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American Experiment Page 103

by James Macgregor Burns


  Adams, John Quincy, 17, 169, 170, 209, 232, 259-60, 324, 326, 327, 338, 352, 356, 420, 455; election of 1824, 264-8, 321, 378; election of 1828, 320-3; on Essexmen, 224; in Ghent treaty negotiations, 232-4; Indian policy of, 95, 452; as Minister to England, 235, 245; and Monroe Doctrine, 250-4; and morality in foreign affairs, 253-4; politics of, 228, 269; presidency of, 268-70, 272, 311, 370, 445; and property rights, 27, 268; as Secretary of State, 239, 245, 247-8, 252-4, 264, 440; on slavery issue, 465, 518; and tariff issue, 269-270

  Adams, Samuel, 35, 43, 49-51, 74

  Adams, Thomas, 143

  Adams-Onis Treaty (1819), 248

  Adet, Citizen, 109, 121

  agriculture, 3-4, 72-3, 256, 274-5, 362, 433, 535; absentee ownership in, 283, 286; competition in, 528-9; and county fairs, 286-7, 308, 528; credit in, 13-14, 276, 285-6; depression in, 274, 328-9, 589; expansion of, 140-1, 526-9, 534; experiments in, 140-1, 278, 284, 286, 529, 530; farm families, 73, 141, 281-2, 293, 394-5; machinery and tools for, 275, 280, 282, 284, 286-7, 295, 307, 308, 394, 430, 527, 530, 533-4, 535; and protective tariff, 269-70; and slavery, 274, 275, 282-5, 301, 302; tenant farmers, 278-9; transportation of products, 276-7, 285, 286, 287, 299, 301-2, 528; see also individual regions

  Alabama, 173, 450, 452, 468; migration to, 282, 315; secession of, 597

  Alamo, 454-5

  Alba, Duke of, 338-9

  Albany, NY, 57, 91-2, 296, 298, 304, 370, 440, 603

  Albany Argus, 371, 515

  Albany Regency, 321, 343, 371-3

  Alcott, Amos Bronson, 482, 487, 489

  Alembert, Jean le Rond d’, 100

  Alexander, Capt. Edward, 611

  Alexander I, Tsar of Russia, 194

  Alexandria, Va., 64-5, 214, 609

  Algiers, 195, 236

  Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), 125-33, 138, 141, 184, 215, 226, 230, 263, 330; see also Kentucky resolution; Virginia resolution

  Alison, Francis, 111

  Allegheny Portage Railroad, 304, 316, 352

  Allen, Charles, 472

  Allen, John, 127

  Allen, Samuel Clesson, 361

  Allston, Washington, 489

  Alton, Ill., 518-19, 528, 583

  Alton Observer, 518

  American Colonization Society, 329, 366, 468

  American Indians, 4-7, 176, 178, 333, 370, 451-4, 621; as ally of Britain, 6, 96, 207, 216, 233-4; culture and governments of, 452-4; depredations against and removal of, 449, 450, 452-4; and federal government, 5-6, 55, 95-7, 180, 451-4, 543; inequality, political and social, of, 362, 383, 410, 453-, 519, 597; of Latin America, 244; uprisings by and wars with, 6, 27, 93, 94, 95-7, 207, 452, 456; in War of 1812, 211, 212-13, 216-17, 452; in West, 178-83, 207, 471; see also individual peoples

  American national character, 8-9, 21; chauvinism in, 207-9, 237-5, 445-9, 454, 457, 458, 536, 538; Dickens’ assessment of, 317, 353; escapism in, 438, 443; Europeans on, 317-18, 353-4, 448, 536-7; on frontier, 207, 317-18, 477; ideological divisions in, 547-8; self-image of, 26, 237; speed mania in, 432; Tocqueville’s assessment of, 355-7, 449-50

  American Philosophical Society, 22, 111, 116, 161, 179

  American Revolution, 6, 13, 23, 25, 28, 99-100, 149, 220-1, 222, 480, 571

  Ames, Fisher, 49, 84, 104, 147, 161, 218, 229

  Anderson, Maj. Robert, 606-7

  Andover Theological Seminary, 477, 508

  Anglicans, 7, 111, 112, 257, 494

  Annapolis Convention (1786), 16, 28

  Antietam Creek, Battle of, 624

  Anti-Federalists, 26, 29, 60-2, 68, 79, 82, 85, 89, 369; and ratification of Constitution, 43-4, 46-58; see also Republican party (Jeffersonian)

