Getting Screwed: Sex Workers and the Law

by Alison Bass

  15. The Challenge of Change, 89.

  16. Sean Fine, “Supreme Court Strikes Down Canada’s Prostitution Laws,” Globe and Mail, December 20, 2013, 1.

  17. John Lowman, Tripping Point, brief to the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights on The Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act, http://184.70.147.70/lowman_prostitution/HTML/SCJHR/Tripping_Point_Lowman_Brief_to_the_SCJHR_on_Bill_C36.pdf.

  18. O’Doherty, “Victimization in Off-Street Sex Industry Work.” Melissa Farley et al., “Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries: An Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Journal of Trauma Practice 2, no. 3/4): 35.

  12. California

  1. What Is Human Trafficking? Exploring the Scope and Impact of the CASE Act,” draft report, San Francisco Human Rights Commission, 2014, 17.

  2. Jeordan Legon, “Supervisors Diversify: S.F. Appointee Stands Out as White, Straight Male,” San Jose Mercury News, February 7, 1997.

  3. What is Human Trafficking?, 16.

  4. “Solicitation of Minors for Prostitution,” analysis of Senate Bill 1388, Senate Committee on Public Safety, April 22, 2014.

  5. Lewis Kamb and Eric Nalder, “Conduct Unbecoming: Cases under Review,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 3, 2005,

  6. Ibid.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Drew Joseph, “Prop. 35 Gets Tough on Traffickers,” SF Gate, September 17, 2012, http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Prop-35-gets-tough-on-human-traffickers-3872843.php.

  13. A Saner Approach to Prostitution

  1. Chu and Glass, “Sex Work Law Reform in Canada,” 107, 117. Dodillet, “The Swedish Sex Purchase Act: Claimed Success and Documented Effects,” 22–23. Östergen, “Sexworkers Critique of Swedish Prostitution Policy,” 2.

  2. Weitzer, Legalizing Prostitution, 210.

  3. Ibid.

  4. “Prostitution: A Personal Choice,” The Economist, August 9, 2014, 9.

  5. Weitzer, Legalizing Prostitution, 207.

  6. “Prostitution: A Personal Choice,” 9.

  7. Weitzer, Legalizing Prostitution, 211.

  8. Kuo, Prostitution Policy, 130.

  9. Ibid., 125.

  10. Ibid., 169.

  SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Abel, Gillian et al., eds. Taking the Crime Out of Sex Work: New Zealand Sex Workers’ Fight for Decriminalization. Bristol, United Kingdom: Policy Press, 2010.

  Adler, Polly, A House Is not a Home. New York: Rinehart Books, 1953.

  Albert, Alexa, Brothel: Mustang Ranch and Its Women. New York: Ballantine Books, 2001.

  Bernstein, Elizabeth, Temporarily Yours: Intimacy, Authenticity and the Commerce of Sex. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.

  Brents, Barbara G., Crystal A. Jackson, and Kathryn Hausbeck, The State of Sex: Tourism, Sex and Sin in the New American Heartland. New York: Routledge, 2010.

  Clement, Elizabeth, Love for Sale: Courtship, Treating and Prostitution in New York, 1920–1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.

  Dallas, Sandra, Fallen Women. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2013.

  Delacoste, Frederique, and Priscilla Alexander, eds., Sex Work: Writings by Women in the Sex Industry, 2nd ed. San Francisco: Cleis Press, 1987.

  Gilfoyle, Timothy, City of Eros: New York, Prostitution and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790–1920. New York: W.W. Norton, 1992.

  Glasscock, Carl B., Lucky Baldwin: The Story of an Unconventional Success. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1933.

  Grant, Melissa Gira, Playing the Whore: The Work of Sex Work. New York: Verso Books, 2014.

  Jaget, Claude, Prostitutes, Our Life. Bristol, United Kingdom: Falling Wall Press, 1980.

