Phoenix Program
Page 60
4. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 206.
5. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 192.
6. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 194.
7. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 195.
8. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 195.
9. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 197.
10. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 206.
11. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 207.
12. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 208.
13. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 208.
14. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 237.
15. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 251.
16. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 251.
17. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 252.
18. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 283.
19. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 313.
20. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 314.
21. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 315.
22. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 321.
23. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” Additional Views of Hon. Paul N. McCloskey, Jr. (Concurred in by Hon. Benjamin S. Rosenthal, Hon. John Conyers, Jr., and Hon. Bella S. Abzug), pp. 105–107.
24. “U.S. Assistance Programs in Vietnam,” p. 191.
25. Interview with Sid Towle.
26. Towle interview.
27. W. Gage McAfee, “End of Tour Report” (Saigon, CORDS PP&P, August 11, 1971), p. 5.
28. “End of Tour Report: W. Gage McAfee, Comments of Reviewing Officer” (Saigon, CORDS PP&P, undated, signed by Norman L. Sweet, Director, Plans, Policy and Programs), p. 2.
29. “An Tri Reforms—Saigon 19140” (Cable to William H. Sullivan from U.S. State Department Legal Adviser Robert I. Starr, December 13, 1971).
CHAPTER 28: Technicalities
1. Interview with Cornelius J. O’Shea, Jr.
2. Coughlin interview.
3. Interview with George Hudman.
4. “Recommended Reorganization of the Phung Hoang Program” (State Department Telegram 196060 from Secretary of State William Rogers to Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker in Saigon, in response to COMUSMACV 129816).
5. Interview with Rob Simmons.
6. Colby interview.
7. Wall interview.
8. “The Evolution of American Military Intelligence” (The U.S. Army Intelligence Center and School, Ft. Huachuca, Arizona, May 1973), p. 117.
9. Interview with Tom Polgar.
10. Enders interview.
11. Drosnin, p. 21.
12. Michael T. Klare, “Operation Phoenix and the Failure of Pacification in South Vietnam” {Liberation, May 1973), p. 25.
13. Interview with Lew Millett.
14. Interview with Stan Fulcher.
15. “An Tri Observations and Recommendations” (Saigon, MACCORDS, Phoenix Directorate, from John Tilton to the Director, CORDS PP&P, April 11, 1972), p. 1.
16. “An Tri Observations and Recommendations.”
17. “An Tri Reform” (Department of State Telegram 02917 from Ambassador Bunker in Saigon to Secretary of State William Rogers in Washington, March 1972), p. 1.
18. “An Tri” (Draft Airgram from Saigon embassy political officer Steven Winship to the Department of State on April 27, 1972), p. 2.
19. “Special Phung Hoang Campaign in the Delta” (State Department Telegram 271149Z, April 1972, Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker).
20. “Presidential Decree Law on Administrative Detention and An Tri Proceedings”(State Department Telegram 050556Z, January 1973, Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker).
21. “Phung Hoang Special Campaign (F6) Ends” (State Department Telegram 051334Z, January 1973, Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker), p. 3.
22. “Phung Hoang Program” (Department of State Telegram 054228 from Secretary of State William Rogers to the Saigon embassy, March 1972), p. 2.
CHAPTER 29: Phoenix in Flames
1. Dillard interview.
2. Stein and Klare, “From the Ashes,” p. 159.
3. “Ceasefire and Political Sitrep MR 1, X Plus 137, June 14” (Department of State Telegram 141435Z from Charles Whitehouse, June 1973).
4. Interview with Bruce Lawlor.
5. Thayer, p. 103.
6. Brady interview.
7. Huy, p. 155.
8. McCollum interview.
9. Fred Branfman, “South Vietnam’s Police and Prison System” in Uncloaking the CIA, ed. Howard Frazier (New York: The Free Press, 1978), p. 103.
10. Grieves interview.
11. Interview with Philip Agee in Playboy, March 1975, pp. 48–60.
12. “Master of Deceit” (NACLA’s “Latin America and Empire Report,” December 10, 1974), pp. 13–15.
13. Robert Kaylor, UPI Bangkok, January 8, 1975.
14. “Phoenix Program—Another False UPI Report” (Department of State Telegram 111317Z from Ambassador Graham Martin to the Secretary of State, January 1973).
