Berlin 367, 370, 375, 379, 382
1918 revolution 599
Congress of 587–8
fall of the Berlin Wall 721, 723
Museum Island 390
Potsdam Conference 387–8
Prussian memory site 389–93
Berlusconi, Silvio 399, 437
Bernard, St 107–8
Bernard de Got 126
Berne 122
Bernhardi, Friedrich von 376–7
Bernicia (Berneich/Bryneich) 49, 53, 56, 60
Bernsteinzimmer (Amber Room) 383, 386n
Berthold V, count 121–2
Bertrand, Henri Gatien 531, 533
Besalú 174, 175
Besanz/Besançon 141
Diet of Besanz 123
Vesontio 95, 118
Bevar Bornholmsk 87–8
Bianchi, M. 427
Bismarck, Otto Edward von 369, 376, 377
Black Death 128, 202, 204–5
Black, George Fraser 80
Blair, Tony 673, 680
Bloody Sunday 668
Saville Inquiry 677
Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von 533
Blue Water, Battle of 252
Blumenthal, J. F. von 359, 362
Bobola, Andrew, St 281
Bobowa 472
Bobrzyński, Michał 465, 478
Boccanegra of Genoa 205
Bogside, Battle of the 668
Boguslav III 338
Bohemia 258, 269, 454, 457, 625, 626
Premyslid dynasty 345
Bologna 501
Bolsheviks 233, 335, 380, 382, 701–5
Bolshevik Revolution 335, 380, 475–7, 598, 607
Red Army see Red Army
Red Cossacks 477
Bonaparte, Carlo Maria 500
Bonaparte, Carolina-Maria, later Carolina Buonaparte-Murat 500, 509, 536
Bonaparte, Charles Louis Napoléon see Napoleon III
Bonaparte, Charles-Lucien 536
Bonaparte, Filippo, Abbé 501
Bonaparte, Girolamo (Jérôme) 500, 521, 523, 536
Bonaparte, Giuseppe (Joseph) 500, 520, 521, 523, 533, 536
Bonaparte, Letizia, ‘Madame Mère’ 531, 535
Bonaparte, Luciano (Lucien) 500, 520, 521, 528, 535–6
Bonaparte, Luigi (Louis) 500, 520, 521, 533, 536
Bonaparte, Maria-Anna (‘Elisa’) 500, 520–21, 523, 524, 527, 529
Bonaparte, Maria-Paolina, later Paolina Borghese 500, 511, 519–20, 521, 531, 535, 536
Bonaparte, Nabuleone/Napoleon see Napoleon I
Bonaparte family 502
Bonedd Gwyr y Gogledd (‘The Descent of the Men of the North’) 49, 57
Bonhill, Vale of Leven 37
Boniface VIII 201
Bonifacio, fortress 210
Bonneville 402, 415, 435
Bonomi, Ivanoe 609
Book of Aneurin 58
Boos, Georgiy 330–31, 335
Borbetomagus (Worms) 93
massacre at 93, 94
Bordeaux 102
Borghese, Camillo 519, 536
Borghese, Paolina, née Bonaparte see Bonaparte, Maria-Paolina
Borja 215
Bornholm 87–90, 89
see also Burgundia/Burgundians
Bornholm disease 88
Bornholmsk 87–8
Borodino, Battle of 293
Borussia see Prussia/Borussia and the Prussians
Borussian School 367–8
Borysław 457
Bosnia 587, 605, 614–15, 619, 731
Boso, count 110
Boso II, count of Arles, margrave of Tuscany 112
Bosonids 110, 111, 118–19
Boudet, Abbé 27–8
Bourbon, House of 506, 506, 537
Bourbons of Parma 506, 509, 510; Lodovico I 509, 510–12, 515, 516, 517; Maria-Luisa di Borbone 510–12, 516, 517, 518–19, 521, 522, 523, 528–30, 534
Louis Antoine de Bourbon, duc d’Enghien 517–18
Bourbon Kingdom of Naples 521
Bourgogne province 139, 141, 142
Boycott, Captain Charles Cunningham 644
Boykivshchyna 455
Boyne, Battle of the 641
anniversary 667
Bradley, Katherine 499
Brandenburg/Brandenburgers 344, 345, 355–6, 358, 363, 390–91
state of Brandenburg-Prussia 358–60, 360, 361–2, 363–6
Brandt, Willi 388
Branickis 455
Braun, Otto 381, 388
Brenner, Robert 632
Bres (Irish king) 640
Brest 251, 266, 275, 301
Brest-Litowsk Treaty 300, 378, 702
Church Council of 277
Breviarum Alarici 24
Brezhnev, Leonid 716
Brian Bóraimhe/Boru 640–41
Bridei map Bili 60, 61
Brighton Bombing 672
Britain
army see British Army
Battle of Waterloo 533
