Columba, St 53, 57, 60
Columbanus, St 102
Columbus, Christopher 218
Comet 37
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 234, 725
Communism
Communist China 716, 723; see also China
Estonian Communist Party 714, 717
League of Yugoslav Communists 581
Montenegrin Communist Party 615
Soviet Communism 716, 724; Soviet Communist Party 301, 302, 706, 712, 715, 717, 721, 732–3; see also Soviet Union (CCCP)
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (KPSS/CPSU) 715
Commynes, Philippe de 138
Compromise of Caspe 207
Comtat Venaissin 118, 123, 125
Connaught Rangers 650
Conrad I of Burgundy (Conradus Pacificus) 114, 117
Conrad II, emperor 119
Conrad IV 127
Conrad, duke of Mazovia 339
Conrad, son of Frederick II 192
Conradye of Thuringia 341
Conrad von Zähringen 120–21
Consalvi, Ercole 523
Consilium Rationis Bellicae (An Outline of Military Method) 269
Constantine I the Great 314, 319, 322
Constantine I, king of the Picts 66, 70
Constantine II, king of Scots 66, 72
Constantinople 214, 259–60, 311, 317, 319; see also Byzantion/Byzantium; Istanbul
Patriarch of 260
Constanza di Hohenstaufen 191, 195
Continental System 522, 523
Cooper, Edith 499
Copenhagen, Ole Worm Collection 481
Copernicus, Nicholas 343
Corbeil, Treaty of 185
Corfu 597
Declaration 598–9
Coria 46
Coroticus (Ceretic Guletic) 51–2
Corps of Carabinieri 415
Corpus de Sang 222
Correlates of War Project (COW) 731
Corsica 197, 201, 210
Cosgrave, W. T. 656, 660–61
Cosimo I de’ Medici collection, Florence 481
Cossacks 260, 265, 277, 281–2, 293–4, 361, 380
Côte d’Or 108, 137
Counter-Reformation 408
Courland 259, 270, 291
Courland-Livonia 345, 351
Courrier des Alpes 425
courtly love 172
COW (Correlates of War Project) 731
Cowen, Brian 677–8
Cowper, George Nassau, 3rd Earl 499
Coyanza, Council of 163
Craig, Sir James/Viscount Craigavon 656, 667
Crimean khanate 260, 261, 268
Croatia/Croats 476, 602, 604
see also Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Kingdom of
Cromwell, Oliver 82, 408, 641
Cromwell, Thomas 730
Crown of Ireland Act (1542) 641, 665–6
Crusades
Second Crusade 108
Fourth Crusade 317, 318
Albigensian Crusade 125, 179
Crusade of Barbastro 167
Iberian 218
Northern 339, 341–2
Teutonic Crusaders see Teutonic Knights
see also Reconquista against the Muslims
Culloden, Battle of 82
Cumbria 45, 70, 78
Cumbric 45, 79
Cunedda ap Edern 49
Curzon, George, Earl Curzon of Kedleston 608, 620
Cuthbert, St 60
Cymru Fydd (Young Wales) 679
Cynon, son of Clydno Eidyn 58, 59
Cyril, St 245
Cyrillic 245
Czartoryski, Adam Kazimierz 284, 483
Czartoryski, Izabella (née Fleming) 482
Czartoryski Museum 482–3, 484–5
Czartoryskis 264, 272, 284, 455
Czechoslovakia 7, 623, 625, 626, 626, 627, 633, 736
Czech Republic 736
Czeczot, Jan 298
da Susa, Adalina 404
Dabrowski, Jan Henryk 452
Dagobert 102, 103–4
Dalriada, Kingdom of 53, 61–2, 63, 65
Damnonia/Damnonii 46, 47, 54
Danelaw 68
Danes 65, 72, 90, 338–9
see also Burgundia/Burgundians
Danilo, crown prince of Montenegro 593, 612
Danilo I of Montenegro 583
d’Annunzio, Gabriele 612
Dante Alighieri 172, 194–5, 495–7, 538
Danzig/Gdańsk 344, 345, 348, 349, 361
revolt of 278
Darentasia, abbey of 117
‘Dark Ages’ 42, 70, 81
Datini, Francesco 200
Dauphiné 112, 118, 123, 127
David, St 55
David, prince of the Cumbrians, later David I 77–8
David MacBrayne Ltd 37
Dawson, Christopher 183
