Primates and Philosophers_How Morality Evolved
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Binti Jua
biologists, preference for bottom-up accounts
Boehm, C.
Bogart, Humphrey
Bonnie, K. E.
bonobos: as closest relative to humans; perspective-taking by. See also apes
bottom-up accounts
Butler, Joseph
capuchin monkeys: expectations and fairness in; food sharing among; seeing-knowing tests, passing of. See also primates
Cavalieri, Paola
Cheney, D. L.
children, development of morality in
chimpanzees: altruism of, limits on the; anthropomorphic language appropriate for; as closest relative to humans; consolation among; emotional life of; empathy, examples of; food sharing among; forgiveness and reconciliation among; intercommunity violence among; medical research and; naughty behavior of; parental care, loss of infants in; reciprocity among; revenge system of; selfconsciousness of; social rules followed by; targeted helping by; theory of mind in; welfare of other group members, concern regarding. See also primates
Chimp Haven
Church, R. M.
cognitive empathy
cognitive parsimony
community concern
Confucius
consolation
Cooper, Anthony Ashley
Damasio, A.
Darwin, Charles: on human morality; Huxley and; Kropotkin and; moral being, definition of; morality as the best distinction between man and animals; normative self-government, significance of the capacity for; sentimentalist moral theory and
Dawkins, Richard
Desmond, Adrian
de Waal, Frans: altruism in the argument and research of; on animal rights; anthropodenial; anthropomorphic language, use of; behavioral observations vs. normative ideals, explanatory problem of; chimpanzees, study of; consolation behavior, documentation of; human morality, question regarding; intentionality in animal behavior; naturalistic theory of; personal distress, example of; perspective-taking in apes; primate empathy/ altruism/targeted helping, examples of; research of; Russian doll model; sense of social regularity; veneer and naturalistic theory, distinction between; Veneer Theory, critique of; Veneer Theory, limitations of critique of; Wright, classification of
Dewey, John
Diamond, Jared
distress, personal
divine grace
dolphins
elephants
emotional contagion
emotional responses/behaviors: anthropomorphic language and; communication among nonhuman primates and; empathy (see empathy); expectations and fairness, study of; human morality and, origins of (see also morality); moral, definition of; in moral judgments, rationality vs.; nonhuman (see also nonhuman animals); reasoning and decision-making, relation to; reciprocity (see reciprocity); retributive; Western tendencies in characterizing
empathy: among social animals; as building block of morality; cognitive; consolation behavior; distress, responses to by apes and monkeys; emotional contagion and; emotional response, as a form of; ethics of animal testing and; neural basis of; origin of; reiterated; the Russian doll model of; sympathy and (see also sympathy); Veneer Theory’s self-interest, as contradicting
evolution: continuity in; continuity of humans and animals in; cultural, and developing the capacity for psychological altruism; empathy and continuity in; human goodness, reconciling a presumed conflict with (see Veneer Theory of human morality); human morality as product of (see also naturalistic theory of human morality); Huxley as defender of Darwin’s theory of; natural selection (see natural selection); origin of human morality and, adequacy of de Waal’s account regarding (see also origins of morality; psychological altruism); sociality in human
evolutionary biologists: the Beethoven error; selfishness in natural selection, overemphasis of; Veneer Theory, acceptance of (see also Veneer Theory of human morality)
evolutionary parsimony
evolutionary psychology
expectations
fairness
Foot, Phillipa
forgiveness
Fouts, Deborah
Fouts, Roger
Frankfurt, Harry
Freud, Sigmund
Gallup, G. G.
Gauthier, D.
Georgia (the chimpanzee)
Ghiselin, M.
Gibbard, Allan
Goodall, Jane
Gould, Stephen Jay
gratitude
Gray, J.
Great Ape Project
Greene, J. D.
Greenspan, S. I.
guesser-versus-knower paradigm
Haidt, Jonathan
Hamilton, W. D.
Harlow, H.F.
Hebb, D.O.
Hediger, H.