15. PVT interview.
16. Snepp, p. 456.
17. Snepp, p. 567.
EPILOGUE
1. Fulcher interview.
2. Huy, pp. 168–170.
3. Allan Nairn, “Confessions of a Death Squad Officer,” The Progressive, March 1986, pp. 26–30.
4. Jay Peterzell, “The CIA and Political Violence in El Salvador,” First Principles, Vol. 10, No. 2, November/December 1984, pp. 1–2.
5. “George Bush’s Iran-Contra Albatross,” U.S. News & World Report, January 18, 1988, p. 23.
6. “George Bush’s Iran-Contra Albatross.”
7. Dennis Volkman, “Salvadoran Death Squads: A CIA Connection?,” The Christian Science Monitor, May 8, 1984.
8. The Boston Globe, July 10, 1984.
9. Pamela Constable, “El Salvador Targets Rebels’ Volcano Stronghold,” The Boston Globe, January 1985.
10. James Dickey, With the Contras (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), pp. 254–256.
11. Dickey, pp. 254–257.
12. The New York Times, November 2, 1984.
13. “Aides: CIA Chiefs Didn’t Okay Guide,” The Boston Globe, October 24, 1984, p. 7.
14. “CIA Manual Said Based on Old Ideas,” The Boston Globe, October 29, 1984, p. 3.
15. “Reagan Now Says Manual Was Mistranslated,” The New York Times, November 4, 1984, p. 21.
16. Dickey, p. 257.
17. Beth Hawkins, “Pastora: North Was Behind Bombing,” The Tico Times, San Jose, Costa Rica, May 15, 1987.
Index
AA (Air America), 48, 81, 153, 267
Abourezk, James, 413, 415
Abrams, Creighton, 129, 161, 181, 253, 278, 297, 302, 321, 323, 328–329, 365–366, 390
Abzug, Bella, 382
Acampora, Tulius, 121–123, 134, 137, 146–149, 174, 176, 180, 186–187, 319, 373n
“Action Program for Attack on VC Infrastructure 1967–1968,” 142–158, 160
Adams, Sam, 177, 271–274, 305, 369
Advisor, The (Cook), 191
Agee, Philip, 333, 414
Agent Orange, 217–218
Ahearne, Tom, 383, 384
AID (Agency for International Development), 44, 51, 71, 81, 92–93, 96, 99, 125, 132, 217, 301, 366
Public Safety Division of, see Public Safety
AIK (Aid-in-Kind), 81, 162, 299
Akins, Dick, 105
Allen, George W., 273
Allen, Herb, 390
Allende Gossens, Salvador, 333
Allito, Tony, 257
Almy, Dean, 139
Alsop, Joseph, 339
Anderson, Babe Ruth, 162
Anderson, Jack, 413
Anderson, William, 348
An Ninh, 40, 42
ANSESAL (Salvadoran National Security Agency), 422
antiterrorism,
counterterrorism contrasted to, 426
APC (accelerated pacification campaign), 257–265, 281, 294
Apple, R. W., 68
APTs (armed propaganda teams), 43–44, 46–47, 54, 56, 65, 106
Aristotle, 426
Arthur, John, 391
ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam):
intelligence operations of, see MSS
modus vivendi of, 230–231
Vietcong superior to, 51–52
A teams, 210–211, 226
“Attack Against the Viet Cong Infrastructure” (Brickham), 118–120
Ayres, Drummond, 276
Babineau, Raymond, 32, 35, 41
Bable, Eugene P., 281
Bailey, William, 394n
Bao Dai, 23–24, 294
Barker, Frank, 344, 345
Barlow, Jack, 79–80
Bartolomucci, Tony, 78–79
Bauer, Clyde, 34–35, 217
Beamon, Mike, 170–171, 207
Becker, Tom, 123
Ben (intelligence), 80
Benitez, Antonio Flores, 333
Bennett, Josiah, 385, 391
Berkeley, Randolph, 152–153
Berry, John, 271
B-52 strikes, 211–212, 217–218
Biet Kich, 59, 83
Big Mack computer, 288–289
“Big” Minh, see Duong Van “Big” Minh
Binh Xuyen, 25, 29, 31, 156
Bishop, Jerry, 351–357, 359
Bissell, Richard, 47
Blackburn, Donald, 76, 298
black propaganda, 48, 49, 50, 339
Blanchard, George, 298
Blandon, Adolfo, 425
Bordenkircher, Donald, 292
Boston Globe, 425
Bradish, Richard, 261–262