  Anti-Masons, 334, 336, 341, 373, 380-1, 423, 437

  antislavery movement, see abolitionists Brown, John; Conscience Whigs; Free Soil movement; Republican party; Stowe, Harriet Beecher; and other individuals and organizations

  Appleton, Nathan, 292, 294, 437

  Archilochus, 379

  architecture, 106-7, 112, 430

  Argus of Western America, 326

  Ankara Indians, 180-1

  Arista, Gen. Mariano, 461

  Aristotle, 29

  Arizona, 464

  Arkansas, 242, 453, 530, 608, 621

  Arkwright, Richard, 291

  armaments industry, 216, 287-9, 290-1, 534

  arms, 179-80; right to bear, 90

  Armstrong, John, 212-13

  Army, U.S., 124, 201, 215; in Indian wars, 96, 452; in Mexican War, 460-4; in War of 1812, 210-11, 212-13, 214; see also Union Army Articles of Confederation, 6, 23, 25, 39, 85, 261; Congress under, 16, 17, 43, 76, 96; faults of, 26, 29, 44; proposed Revision of, 28-9, 34, 49,

  Ashburton, Lord, 447-8, 458

  assembly, freedom of, 55, 90, 91, 130

  Astor, John Jacob, 429

  Atchison, David R., 544

  Atlantic Monthly, The, 588

  Aupaumut, Capt. Hendrick, 96

  Austerlitz, Battle of, 194-5, 197

  Austin, Moses, 454

  Austin, Stephen F., 454

  Austria, 194, 213, 232, 249

  Bache, Benjamin, 108-9, 122, 128-9

  Back, H. E, 397

  Bagley, Sarah, 397-400

  Bailey, Thomas, 200, 234

  Bailyn, Bernard, 117

  Baker, Edward Dickinson, 620

  Baldwin, James, 527

  Baldwin, Luther, 129

  Ball, Burgess, 99

  Baltimore, Md., 65, 259, 333-4, 337, 342, 380, 393, 431, 469, 536, 560, 592-3, 604, 616, 619; in War of 1812, 214-15

  Baltimore Patriot, 513-14

  Baltimore Sun, 514

  Bancroft, George, 361, 487

  banking, 14, 80, 285-6, 295-6; and federal government, 86, 424-5, legislation, 339-40, 424-6, 435; and Panic of 1857, 588-9; state system, 236, 344-5· 373, 374, see also United States Bank

  Bank of New York, 80

  Banks, Nathaniel P., 553, 560

  Baptists, 7, 24, 257, 373, 439, 494-5, 496-7, 514

  Barbary pirates, 195-6, 212

  Barber, Benjamin, 140

  Barlow, Joel, 297

  Barnard, Henry, 505-7

  Barnburners, 468-70, 549

  Bates, Edward, 593-4, 604, 626

  Bayard, James. 232-3

  Beaumont, Gustave de, 354

  Beauregard, Gen. Pierre G. T, 606, 609-11

  Bee, Gen. Barnard, 610

  Beecher, Catharine, 507-8

  Beecher, Henry Ward, 546

  Beecher, Lyman, 497-500, 507

  Belgium, 438

  Bell, John, 593, 596-7

  Bellevue, N.Y.C., 407

  Bemis, Samuel Flagg, 245, 267

  Benjamin, Judah, 612-13

  Bennett, James Gordon, 513, 515

  Benson, Lee, 373

  Benton, Thomas Hart, 208, 242, 321, 327-8, 343-4, 358, 421, 425, 458, 473, 544, 560

  Berlin, 416

  Berlin, Isaiah, 379

  Bernard, John, 256

  Bestor, Arthur, 442

  Bethlehem, Pa., 146, 439

  Biddle, Nicholas, 239, 335, 337-9, 340, 347, 361, 373, 378, 445, 46, 513

  Biddle, Owen, 117

  Billings (Adams’s hired man), 106

  Bill of Rights, 89-90, 91, 125, 130, 134, 141, 493, 511; absence of, in Constitution, 42, 50, 51, 53-5, 57, 59, 60, 69; in state constitutions, 60, 89, 134, 511