Hobbes, Thomas
human goodness. See morality
human morality. See morality humans/human nature: altruism of (see altruism); asocial, assumption of; autonomous/rational vs. social/emotional conceptions regarding; autonomy/ self-government, capacity for; closest relative of, bonobo or chimpanzee as; continuity with other animals, question of (see also intentionality; levels of morality; psychological altruism); men, advantages of connectedness through marriage for; morality of(see morality; naturalistic theory of human morality; Veneer Theory of human morality); moral reasoning by; obligations to nonhuman animals (see also animal rights); passions in; self-consciousness of; selfishness and self-interest of (see selfishness/self-interest); social character of; social pressure enforcing moral norms; women, understanding of primacy of connectedness by
Hume, David: animals, high regard for; cross-species explanatory uniformity advocated by; moral sentiments, discussion of; reason as the slave of the passions; sentimentalist moral theory of
Humphrey, N.
Hutcheson, Francis
Huxley, Thomas Henry: critique of de Waal’s critique of; gardener metaphor to characterize human morality; morality and evolution, attempt to drive a wedge between; origin of Veneer Theory in the dualism of
indirect reciprocity
inequity aversion
intentionality: in altruistic behavior; capacity for the highest level of and the emergence of morality; capacity for the highest level of as unique to humans; levels of and moral action; the question of; sentimentalist theories (and de Waal) regarding. See also psychological altruism
intersubjectivity. See also Theory of Mind
intuitions. See emotional responses/ behaviors
Joyce, R.
Kagan, J.
Kant, Immanuel
Kaou Tsze
Kennedy, J. S.
kin selection. See natural selection
Kitcher, Philip: fairness among apes, questioning of; inequity aversion; intentional altruism among nonhuman mammals, limited evidence of; motives behind behavior, importance of knowing; Solid-to-the-Core Theory; on Veneer Theory
Korsgaard, Christine M.
Kravinsky, Zell
Kropotkin, Petr
Ladygina-Kohts, N. N.
language: discontinuity between humans and animals regarding; empathy and; evolution of and the origins of morality; learning agenda of, morality as parallel to; self-consciousness and
learned adjustment
levels of morality: the evolutionary learning agenda; judgment and reasoning; moral sentiments or “building blocks,”; social pressure
Lipps, T.
loyalty
Luit
macaques: consolation among; mother’s need to learn offspring’s perspective; redirected aggression by; social policing among. See also primates
Masserman, J.
Mayr, E.
medical research: apes, argument for special status of; conflicted feelings regarding; noninvasive; selection of species for invasive. See also animal rights
memory
Mencius
Menzel, E.W.
Miles, Lyn White
mind, theory of. See Theory of Mind
mirror self-recognition (MSR)
morality: altruism and (see also altruism); biases in moral judgments; emotions as fundamental for (see also emotional responses/behaviors); the expanding circle of; functions of; as group-oriented phenomenon; human obligations to nonhuman animals; intentionality and (see intentionality); levels of (see levels of morality); loyalty and; Mencius on; moral emotions, defining; normative vs. descriptive accounts of; origins of(see origins of morality); question of why we are so attached to; rationality vs. emotions/intuitions in; reason and; sentimentalist and “the Hume-Smith lure” (see also psychological altruism); shared premises in discussing; social conventions and, distinction between; universalizability of
moral relativists
Mozi
MSR. See mirror self-recognition
Nagel, Thomas
National Institutes of Health
naturalistic theory of human morality: community concern as an element of; emotions vs. rationality in moral judgments; empathy and reciprocity as building blocks of morality (see also empathy; reciprocity); evolutionary biologists’ departure from, the Beethoven error and; origin of morality, as one school in the debate regarding; Veneer theory, comparison to; Westermarck on the origins of morality
naturalistic veneer theory of human morality
natural selection: the Beethoven error regarding; as building block of naturalistic theory of human morality; emotional and strategic motivations for behavior, difficulties of sorting out; group vs. individual and kin; human goodness, as source of; Huxley’s rejection of to explain morality (see also Veneer Theory of human morality). See also evolution
neuroscience: naturalistic theory of human morality and; shared representations between self and others, study of
Nietzsche, Friedrich
Nishida, Toshisada
nonhuman animals: anthropomorphism in explanations of the behavior of (see anthropomorphism); empathy by (see empathy); human morality as distinct from or continuous with, debate regarding (see also intentionality; levels of morality; psychological altruism); Hume’s high regard for; intentionality of (see intentionality); primates (see primates); reciprocity by (see reciprocity); rights of (see animal rights); self-interest, question of motivation by
O’Connell, S. M.
origins of morality: continuity or distinction between humans and non- human animals and the (see also intentionality; levels of morality; psychological altruism); cultural evolution and; Darwin on; evolution and, adequacy of de Waal’s account regarding; Freud and Nietzsche on; naturalistic theory of(see naturalistic theory of human morality); naturalistic veneer theory of; Smith and Darwin on; veneer and naturalistic theories compared; veneer theory of (see Veneer Theory of human morality)
PAM. See Perception-Action Mechanism
Parfit, Derek
parsimony: cognitive vs. evolutionary; principle of anthropomorphic
Patterson, Francine
Perception-Action Mechanism (PAM)
personal distress
perspective-taking
Plato
Premack, D.