  Kolker, Robert, Lost Girls: An Unsolved American Mystery. New York: HarperCollins, 2013.

  Kuo, Lenore, Prostitution Policy: Revolutionizing Practice through a Gendered Perspective. New York: New York University Press, 2002.

  Leigh, Carol: Unrepentant Whore: Collected Works of Scarlot Harlot. San Francisco: Last Gasp, 2004.

  MacKell, Jan, Brothels, Bordellos and Bad Girls: Prostitution in Colorado, 1860–1930. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004.

  Mellon, Deborah, The Legend of Molly b’Dam. Kellogg, Idaho: Maple Street Publishing, 1989.

  Money, John, Lovemaps. New York: Prometheus Books, 1999

  Nagle, Jill, ed., Whores and Other Feminists. New York: Routledge, 1997.

  Roberts, Nickie, Whores in History. London: Grafton Press, 1993.

  Seagraves, Anne, Soiled Doves: Prostitution in the Early West. Hayden, Idaho: Wesanne Publications, 1994.

  Sterry, David Henry, ed. Hos, Hookers, Call Girls and Rent Boys. New York: Soft Skull Press, 2009.

  Weisberg, D. Kelly, Children of the Night: Adolescent Prostitution in America. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1985.

  Weitzer, Ronald, Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business. New York: New York University Press, 2012.

  INDEX

  Abel, Gillian, 196

  Aboriginal Canadians, 201–2

  ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), 36, 38, 212, 223, 225, 226

  Acton, William, 10

  Adler, Polly, 20–23, 24, 25–26

  adolescents. See runaway teenagers; underage sex workers

  advertising for sex work: Canadian ban, 207; in newspapers, 197–98; online, 7–8, 43, 44–45, 53, 57–58, 138, 227, 228. See also backpage.com; Craigslist

  African American sex workers: arrests of, 30–31, 37, 148–49

  age of entry into sex work, 62–63, 64–65, 207–8

  Agustin, Laura, 183

  Alameda County, California, 37–38, 100–101, 217–18

  Alaska, 99–100, 113, 219–20

  Alaska Native News, 100

  Albanese, Jay, 89–91, 92, 96–97

  alcohol use by sex workers, 22, 68–69

  Almodovar, Norma Jean, 117

  American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 36, 38, 212, 223, 225, 226

  American West, x, 12–17, 129, 197

  Amsterdam, Netherlands, 79, 113, 184, 185–88, 234

  Angelou, Maya, 242

  Another Roadside Attraction (Robbins), 31

  antiprostitution laws. See prostitution laws

  antitrafficking efforts: brutal crackdowns, 194–95; deportation of illegal immigrants, xiv, 98–99, 216; human rights violations, 225; impact on consensual sex work, xiii, 126, 216; law enforcement incentives, xiii, 216–18; underage youth, 217–19, 231–32; victims’ services, 230–32

  arrests of clients, 174–76, 180–81

  arrests of sex workers, 147–58; bolstering police statistics, 155; discrimination in, 30–31, 37–38, 126, 148–49; drawing resources from other police work, 153–55; to help them, 97–98; illegal immigrants, 100–101; as ineffective, xiii–xiv, 153–55; long-term impact on sex workers, 156, 161–62; number of, 153; Providence, Rhode Island, 172–76; trafficking charges, 244; underage sex workers, 97–98. See also under Moya, Julie Hahn

  Atlantic City, New Jersey, 94

  Australia, 11, 45, 70, 129, 191–93, 195

  Avery, Paul, 214, 215

  backpage.com, 5, 6–8, 44, 53, 58

  Baden, Michael, 119

  Baldwin, Elias J. “Lucky,” 13–14, 16

  Baldwin, Veronica, 13–14, 16–17, 19

  Baskin, Sienna, 150

  Bassiur, Matthew, 146

  b’Dam, Molly. See Burdan, Molly (Molly b’Dam)

