–2
Alfonso of Aragon, son of Fernando I 209
Alfred, duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 562, 563
Alfred, hereditary prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 562
Alfred of Wessex, king 68
Alfred the Great 89
Alghero 202
Algierdas 252, 254
Alicante 189
Alice, countess of Athlone 566, 569
Aljaferia Castle 169, 184
Allenstein 342
Allobroges 414
Alt Clud, Kingdom of the Rock 42–83
5th century 49–52
6th century 52–57
7th century 57–62
8th to 9th centuries 62–72
10th century 72–5
11th century 75–7
12th century 77–80
Amadeo, ‘duke of Aosta’ 432–3
Amadeus VI, the Green Count 404
Amadeus VII, the Red Count 404
Amadeus VIII (Felix V) 406
Amalfings 18
Amalric 26
Amanieu de Sescars, il dieu d’amor 172
Ambaciensis (Amboise) 24
Amber Room (Bernsteinzimmer) 383, 386n
Amfilohije, Archbishop 614
Amiens, Treaty of 507, 517
Anatolia 196, 319
Ancient Order of Hibernians 644
Ancillon, Charles 365
Andemantunnum (Langres) 95
Andorra 159–60
Andreas von Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 571
Andrew, St 66
Angevins, relations with Aragon 174, 192–3, 195, 197, 211
Angles 53, 56, 57–60, 62, 64
Anglo-Irish Bank 677
Anglo-Irish Treaty 655–7, 661–2, 737
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 66, 73–4
Anglo-Saxons 42, 44, 738
see also Angles
Anna of Prussia 355
Annales Cambriae 52
Annecy 118, 407–8, 436
Anselm von Meisser 342–3
Ansip, Andrus 692
Ansky, Semyon 464–5
Antoinette-Marie of Württemberg 547
Antonine Wall 46, 48, 64
Aquitania/Aquitaine 17, 18–20, 24, 27, 30
Arago, François 154
Aragon, empire 161–227, 166, 178, 192, 735
and the Angevins 174, 192–3, 195, 197, 211
Aragonese language 171
and the Balearic Islands 185, 187–9, 197–200, 202–3, 226
and Castile 163, 165, 166, 169, 170–71, 175, 189, 204–5, 207–10, 211, 215–17, 217, 218–19, 220, 223
and the Catalans 166, 171, 174–5, 177, 189, 196, 199, 200, 202, 206–7, 210, 217–18, 222–7, 736
and the Church 169, 181–3, 184
coronation ceremonies 182–3
and Corsica 197, 201, 210
Crown of Aragon 176, 177, 180, 183–4, 190, 195, 206–7, 209–10, 217–18, 221–7, 736
General Privilege 191
and Gozo 196
and Greece 191, 196, 199
House of Ramiro 164–5, 165
and Jaime I 185–6, 187–9, 197
and the Jews 183–4<
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and Mallorca 187–8, 197–200, 202–3, 226
and Malta 191, 195–6
and Menorca 188–9, 199
and Montpellier 179–81, 184, 202–3
and Naples 184, 193, 197, 210–14, 211–13, 216–18
navy 205
origins of the kingdom 161–4, 165, 166
and Pedro IV 174, 202–7
Privilege of Union 203
and the Pyrenees 156–60
and the Reconquista 164, 166–9, 173, 181, 183, 184
and Rosselló 177–9, 200, 222
and Sardinia 197, 201–2, 206, 220
and Sicily 191–5, 197, 206, 212, 220
and Teruel 190–91
House of Trastámara 207, 208, 210, 216
Union of Liberties 191, 203
union with Barcelona 170–71, 174–6; see also Barcelona
and Valencia 176, 189–90
Aragon, river 161
Aranjuez, Treaty of 509
Arborea 201, 206
Arcola, Battle of 501
Arelate (Arles) 20, 109
Argyll 37n, 53, 65, 66
Arianism 16, 20, 30, 93, 98–9
Ariège 157
Aristotle 729
Aristra, Inigo 155
Arius of Alexandria 16n
Arles 104, 116, 119, 122
Arelate 20, 109
Kingdom of (Kingdom of the Two Burgundies) 115–19, 116
Armagnacs 131
Armenia 722
Armenian Church 463
Arnau de Grub, St 182
Arnaut Catalan 172
Arpitan 120
Arpitania 121
Art, son of Conn 47
Arthgal, king 69–70
Arthur, duke of Connaught 562
Arthur, king 54
Arthur, prince, of Connaught and Strathearn 562, 563
Arthurian legend 54–55, 56
Arvernis (Clermont) 20
Asad, Muhammad (Leopold Weiss) 478
Ascania, House of 344
Ascendancy, Protestant 650, 660, 667, 679
Asimov, Isaac 632–3
Aster, Operation 714
Asti 407