Dayton Accords 581
de Gasperi, Alcide 400
de Gaulle, Charles 666
De Salis report 608, 609
De Salis-Soglio, Sir John 608
de Valera, Éamon 639, 649, 650, 651, 654–5, 656, 657, 660, 661–2, 663, 664
Deakin, William 8
death of states, theories of 729–39
Deira/Deur 53, 59
Democratic Socialist Party of Montenegro (DSPM) 581
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) 668, 677, 681
Dempsey, Damien 676
Denhoffs of Parnava 360
Derry/Londonderry 677
Battle of the Bogside 668
‘The Descent of the Men of the North’ (Bonedd Gwyr y Gogledd) 49, 57
Dessaix, Joseph 414
Diana, princess of Wales 572, 573
Díaz de Vivar, Rodrigo (El Cid) 167–9
Dieupentale (Tarn-et-Garonne) 27
Dijon 106–7, 134
see also Divio
Din Guauroy 53
Dinant 138
Diocletian 314
Disraeli, Benjamin 559
Divio 95, 101–2
see also Dijon
Djilas, Milovan 601
Djukanović, Milo 581, 582, 614, 616
Dmitri ‘Donskoy’ 253
Dobrzyn 342
Knights of 339, 340
Dolgorukiy, Yuri 247
Domingo, Plácido 225
Domitian, emperor 19
‘Don Carlos’ von Habsburg 222, 223
Donation, Bull of 215
Dönitz, Karl 385
Donnchad (Duncan) I 76
Dorothea of Denmark 354
Dorpat see Tartu/Dorpat
Douce de Provence 174–5
Draga, queen 589–90
Dragovichi 243
‘Dreadnought race’ 566
Drogheda, Siege of 641
Drohobycz 457
Drouot, Antoine 531, 533
Drovnyak, Epifanyi (Nikifor) 472
Droysen, J. G. 367
DSPM (Democratic Socialist Party of Montenegro) 581
Dubienka 288
Dublin 68, 637, 638, 642, 643, 648–9, 649, 678
Phoenix Park 647–8, 672
purging of British statues 648
Dubrovnik 597, 614
Dufay, Guillaume 135
Dumbarton 37–42
Castle 39
global use of the name 41
and the Kingdom of the Rock see Alt Clud, Kingdom of the Rock
Rock 35–7, 39, 48, 54, 79
shipyard 37
Dumbarton, Confederate vessel 41
Dumbarton Castle, HMS 41
Dumnagual Hen 57
Dumnonii 47, 54
Dun Eidyn (Edinburgh) 49, 58, 59
see also Edinburgh
Dun Rheged (Dunragit) 56
Dunblane 68
Duncan (Donnchad) I 76
Dundonald, Castle 39
Dunin-Marcinkiewicz, Vincent 298
Dunkeld 65
Dunmail Raise 72–3
DUP (Democratic Unionist Party) 668, 677, 681
Durazzo 1
97
Dusberger, Peter 338, 341
Dylan, Bob 666
Dynfwal III 74
Dynfwal map Teudebur 64
Dyrka (‘The Wasteland’) 261
Dzieduszycki Museum 482
Dzieduszyckis 455
Dzierżyński, Feliks 237, 297
Dzyarzhynovo (formerly Oziembłów) Manor 237
Eadberht, king of Northumbria 64–5
Eamont Bridge 72
East Anglia 68
East Prussia 348, 355, 373, 378, 381, 382, 383–8
Ebling 342
Ebrovaccus 96
Eburodunum (Embrun) 95
Ecgfrith, son of Oswy 60, 61
Edgar, king 74
Edinburgh 75
see also Dun Eidyn
Edmund the Elder 74
Edward, duke of Kent 549
Edward VII/Edward Prince of Wales 558, 559, 562, 569, 643, 659, 662
Edwin of Northumbria 60
EEC (European Economic Union) 666
Efrosinia of Polatsk, St 246–7
Egypt 199
Éire see Ireland/Éire
El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar) 167–9
Elba 214, 505, 524, 530–32
Elbing (Elbag) 342, 345, 349
Elderslie 79, 80
Eleanor of Aragon 207
Eleanor of Provence 406
Elena of Italy 614
Eleonora d’Arborea 206
Eliot, T. S.: The Waste Land 308
Elizabeth II 570, 665–6, 674, 678
Ełk 343
Emanuele-Filiberto, duke of Savoy 407
Embrun (Eburodunum) 95
Emeland see Varmia/Varmians
Eneci see Annecy
Engels, Friedrich 731
Enghien, Louis Antoine de Bourbon, duc d’ 517–18
England/the English 6, 42
Hundred Years War 128
occupation of Paris 131
and Sabaudia 406
English Defence League 683
Enrique of Castile, El Impotente 216