  Bedford, Terri-Jean, 202, 203, 205–6

  Bell, Ellyn, 219, 223

  Bell, Horace, 14

  Berkeley, California, 215

  Bernstein, Elizabeth, 46–47, 48, 49, 73, 114–15, 148, 184, 186–87

  Bien-Aimé, Taina, 6–7, 73, 92

  Boston, Massachusetts, 79, 153–54, 231

  Brazil, 70

  Brents, Barbara, xi, 14–15, 127–28, 129, 130, 233, 234

  Brewer, Joe, 118, 120

  British Medical Journal, 199

  brothels: licensing and regul
ation, 233–34; New York City, 1–6, 25–26, 44, 101, 103–5, 162; raids on, 101, 103–5, 193–94; workers’ self-esteem, 70. See also Nevada brothels

  Brown, Willy, 215

  Bruce, Lenny, 26

  Bulette, Julia “Jule,” 15–16

  Burdan, Molly (Molly b’Dam), 9, 12–13, 14, 16

  Burdan, William, 9, 12

  Burns, Terra, 99–100

  Butte, Montana, 15

  California laws, 36, 149, 212–13, 216–19, 222–26

  call girls. See escorts (call girls)

  Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics (COYOTE), 32, 36, 37–38, 163–64

  Cambodia, 193–94

  Canada: Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 203, 205, 208, 224; sex laws, 198–209; violence against sex workers, 112

  Canadian Organization for the Rights of Prostitutes (CORP), 198. See also Sex Professionals of Canada (SPOC)

  Carey, Jacqueline, 75

  Carpenter, Karen, 99–100

  CASE Act. See Proposition 35 (California)

  casinos, 126, 130, 240

  CAST (Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking), 96–97

  CATW (Coalition against Trafficking in Women), 5, 6–8, 73, 92

  Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canada), 203, 205, 208, 224

  Chase, Michael, 224, 225

  Chicago, 19, 115

  Chicken Ranch, Nevada, 125, 128, 132, 133–36, 137, 140–41

  childhood sexual abuse, 61–63, 66–67, 68, 73–74, 76, 77, 137

  Christine, Donia, 57–58, 59

  City of Eros (Gilfoyle), 10

  Clamen, Jenn, 208–9

  Clay, Cyndee, 150, 154

  Clement, Elizabeth, 24

  Cleveland, Ohio, 153–54

  clients: arrests, 174–76; confidentiality, 146, 147; motivation, 10, 46–49, 55, 77, 80–81, 134, 228; murdering sex workers, 112; police as, 115; screening, 2, 54–55, 56, 77, 81–82, 155, 181–82, 197–98, 228

  Coalition against Trafficking in Women (CATW), 5, 6–8, 73, 92

  Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST), 96–97

  Cohen, Bernard, 38

  Collateral Damage (film), 216

  colonial-era prostitution, 10–11

  Colorado, 19, 149

  condoms. See safe sex

  Constance (sex worker), 157

  Cook County, Illinois, 147–48

  coping mechanisms for sex workers, 68–70

  Cop to Call Girl (Almodovar), 117

  CORP. See Canadian Organization for the Rights of Prostitutes (CORP)

  COYOTE (Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics), 32, 36, 37–38, 163–64

  Craigslist, 5, 74, 100, 118, 119

  Crane, Stephen, 18

  Crosby, John, 198

  Dallas, Texas, 154

  Davis, Kingsley, 71–72

  de Botton, Alain, 81

  DeFilippis, Vincent, 87–88

  Demand Abolition, 218

  Denmark, sex trafficking, 181

  Denver, Colorado, 15, 16–17, 19

  Desiree Alliance conference (2013): arrests of attendees, 127; attendees, 115, 117, 226, 245–46; keynote speaker, 245–47; panels and sessions, 58–60, 177–78, 211–12, 226; purpose, 53

  discrimination: in arrests, 30–31, 37–38, 126, 148–49; housing, 100, 156, 199–200, 240