Asymmetric Threats Contingency Alliance (ATCA) 697
Ataulf, the ‘Noble Wolf’ 17–18
ATCA (Asymmetric Threats Contingency Alliance) 697
Athanasius of Brest, St 277
Athelstan 72, 73, 74
Athens 196
Atholl 65
Atlakvida 94
Attila (Atli) 94, 103
Auberge d’Aragon 220
Auerstadt 521
Augsberger, Franz 713
August II the Strong 283, 364
August III 283, 284
August Wilhelm of Prussia 568
Augustine of Hippo, St 730
Augustodunum (Autun) 95
Augustus Caesar 314
Aukštota 248
Aurausion (Orange) 125
Auschwitz 478, 479
Austerlitz 521
Austria/Austrians
and France 451–2, 500–501, 505, 508–9, 516
and Galicia 289, 292, 295, 449–50, 451–3, 455–6, 470, 473–5, 474; see also Galicia
Habsburgs see Habsburgs
and Italy 425, 500–501
and Montenegro 597–9
and Napoleon I 500–501
and Poland 286
and Serbia 597–9
Vienna see Vienna/Viennese
Austria-Hungary 470, 472
Carpatho-Ukraine see Carpatho-Ukraine
collapse of Empire 599, 600, 733–4; Treaty of St Germain 625
Austrian Netherlands 141
Avenio (Avignon) 95
Avignon 104, 125, 128, 153, 205
Aouenion 95
Avitus, Eparchius 22
Avitus of Vienne 99
Azerbaijan 233, 722, 731
Azkenazy, Szymon 465
Babylon, Fall of 730
Bacciochi Levoy, Elisa Napoleone 534
Bacciochi Levoy, Maria-Anna (‘Elisa’) Bonaparte 500, 520–21, 523, 524, 527, 529
Bacciochi Levoy, Pasquale/Félix 520–21
Bağiş 313
Bagration, Operation 302
Bakiyev, Kurmanbek Saliyevich 235
Bakunin, Mikhail 730
Bałaban, Meir 465–6
Balearic islands 185, 187–9, 197–200, 202–3, 226
Balkans 214, 314, 383
Balkan Wars 594–5
Montenegro see Montenegro/Tsernagora
Balmoral 83
Baltic Appeal (1979) 720
Baltic/Balts 240–42, 244, 245, 618, 702
‘Baltic Chain’ 723
and the birth of the Grand Duchy of Litva 248–9
deportations under Soviet Great Terror 715
Estonia see Estonia
inter-war Baltic States 707
Latvia see Latvia/Latvians
Lithuania see Litva/Lithuania
and the Mongol Horde 248, 251, 252, 260, 338
Prussia see Prussia/Borussia and the Prussians
Soviet 1940 takeover of the Baltic States 301–2, 618, 710–12, 737
and the Teutonic Knights 248, 252, 253, 259
World War II 710
Baltic Tobacco Factory (BTF) 330
Baltiysk 334, 335
Bamburgh Castle 53, 56
Banach, Stefan 477–8
Bandera, Stepan 478
Baou, lords of (Les Baux) 119, 125
Bar, Montenegro 580
Barbarossa, Operation 301–2, 382, 479, 710
Barbarus, Johannes Vares 714, 717
Barbastro 166–7
Barcelona 160, 162, 170, 171, 173, 175, 183, 185–6, 200, 203, 222, 223, 224
Church Council of 181
Disputation of 184
House of 163n
union with Aragon 170–71, 174–6
university 184
Usatges de Barcelona 174
Barretinas, Revolt of the 222
Bartians 338
Basle, Council of 215
Batory, Stefan 278–9
Batowski, Henryk 7
The Battle of Brunanburh 73
Battle of the Nations, Leipzig 529
Baussenque Wars 119
Baux, counts/lords of 119, 125
Bavarian Geographer (Geographus Bavarius) 337
Beatrice, princess 558
Beatrice I, countess of Burgundy 122
Béatrice de Provence 174
Beauharnais, Eugéne de 413, 521, 523, 535
Beauharnais, Joséphine de 501
Beaune 137
Beckwith, John 416
Bede 39, 42, 52, 53, 60, 64
Behan, Dominic 666
Beinnie Britt 47
Belarus/Byelorussia 231–9, 232, 249, 291, 301, 302, 303, 703; see also White Ruthenia
Byelorussian National Republic (BNR) 233, 301, 738
Lukashenkism 233–5
and the Wikileaks scandal 235
Belfast 653–4
Belfast Agreement 673–5
Belgium 600, 710
Belgrade 590, 600, 602, 604, 605–6
Beli (Bili I) 61
Bellver Castle 199
Benaki Museum, Athens 320
Benedict XIII 209
Benso, Camillo, Count Cavour 417, 420–21, 423, 428, 429
Benveniste de Porta 183
Benvenuti, Pietro 527
Bera, count 171
Berber states 199
Berehaven 663
Berenguela of Barcelona 170–71, 175
Berenguer de Anglesola 182
Berenguer Ramón I El Corbat 163
Berenguer, House of 171, 175
Vanished Kingdoms Page 95