Eochaid map Rhun 71
Eogan II (Owain the Blind) 76
Epaon, Council of 99
Epila, Battle of 203
Erasmus of Rotterdam 135
Erbin 52
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip 313
Ernst II, duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 545, 546, 547, 555, 557, 560–61
Ernst III, duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, later Duke Ernst I 543, 545, 547, 555, 557
Erwig (Euric/Evaric) 18, 23
Espérey, Franchet d’ 600
Estonia 689–728, 690, 709
1917 declaration of independence 704–5
1988 declaration of sovereignty 723
1991 UN recognition 723
arts 719
Committee of National Salvation 704–5
‘cyber war’ 697–8
and democracy 707, 708–9
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 711–12, 714–23
exiled government in Stockholm 714, 715
expulsion of German Estonians 711
German occupation 712–14
inter-war period 707–9
Jewish extermination 713
language 689–90, 719, 720
Moscow’s 1924 attempted coup 708
national identity 699
national movement 723
and the Nazis 695, 710, 712–14
Nystadt Treaty 699
Tallinn see Tallinn
Tartu Treaty 705–6
VAPSI movement 709
War of Independence 705
‘War of Symbols’ 695–7
World War II 695, 710–15
Estonian Communist Party 714, 717
Estonian Guard Company, 4221st 715
Estonian Heritage Society 722
Estonian Lutheran Church 719
Estonian Peasant Party 709
Estrada Doctrine 617
Etruria, Kingdom of 509–38, 513
creation of 509–10
dissolution of 523–4
Florence see Florence/Florentines
and France 509–10, 515, 516, 524–7, 529–33
local politics 515–16
regiments 518
see also Tuscany
EU see European Union
Eucharistic Congress (1932) 660
Eugène de Beauharnais 413, 521, 523, 535
Eugene of Savoy 409
Eugénie, Empress 428
Euler, Leonhard 332
Euric (Evaric/Erwig) 18, 23
European Economic Union (EEC) 666
European Union (EU) 234–5, 681, 697, 727
Commission 677
and Estonia 689, 695, 697, 725
and Montenegro 581, 582
Everest, mount 1
Evissa (Ibiza) 189
Experius, St, bishop of Toloso 20
External Relations Act (Ireland, 1936) 662, 664
Eyck, Jan van 135
Eymerich, Nicolau 205
Eynard, Jean-Gabriel 518, 535
Farouk, king 401
Fascism 430
Fauchet, Jean-Antoine, baron 524
Faucigny 402, 425, 435
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 577, 614, 615
Fehrbellin 363
Feldman, Wilhelm 467
Felipe II (Philip II, the Prudent) 220, 221
Felipe III (Philip III, the Pious) 220
Felipe IV (Philip IV, the Great) 220
Felipe V (Philippe de Bourbon) 223
Felix V (Amadeus VIII) 406
Fenians (IRB) 644, 646, 647, 650, 651, 654
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 219
Ferdinand I of Austria 450
Ferdinand I, of Leon and Castile, the Great 163–4
Ferdinand II, king of Aragon 210, 215, 216, 218, 219
Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, King ‘Bomba’ 425
Ferdinand IV, king of Naples 506, 508
Ferdinand VII of Spain 522–3
Ferdinando III of Tuscany 503, 504, 507, 508, 516, 534
Ferguson, Samuel 642
Fernando d’Antequera, Fernando I of Aragon 207–9
Fernando I of Naples, Don Ferrante 214, 218
Fernando II of Naples 214
Fernando El Católico 214, 216, 218
Fiachna of Ulster, king 56
Fianna Fáil 639, 660, 661, 677, 678
Field, Michael (Bradley and Cooper, ‘the Mikes’) 499
Filips de Goede (Philippe le Bon) 132
Filips de Stoute see Philip the Bold
Fine Gael 639, 678
Finland 693, 702, 704, 710, 712
Finlay, George 317
Finnic tribes 242, 244