Preston, S. D.
primates: altruism of (see also altruism); anthropomorphism in explanations of the behavior of (see anthropomorphism); capuchin monkeys (see capuchin monkeys); chimpanzees (see chimpanzees); coalitions and alliances among; communication as emotionally mediated in; community concern among; conflict resolution among; consolation by apes and monkeys; distress, responses to by apes and monkeys; empathy in (see empathy); intergroup migration among; macaques (see macaques); parental care, evolution of empathy and; reciprocity and fairness among; rhesus monkeys (see rhesus monkeys); targeted helping by apes and monkeys. See also apes
principle of anthropomorphic parsimony
protection against aggression
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph
psychological altruism: evolutionary account of morality and; evolutionary overcoming of wantonness as key to human; limitation on chimpanzee; of nonhuman animals, human moral practices and; notion of; types of
rational agent/choice theory
rationality/reason: human as partly illusory; morality and; in moral judgments, emotions/intuitions vs.,; self-consciousness and; Veneer Theory and (see also selfishness/self-interest); Western celebration of
Rawls, John
reciprocal altruism. See altruism; reciprocity
reciprocity: among chimpanzees; as building block of morality; as building block of naturalistic theory of human morality; definition of; fairness and; the Golden Rule and human morality, at the heart of; indirect
reconciliation
religion
retributive emotions
rhesus monkeys: emotional contagion among infant; sympathy in. See also primates
Ruse, Michael
Russian dolls
scientific anthropomorphism: distinguished from sentimental anthropomorphism. See also anthropomorphism
selection, evolutionary process of. See natural selection
self-consciousness
self-deception
selfishness/self-interest: altruism vs., intentionality in distinguishing; nonhuman animals and; presence of, overestimating the; usage of the term(s); Veneer Theory and
Seyfarth, R. M.
Shaftesbury, Earl of. See Cooper, Anthony Ashley
Shanker, S. G.
Sidgwick, Henry
Singer, Peter: affluence increases obligation; all pain is equally relevant; conclusions of, similarity to de Waal’s; de Waal’s circle of morality and the extension of morality to animals; impartial/ disinterested perspective, significance of; trolley problems; Veneer Theory, limited defense of
Smith, Adam: empathic capacity, description of; impartial spectator of; self- government, moral significance of the capacity for; on sympathy
Sober, Elliott
social contract theory
sociality, human. See humans/human nature
social pressure
Solid-to-the-Core Theory (STCT)
somatic marker hypothesis
spectatorism
speech. See language
STCT. See Solid-to-the-Core Theory
sympathetic resentment
sympathy: in chimpanzees; Darwin on; definition of; empathy as leading to; as a natural, involuntary emotion; in nonhuman animals, ignoring of; in sentimentalist moral theory; Smith on. See also empathy
targeted helping
Theory of Mind (ToM)
Thomas, Marshall
ToM. See Theory of Mind
Trivers, Robert L.
trolley problems
van Roosmalen, A.
Veneer Theory of human morality (VT):critique of de Waal’s critique of; critiques of; critiques of de Waal’s critique of; dualism of; empathy and reciprocity, the debate about and; ideal type of; naturalistic theory, comparison to; naturalistic variation on (see naturalistic Veneer Theory of human morality); origin and development of; origin of morality, as one school in the debate regarding; variations on accepted by commentators; Wright’s placement in
VT. See Veneer Theory of human morality
wantons
warfare
Wechkin, S.
Westermarck, Edward: disinterested fairness; moral feelings and emotions as natural; moral feelings and non-moral emotions, distinction between; on the origin of morality; retributive emotions, emphasis on; retributive kindly emotion, classification of gratitude as; sympathy as a natural emotion
Williams, George C.
Williams, J. H. G.
Wilson, David Sloan
Wlson, Edward
Wilson, E. O.
Wise, Steven M.
Woodruff, G.
Wright, Robert
Yerkes, R. M.
Yeroen
Zahn-Waxler, C.
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