and France 507, 516, 522; anti-French coalition 505
and Germany: Anglo-German Friendship Society 568; ‘Dreadnought race’ 565–6; royal families 572–3
and the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 554–70
and Ireland 641–2, 643–4, 649–85; see also details under Ireland
and Montenegro 608–9
New Labour 680
Northern, ninth to tenth centuries 71
RAF 383
royal family 566–7, 571–3; fate of the monarchy 681–2
Royal Navy 40, 41, 505, 506, 507, 663, 679, 705
Titles Deprivation Act 566–7
see also Britannia; Britons, Ancient; United Kingdom
Britannia 17, 44–9
Northern (c. AD 410) 47
the Old North see Old North
British Army 533, 649–50, 652, 653, 668, 674, 677
British Commonwealth 661, 663, 664, 665, 679
British Stone (Clach nam Breatan) 63
Britons, Ancient 42–3, 44–5, 56–57, 62
of ‘The Rock’ see Alt Clud, Kingdom of the Rock
Bronze Soldier (Pronkssödur) 696
Brookeburgh, Basil Stanlake Brooke, 1st Viscount 667
Brookeburgh barracks 666
Brown, Dan: The Da Vinci Code 28
Brown, Gordon 680
Brückner, Alexander 465
Brude (Bridei) 61
Bruges 137
Brunanburh, Battle of 73–4
Brunechildis 103
Brusilov, Alexei Alekseevich 475
Brut y Tywysogion (‘Chronicle of the Princes’) 64, 68, 70, 74
Bryce, James 90–91, 120, 142
Bryce, Ronald 610
Bryneich (Bernicia) 49, 53, 56, 60
Brythonic language 43–4, 45, 72, 77
Buber, Martin 478
bubonic plague 128
see also Black Death
Buckley, Donald 662
Budapest, Szépmüvészeti Museum of Fine Arts 482
Bukovina 454, 456, 710
Bulgars 245
Bund (Jewish Labour League) 297, 299
Bunreacht na hÉireann 662, 663, 665
Buonaparte family see Bonaparte family; Napoleon I; Napoleon III, and under the surnames Bonaparte
Buondelmonte dei Buondelmonti 496
Burdigala (Bordeaux) 24, 25
Burgdorf 121
Burgundia/Burgundians 89–149, 129
arts 135–6
Bryce and 90–91, 120, 142
Burgundian Circle 139–41, 140
Burgundian Code 97–8
Burgundian School of music 135
County-Palatine of Burgundy (Franche-Comté) 124–5, 127–8, 130, 131, 138–41
definitions of Burgundy: online 143–5; reference works 144, 145–9
disintegration of imperial Burgundy 123–5, 124, 127
duchy-county 131
Duchy of Burgundia Minor 121
Duchy of Burgundy (French) 105, 105, 106–8, 107, 113, 130
&n
bsp; within the Frankish realms (mid-sixth century) 101
Franko-Burgundian wars 99
kingdoms: first (Kingdom of Gundahar) 91–5, 92; second (founded by Gundioc) 24, 95, 94–100; third (Regnum Burgundiae) 100–104; fourth (Lower Burgundy/Kingdom of Provence) 109, 109–12, 113, 147; fifth (Upper Burgundy) 112–15, 113, 735; sixth (Kingdom of Arles/of the Two Burgundies) 115–19, 116; seventh (imperial Burgundy) 119–23, 123–5, 124, 127
Landgravate of Burgundy 121
language 96, 100
and Lotharingia 105, 105
States of Burgundy (Duchy of Burgundy) 131–9, 133, 734
the three Burgundies (c. AD 1000) 112, 113
see also Lower Burgundy; Upper Burgundy
Burgundy wine 108
Burke, Thomas Henry 648
Burns, Robbie 38, 83
Burshtyn 444
Bury, J. B. 318
Bute, Isle of 38
Byelorussia see Belarus/Byelorussia
Byelorussian National Republic (BNR) 233, 300–301, 738
Byrne, Mary 645
Byzantine Empire/Byzantines 23–4, 25, 196, 245, 259–60, 312, 313–24, 734
contraction of the empire 318
and Kievan Rus′ 245
Byzantine Orthodoxy 30, 255, 277
Byzantion/Byzantium 259–60, 311–13, 314
see also Constantinople; Istanbul
Cabillo (Chalon-sur-Saône) 102
Cadzow (Hamilton) Castle 78
Caer Ligualid (Luguvalium/Carlisle) 49, 56
Caesarius of Arles, St 102
Cagliari 201, 202
Caílte 78