Brady, Ed, 136, 146, 185, 230–235, 263, 265, 267, 295, 325, 406, 410–411
Brewer, Robert, 149–150, 193, 202–203, 207, 209
Brewster, Kingman, 166
Brickham, Nelson, 113, 122, 136, 138, 146, 168, 174, 254, 265, 267, 326
career of, 101–102
interviews with, 100, 102–112, 114–118, 124, 127–130, 132–133, 139–142, 148
VCI as studied by, 118–119, 130–132, 142–143, 151, 154, 291
Brogdon, James, 144, 182
Brown, Dean, 407, 417
Brown, Robert, 428
Brussell, Mae, 337
Buckley, Tom, 321
Buckley, William, 296, 424
Buckley, William, Jr., 339
Buddhist crisis, 38, 44, 305
Buddhists, Vietnamese, 46, 52, 61, 95, 143, 303, 304
Buhto, Junichi, 136–137, 144, 147
Bui Tu, 149–150
Bull, Kinloch, 105, 137, 139, 167–168, 172, 255
Bumgartner, Everett, 49–50, 54, 257, 320, 417
Bunker, Ellsworth, 127, 135, 297, 304, 322, 323, 386, 387, 391, 400–402
Burke, Tom, 105
Burmester, Walter, 368–369
Bush, George, 424, 428
Butterfield, Fox, 405
Calley, William, 342, 344
Cambodia, 34, 75, 90, 128, 210–211, 214, 253–254, 281, 314n
invasion of, 327–330
Can Lao Nham Vi, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 38, 41, 179, 303, 411
Cao Dai religious sect, 22, 25, 29, 62
Cao Minh Thiep, 329, 330
Cao Van Vien, 232, 303, 411, 417
Carey, Richard, 406
Carranza, Nicholas, 423n
Carver, George, 139–140, 159, 272–273, 391, 392
Case, Clifford, 319, 320
Casey, William, 426
Castro, Fidel, 47–48
Castro, Ricardo, 422–424
Cavanaugh, Steve, 330
CDs (civilian detainees), 126, 151–154, 381, 387
Census Grievance program, 63, 124, 179, 277
as intelligence operation, 70, 72–73, 99, 106–107, 167
original purpose of, 66–67
Chamorro, Edgar, 427
Chiang Kai-shek, 23, 37
Chieu Hoi (Open Arms) amnesty program, 98, 99, 107
defectors and, 51, 83, 109
successes ascribed to, 281–282
Child, Harold, 367
China, People’s Republic of, 44, 102
Church Committee report, 48, 428
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency):
Cambodian invasion engineered by, 327–332
captured documents used by, 334–335
compromise and discreditation by, 332–334
contemporary counterterrorism of, 420–429
counterinsurgency organized by, 40–42
development of Phoenix program and, 114–116, 124–126, 128–136
domestic dissent suppressed by, 338–339
and end of Vietnam War, 391, 414, 417–419
interrogation models of, 73–88
My Lai massacre and, 342–347
“old-boy network” in, 420, 421, 428
police models of, 89–112
political warfare as practiced by, 43–51, 54–56
psychological warfare models of, 57–72
security networks established by, 24–37, 52–54
see also Colby, William; Komer, Robert “Blowtorch”; MACV; Phoenix program
CIA and the Vietnam Debacle, The (Long), 50
CIA Diary (Agee), 414
“CIA’s Hired Killers, The” (Geyer), 314
CIDG (Civilian Irregular Defense Group) program, 36–37, 45–46, 55, 64
CIO (Central Intelligence Organization), 41, 42, 74, 77, 78, 79, 84, 103, 121, 175, 176
Circular 757, 291–292, 316
Circular 2212, 293
Civic Action program, 27, 29, 33, 34, 36, 44, 49, 54, 70
Clarridge, Duane, 427
Clay, Frank, 321, 324, 363, 366
Clifford, Clark, 190
CMDC (Capital Military District Command), 187–188, 269
Coburn, Judy, 312
Colby, William, 49, 71, 168, 268, 349, 410, 427
APTs as described by, 46–47
background and personality of, 144, 275
CIA operations directed by, 34–36, 104, 143, 188, 271, 274–275, 277–278, 291, 293, 296, 298, 324, 366, 368, 374, 377, 392, 414–415, 420
Phoenix program and, 19, 40–41, 119, 184, 301–302, 314–321, 334, 377–382, 385, 420