fitzAlan-Stewart family 79, 80
Flaochad 103
Flemish School of painting 135
Florence/Florentines 429, 493–9, 494, 512, 513–14, 521, 523, 527, 529
29e Légion de Gendarmerie de Florence 527
British colony of 499
Cosimo I de’ Medici collection 481
Franco-Neapolitan Treaty of 509
and Napoleon Bonaparte 500–510, 519–20
periods 497–8, 499
Pitti Palace 503, 504, 512, 516, 524, 525, 527, 534, 537
‘Vélites de Florence’ 525
Florschütz, Christopher 546
Fontainebleau decree 523
Forez 118
Forgaill, Dallan 645
Formentera 189
Fortriu 61, 63, 66
Fossombroni, Vittorio, count 518, 535
Foster, Norman 389
Foster, Roy 646, 657
Fourcalquier 119
France
1797 campaigns and new republics 505
and Albania 601
and Austria 451–2, 500–501, 505, 508–9, 516
and Britain 505, 507, 516, 522
Burgundian–Armagnac civil war 131
and Catalonia 179, 199, 222
and Etruria 509–10, 515, 516, 524–7, 529–33
/> Franco-imperial Habsburg wars 407
Franco-Sardinian Treaty 423–5, 436
French Revolution 288, 412, 423, 642
Hundred Years War 128, 131
and Italy 508, 521; Italian campaign of 1796 500–501
Kingdom of 104, 128, 139, 141, 404–6
modern 141–2
and Napoleon I 500–510; ‘Second Polish War’ 293–4
Nice see Nice
and Poland 521
and Sabaudia 404–6, 407, 412, 414, 417, 435, 436; annexation 412, 425–7, 435, 436, 501; Napoleon III 419–22, 423, 425; Nice 409, 410, 412, 421, 423–5, 426; plebiscite 423–8, 435; Treaty of Turin 423–5, 436
and Spain 506–7, 522–3; Franco-Spanish War 222–3; Treaty of Aranjuez 509
and Switzerland 517
Third Republic 435
and Tuscany 509, 525
War of the Sicilian Vespers 193
war with Aragon 210
West Francia’s rebranding as 115
World War I 379
Franche-Comté 128, 141, 142, 147
County-Palatine of Burgundy 124–5, 127–8, 130, 131, 138–41
Francis de Sales, St 407–8
Francis I, duke of Lorraine 504
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 450, 503
Franciszka Wiśniowiecka 264
François VI de Beauharnais 520
Fränkel, Moses 479–80
Frankish language 100
Franko, Ivan 467
Franks 24–6, 30, 97, 99, 104
Catalans see Catalonia/Catalans
Franko-Burgundian society of Regnum Burgundiae 100–104
Franko-Burgundian wars 99
Franz-Ferdinand of Austria 597
Franz-Joseph I of Austria 450, 468–9, 475, 481, 559
Frauenburg (Frombork) 343
Fredegar/Fredegarius/Pseudo-Fredegarius 102–3
Frederick I, Barbarossa 120, 122, 124
Frederick I of Prussia (Frederick III Elector of Brandenburg) 364–7
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 123, 126, 192, 339
Frederick II The Great, king of Prussia 286, 350, 369, 370
Frederick III Elector of Brandenburg (Frederick I of Prussia) 364–7
Frederico II of Sicily 195
Frederico IV of Naples 214
Fredro, Alexander 463, 466
Free Trade Zone, French–Swiss border 425, 428, 436
Freemasons 515
Fribourg 121
Friedland 521
Friedrich Josias, prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 571
Friedrich von Sachsen 351
Friedrich Wilhelm, The Great Elector 358–9, 361, 362, 363, 364
Fuero d’Aragon, ‘Codex of Huesca’ 174
Gaelic language 41, 43–4, 76–7, 78, 80, 637, 638, 660
Gaelic Revival 642–3
Gaels 37n, 42, 43, 46, 53, 62, 71, 81–3
of Argyll 53–54
Picto-Gaelic fusion 37n, 63, 65–6
see also Scots
Gaeltacht 38, 75, 82
Galbraith Clan 77
Galicia 289, 292, 295, 734
and the Bolsheviks 475–7
east Galicia/West Ukraine 441–9, 442, 450–51, 477, 478, 480, 481–2; Distrikt Galizien 479
Vanished Kingdoms Page 97