Calabria 166, 211, 413, 508
Caledonian-MacBrayne 37
Caledonii 46, 47
Caleppi, Mgr 515
Callistus III, Alfons de Borja 215
Calvinism 266, 359, 408
Cambronne, Pierre 531, 533
Cameron, Averil 319
Cameron, David 677
Camorra 582
Campagna 212
Campaign for an English Parliament 683
Campbell Clan 80
Campbell, Sir Neil 532
Campin, Robert 135
Canaries 199
Candida Casa 52
see also Whithorn
Canova, Antonio 520, 527
Cantius, Johannes 453
Capelle, Guillaume 524
Caracall, emperor 48
Carbonari 413
Cardona, fortress 184
Caretana 97
Carham, Battle of 76
Carlat 175
Carleton, William 642
Carlo Alberto 415–16, 431
Carlo Emanuele II, duke 408
Carlo Emanuele III 410
Carlo Emanuele IV 415
Carlo Félice/Charles le Heureux/Charles Félix 415, 435
Carolingians 100, 104–6, 111
Carpatho-Ukraine/Carpathian Ruthenia 623–34
constitution 626–7
declaration of independence 626
under Hungarian rule 631
in inter-war Republic of Czechoslovakia 623, 625, 626
landscape 623–4
map of Carpathian Ruthenia 624
and the Holocaust 631
Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine 626–31, 627, 737
and the Soviet Union 631
Carson, Sir Edward 650
Carta de Logu 206
Casimir III the Great 346
Casimir Jagiellon, St 266
Castile, relations with Aragon 163, 165, 166, 169, 170–71, 175, 189, 204–5, 207–10, 212, 215–17, 217, 218–19, 220, 223
Catalaunian Fields, Battle of 21, 94
Catalina, Catherine of Aragon 219
Catalonia/Catalans 154, 158, 159, 160
and Aragon 166, 171, 174–5, 177, 189, 196, 199, 200, 202, 206–7, 210, 217–18, 222–7, 736
Catalan Company 196, 218
Catalan language 158, 162, 171, 223
Catalan Revolt 222
flag 224
French in 179, 199, 222
legal code, Usatges de Barcelona 174
Llibre dels Fets (‘Book of Deeds’) 185, 187–8
Catania university 184
Cateau-Cambrésis, Peace of 407
Cathars 28, 179, 181
Catherine of Aragon 219
Catherine the Great 285, 286, 290
Catherine of Lancaster 207
Cato the Elder 734
Catraeth, Battle of 57–59
Caucasus 703, 705
Cavendish, Lord Frederick Charles 648
Cavour, Camillo Benso, count 417, 420–21, 423, 428, 429
Caw 52
Caxton, William 135
Cecil, Robert, 1st Viscount 737
Celts 42, 43, 60
battles against Angles 57–59
Brythonic (P-Celtic) 43–4
Gaelic/Goidelic 43–4
Kingdom of the Rock see Alt Clud, Kingdom of the Rock
Old North see Old North
Cennrigmonoid monastery (St Andrews) 66
Central Asia 248, 479, 699, 703, 721, 725, 727
Centre for Flight and Expulsion, Berlin 392
Cerdagne/Cerdanya 158, 174, 175, 222
Ceretic Guletic (Coroticus) 51–2
Certosa di Galluzzo 507, 528, 537
Cesare Borgia 215
Cetinje 579, 580, 585, 587, 590, 605, 606, 614
Chablais 402, 407, 425
Chaca 164
Chad 731
Chalon 106
Chamberlain, Neville 633
Chambéry 402, 416, 417–18, 423, 426–7, 428, 434, 436
Charbonnieres, Château de 435
Charlemagne (Charles the Great) 100, 104, 161–2
Marches of Charlemagne’s Empire 162, 163
Charles I of Austria 450, 475, 476, 599
Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland 679
Charles II, the Bewitched of Spain 220
Charles II, duke (later Charles V) 139
Charles IV of Spain 522–3
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 139, 219–20, 354
Charles X of Sweden 361
Charles XII of Sweden 283, 364, 365
Charles d’Anjou 174, 195
Charles the Bald 106, 110
Charles Edward, duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 563–7, 568–70, 571
Charles Félix/Charles le Heureux/Carlo il Felice 415, 435
Charles the Great see Charlemagne