Vietnamization and, 254–265, 294
Collier, Bob, 105
colonialism, Vietnam ruled by, 20–22
Combat Police, 95n
“combat psywar” model, 25, 44
Combined Intelligence Center, 86–87, 120, 123, 147, 187
Communists, 22, 40, 43, 48, 51, 52, 90, 118
Diem and, 28–29, 42, 46
intelligence networks modeled on, 58, 99
see also VC; VCI
computer systems, 363
in psychological warfare, 288–290
“Concept for Organization for Attack on VC Infrastructure, A” (Brickham and Hansen), 130–131
Condon, Robert, 393
Conein, Lucien, 13
Cong An, see VBI
Conger, Russ, 203
Con Son Prison, 20, 21, 22, 32, 33, 153, 189, 348–349, 411–412
Constant, Tom, 298
contras, 426–428
Contre Coup doctrine, 44, 46, 59, 107, 313, 316, 335, 340–341, 427
see also counterterrorism, counterterrorists
Conyers, John, 382
Cook, John, 191, 257, 264, 271, 283
Cooper, Sherman, 319
Cooper, Wayne, 288
cordon and search operations, 91, 162, 189, 207, 343, 344
CORDS (Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development), 127, 159, 167, 254, 266–267, 277, 300, 374, 390, 392
Phoenix program and, 116–117, 157, 175, 182, 230, 272, 278, 288, 316, 325
corruption, 396–397, 407, 411
South Vietnam blamed for, 276
Vietnamization and, 266–271
COSVN (Ce
ntral Office of South Vietnam), 38, 109–110, 167, 174, 175, 280, 287, 305, 328–330
Coughlin, Paul, 373, 389, 390
Counter-Insurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice (Galula), 21
counterterrorism, counterterrorists (CTs), 25, 27, 44–47, 49, 91, 106–107, 117, 172
interrogation models for, 73–88
psychological warfare models for, 57–72
see also specific organizations
covert action:
characteristics of personnel in, 106
political and psychological rationales for, 43–73
see also specific operations and programs
Cover-up (Hersh), 343
Cowan, Geoffrey, 312
Cowey, Bill, 357
CT IV (Cong Tac IV), 120–21, 123, 146–148, 176
CTs, see counterterrorism, counterterrorists
Cuc Nghien Cuu (Central Research Agency), 39–40, 305–306, 345
Cult of Intelligence, The (Marks), 414
Cushing, Robert, Jr., 355, 357, 384, 385
Dai Viet party, 22, 38, 52, 53, 64, 304
Dam, Colonel, 395
Damron, James K., 227, 268, 270–271, 384
Da Nang, Phoenix operations exemplified in, 351–361
Dang Van Minh, 122–123, 156, 180–181, 188, 232
Dang Van Quang, 295, 296, 304, 394
Dao Ba Phuoc, 187
d’Aubuisson, Robert, 422
Dave (PRU adviser), 164–166
David Brinkley Show, 427
Davidson, Phillip B., Jr., 135, 146, 273
Davis, George, 346
Davis, Jefferson, 13
Davis, Rennie, 311
Deadly Deceits (McGehee), 272
Dean, Warren, 333
Death in Washington (Freed), 333
death squad operations, in El Salvador, 422–424
Decent Interval (Snepp), 221
Decree Law 280, 185n, 188–189
defectors, in political warfare, 48–49, 51, 83, 109, 112, 281–282
Defense, U.S. Department of:
Phoenix program reviewed by, 297–299
DeFreeze, Donald, 337
Delta Program, 12, 75, 76
see also Phoenix program
Denunciation of the Communists’ campaign, 28–29, 335
DeSilva, Peer, 59–60, 63, 71, 102
Dexter, George, 226
Dick, Fred, 300n
Dickey, James, 426
Diem, Ngo Dinh, see Ngo Dinh Diem
Dien Bien Phu, 24
Dillard, Douglas, 226, 288, 289, 302, 414
career of, 203
interviews with, 205–215, 220, 223–225, 261, 262, 271, 364, 405
Phoenix program as viewed by, 203–205
Dinh Tuong An, 217–221, 281, 284
Dinh Xuan Mai, 262
DIOCCs (District Intelligence and Operations Coordination Centers), 131, 141, 157–158, 190, 225, 258, 284, 288, 300–301