  Dodillet, Susanne, 180

  Doogan, Maxine, 101, 211–14, 216–17, 219–26, 243

  Dormer, Richard, 119, 121

  Dr. Hook and the Medicine Show, 37

  drug use by sex workers: and age of entry into sex work, 64; arrests, 152–53, 157; as coping mechanism, 22, 68–69; Nevada brothels, 136, 137; streetwalkers, 45, 67–68; underage sex workers, 94

  Dworkin, Andrea, 72

  economic aspects of sex trade: Desiree Alliance conference panel, 58–60; earnings of sex workers, 53, 54, 125, 137, 191, 228; enforcement costs, 153, 214; enforcement incentives, xiii, 216–17; global, xii; organized crime, 11; police bribes, 11; taxation, 234–35; United States, xii

  Equality Now, 6

  eros.com, 57–58, 227, 228

  Erotic Review website, 48–49

  Erotic Service Provider Legal, Educational and Research (ESPLER) Project, 101, 211, 212–13, 224–25

  escorts (call girls): client screening, 54–55, 56; college students as, 36; compared to streetwalkers, 31, 67, 70; Las Vegas, 126; murders of, 46, 117–21; online advertising, 46, 53–54, 58; and police, 166, 172, 220–21, 226, 229; self-esteem, 66, 70; stigma, 71; World War I, 19

  Everyone Needs a Hooker Once in a While (Silverstein), 37

  Fairbanks, Alaska, 219–20

  FAIR (Free, Aware, Inspired, and Restored) Girls, 63–64, 93, 230–32

  Farley, Melissa, 72–73

  Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): as clients, 82; human trafficking task force, 212, 213; Julie Moya’s arrest, 101, 104; Riddle case, 36, 40–41; Ring investigation, 221; Uniform Crime Reports, 92, 148; Worcester murders, 111

  Feinstein, Dianne, 37

  feminism, 31, 36–37, 72–73

  fetishes, 57, 76

  Finkelhor, David, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98

  Fitzgerald, Lisa, 196

  Flegenheimer, Arthur, 23

  Fleiss, Heidi, 147

  Flynt, Larry, 32, 33

  48 Hours Mystery (TV show), 120

  14th Amendment, 224

  Free, Aware, Inspired, and Restored (FAIR) Girls, 63–64, 93, 230–32

  Gambill, Cleveland, 40

  gambling, 240

  gay teenagers, identity issues of, 96

  Germany, 190–91

  Gilbert, Shannon, 117–20

  Gilfoyle, Timothy, 10, 11, 20

  Glasscock, Carl, 13–14

  Global Commission on HIV and the Law, 182

  Gold, Herb, 26

  Grant, Melissa Gira, 195

  Great Depression, 23

  Green River killer, 112–13

  Hackett, Peter, 120

  Hahn, Julie. See Moya, Julie Hahn

  Hall, Maggie. See Burdan, Molly (Molly b’Dam)