Charles-Louis/Carlo-Luigi, boy-king of Etruria 518, 534
Charles Martel 100, 104
Charles de Navarre 128
Charles le Téméraire (Karel de Stoute) 132, 137–8
Chassidism 299, 463, 473
Chastellain 137
Chaucer, Geoffrey: Canterbury Tales 345
Chechen war 728
Chełmno/Kulmerland 339, 340, 342
Chernigov 268
Chernobyl disaster 233
Chernyakovsky, Ivan 385
Chester, Battle of 44
Childebert II 102
Childers, Erskine 655, 657
Chilperic I 96
China 618, 716, 723, 726
Chirac, Jacques 331, 583
Chmielnicki, Bohdan 281
Chodkiewicz, Jan 271–2
Chotch, Dr 612–13
Christian of Oliva 342
Christianity
Aragon and the Church 169, 181–3, 184
Arianism 16, 20, 30, 93, 98–9
Armenian Church 463
and the Burgundians 97–9, 107–8, 110
Byzantine Orthodoxy 30, 255, 277
Caesaro-papism 314
Calvinism 266, 359, 408
Church’s war against the Cathars 181
and Clovis and Clothilda 97
Crusades see Crusades
dialogue with Jews and Muslims 182
in Estonia 719
in Galicia 462–3, 464
and Germanic codifying 97–8
Great Schism 315
Greek Catholic (Uniate) Church 237, 277, 295, 301, 463, 625
Greek Orthodoxy 245
Inquisition 218, 221
in Ireland 641, 644–5, 659–61; and the Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’ 667–9; Protestants 641, 650, 654, 660, 667–9, 674, 684; Roman Catholic Church 644–5, 659–61, 671–2; tensions between Church and State 661, 668–9, 672
in late Roman Britain 46
in Litva 250–51, 253–5, 265–6, 277; under Russian annexation 295
Lutheranism 270, 353–4, 355, 359, 463
monastic foundations in Duchy of Burgundy 107–8
Montenegrin Orthodox Church 581, 592, 605, 614, 616
and the Moors 161–2; see also Reconquista against the Muslims
papacy see papacy
and the Picts 63–4, 65
pilgrimage see pilgrimage
Roman Catholicism see Roman Catholic Church
Roman Church in Iberia 181
and Rus′ 245, 246–7
Russian Orthodoxy 265, 295, 298, 463
in Sabaudia 407–8
Scottish Presbyterians 641, 667
Second Council of Lyon and the filioque 126
Serbian Orthodox Church 581, 592, 605, 614
and the Slavs 245
Teutonic Knights see Teutonic Knights
Valdensians/Vaudois 126, 408
‘Chronicle of the Princes’ (Brut y Tywysogion) 64, 68, 70, 74
Churchill, Winston 10, 646–7, 664, 681
Cid, El (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar) 167–9
Cimabue 496
Cinbellin 57
Cinuit 52
Cione, Nardo di 497
Cisalpine Republic 505, 517
Cispadane Republic 398–9, 501, 505
Cîteaux, abbey of 107
Civitas Turonum (Tours) 20
Clach nam Breatan (British Stone) 63
Clancy, Liam 666
Clark, Christopher: Iron Kingdom 372–3
Clarke, Henri-Jacques 515, 535
Clemenceau, Georges 618
Clement V, pope 126
Clinoch 57
Clontarf, Battle of 641
Clota, River 48
Clotaire II 102
Clotaire III 102
Clothilda 97, 99
Clovis, king of the Franks 24–5, 30, 31, 97, 99
Clovis II 102
Cluny, house of 107
Clyde, Firth of 36, 36–7, 38, 64, 78, 83
Dumbarton Rock 35–42
Clyde Valley (strath Cluatha), Battle of 48
Clydeside 40, 41, 55, 72, 83
Cnut Sweynsson the Great 75, 76
Coalburners, Society of 413
Coburg 541–2, 557, 559, 560, 567–8
Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 545, 557, 559–70; see also Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Coburg-Braganzas 559
Codex Euricianus 23
Coel Hen (King Cole) 49, 52
Colanica 46
Cold War 8, 89, 389, 696, 715, 721, 733
Collar, Order of (now Order of the Most Holy Annuciation) 406
Collins, Michael 639–40, 654, 655, 656
Colliure (Collioure) 178
Colonia Julia Vienna (Vienne) 95, 97
Colquhouns of Luss 77
Vanished Kingdoms Page 96