  The Happy Hooker (Hollander), 220

  HEAT (Human Exploitation and Trafficking) Watch, 217–18

  Helping Individual Prostitutes Survive (HIPS), 67–68, 69, 73, 150, 155

  Himel, Susan, 205

  HIV infection, 75, 193, 200–201

  HIV Sweden (nonprofit health group), 182

  Hof, Dennis, 131

  Hollander, Xaviera, 220

  homeless sex workers, 200

  homicides. See murders of sex workers

  Hongisto, Richard, 31

  Hookers Ball, San Francisco, 37

  Hos, Hookers, Call Girls and Rent Boys (essay collection), 113

  A House Is Not a Home (Adler), 21, 24, 25–26

  housing discrimination, 100, 156, 199–200, 240

  Houston, Texas, 153–54

  How to Think More about Sex (de Botton), 81

  Hudson, Ingrid. See Moya, Julie Hahn

  Hughes, Donna, 72, 88, 166

  Human Rights Watch, 150, 193, 201

  Hunt, Helen, 218

  Hunt, Swanee, 218

  Hustler Club, Cincinnati, Ohio, 32, 33

  illegal immigrants, xiv, 96, 98–99, 100–101, 187–88, 216

  Illinois, 99, 149, 231

  India, 193

  Indybay (online news collective), 100

  International Labor Organization, 217

  International Organization for Migration, 90

  Internet: for arranging transactions, 45–46; backpage.com, 5, 6–8, 53, 58; client screening, 5, 46; Craigslist, 5, 74, 100, 118, 119; dangers to sex workers, 46, 118, 119; giving sex workers more control, 8, 44; live sex shows, 45; online advertising, 7–8, 43, 44–45, 53, 57–58, 138, 227, 228

  James, Jennifer, 36–37

  Jasmine (sex worker). See Kullander Smith, Eva-Marree

  Jerry (Julie Moya’s son), 33–34, 43, 86, 102–4, 160, 162

  Jillian (sex worker): activism, ix, 50, 52–53; advertising, 53; arrest, 150–53, 15
6, 157–59; background, ix, 50, 51–52, 65; clients, 77, 240–42; drug use, 151, 152, 157, 158, 159–60; family relations, 158, 159; future plans, 242; motivation, ix–x, 50, 65, 243

  John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 62–63, 73, 93–96, 98, 113

  johns. See clients

  juvenile sex workers. See underage sex workers

  Kabagambe, Joel, 178–79, 182–83

  Kamb, Lewis, 222

  Kandel, Minouche, 219

  Kelly, Chris, 222–23

  Kelly, John, 111–12, 121, 122

  Kesey, Ken, 26

  Kimora (transsexual streetwalker), 71, 73–74, 114

  King County, Washington, 221–22

  Kinsey, Albert, 20

  Kock, Ida, 177–83, 190–91, 192, 196

  Kolker, Robert, 118, 119–21

  Koyama, Emi, 212

  Kristof, Nicholas, 194

  Kullander Smith, Eva-Marree, 178–79, 182–83, 196

  Kuo, Lenore, 156, 235–36

  labor trafficking, 96–97, 217

  Lanning, Ken, 97

  Las Vegas, Nevada, 125–27, 130, 155–56, 178, 211–12. See also Desiree Alliance conference (2013)

  law enforcement. See police

  Lawrence vs Texas (2003), 224

  laws. See antitrafficking efforts; prostitution laws

  Lebovitch, Amy, 203–7

  Lee, Chuck, 125, 127–28, 137

  Legendary Dave (male escort), 58–59

  Legros, Pierre, 194

  Leigh, Carol, 38, 215–16, 243

  Lemur, Jeremy, 138, 139, 142–43

  Life and Death (Dworkin), 72

  Lisa (sex trafficker), 85–88

  lockdown brothels, 35

  Long Island murders, 46, 56–57, 117–21

  Lost Girls (Kolker), 118

  Love, Joi: arrests, 163, 243–45; background, 131–32, 136–37; Nevada brothels, 131–37; in Rhode Island, 162, 163, 164–71

  Love for Sale (Clement), 24

  Lovemaps (Money), 76

  Lowman, John, 98, 201, 202, 205, 208, 236

  Lucky (Joi Love’s boyfriend), 169–70, 243–44

  Lucky Baldwin (Glasscock), 13–14

  Lutnick, Alexandra, 100

  MacKinnon, Catherine, 72

  Maggie (Crane), 18

  Main Street Woodsman (serial killer), 121–22

  Malaysia, 193

  male sex workers, 38, 70, 95–96, 148

  Mam, Somaly, 194–95

  Manhattan. See New York City

  Mann, James Robert, 19

  Mann Act (1910), 19, 36, 40, 149

  massage parlor raids, 100–101