  Birkbeck, Morris, 315-16

  Birney, James G., 468

  Bismarck, Otto von, 531

  black Americans, 7, 81; African culture of, 149, 387, 568; colonization of, 360, 366-7, 394, 468, 500, 626; education of, 111, 115; and Emancipation Proclamation, 625-8; employment of, 406, 408, 409; equal rights for, 510; inequality of and prejudice against, 114, 142, 263, 356, 362, 365, 383, 384, 392-4, 407, 410, 469, 510, 519, 548, 564, 572, 576, 584-7, 597, 623; leadership of, 149-51, 387, 391-2, 394-5, 415; suffrage for, 392; urban, 80-1, 114, 116; see also slavery

  Black Hawk, 452

  Blackstone, Sir William, 363

  Blair
, Francis Preston, 326, 332, 375

  Blair, Montgomery, 605, 626

  Bledsoe, Albert Taylor, 573

  Bliss, George, Jr., 432

  Bloomington, Ill., 555, 558, 622-3

  Bogardus, James, 534

  Bolivar, Simon, 248, 251

  book publishing, 588

  Boone, Daniel, 180, 449

  Boorstin, Daniel, 429

  Boscawen, N.H., 279, 281

  Boston, 7, 8, 50, 235, 240, 337-8, 339, 361, 403, 429-30, 480, 508, 512, 514, 518-19, 529, 549-550, 589: Dickens on, 351, 352; as financial center, 220, 296; Jubilee of 1826 in, 270, 273; politics in, 74, 161, 220, 435-5, 545; as port city, 220, 276, 373, 374, 432, 536; religion in, 476, 483, 499; society and culture in, 14, 220-21, 222-3, 355, 393, 408-9, 435-7, 478, 481, 482, 589; Washington’s visit to, 73-4; see also New England

  Boston American Herald, 50

  Boston Associates, 292-6

  Boston Courier, 434

  Boston Daily Times, 514

  Boston Gazette, 99

  Boston Independent Chronicle, 139, 188-9

  Boston Post, 514

  Boston Statesman, 374

  Boston Transcript, 512

  Boulton, Matthew, 297, 300

  Bowdoin, James, 14, 33, 35, 49

  Bowie, James, 455

  Bowler, Jack, 149-50

  Bowles, Samuel, 512, 546

  Bozeman, Theodore Dwight, 492

  Bradford, David, 98

  Bradford, William, 110

  Bragg, Braxton, 464

  Brant, Irving, 168

  Brant, Joseph, 6

  Brazil, 244, 249

  Breckinridge, John, 186

  Breckinridge, John C, 592, 597, 614

  Bridger, Jim, 455

  Brisbane, Albert, 442-3

  British Honduras, 540

  Brook Farm, Mass., 443, 489, 491

  Brooks, Preston S., 552, 565, 566

  Brooks, Van Wyck, 222, 482, 488

  Brown, Jacob, 213

  Brown, John, 522, 551, 589-91

  Brown, Joseph, 613

  Brown, Moses, 292

  Brown, Paul, 442

  Brown College, 74

  Brown family, 302, 307

  Browning, Orville, 558

  Bruchey, Stuart, 433

  Bryant, William Cullen, 201, 547, 588, 594, 596; Thanatopsis, 477

  Buchanan, James, 421, 458; and Dred Scott decision, 577-8, 582-3; in election of 1856, 559-62; Minister in London, 536, 538, 539; presidency of, 563, 578-80, 589, 591, 599, 603, 606

  Buell, Don Carlos, 621

  Buena Vista, Mexico, 462

  Buffalo, N.Y., 302-3, 446, 470, 532

  Buffalo Republic, 547

  Bulfinch, Charles, 217, 220, 430, 478

  Bull, Ephraim, 529

  Bull Run, Battle of, 609-12, 615, 623, 624

  Bulwer-Lytton, Henry, 540

  Bunker Hill, Mass., 240, 430

  Burnet, John, 129

  Burns, Anthony, 549-50

  Burns, Robert, 223

  Burnside, Gen. Ambrose, 621, 626

  Burr, Aaron: duel with Hamilton, 192, 193, 196; and election of 1796, 107-9; and election of 1800, 145, 147, 152-5, 196, 230, 378; treason trial of, 202-3; as vice-president, 159, 192; western conspiracy of, 196-7, 319

  business, 533-5; criticism of, 485; investment in, 531, 534; and law profession, 436; and Panic of 1857, 588-9; and political parties, 427, 435-7, 593; power of, 347-8; see also capitalism; industry; labor

  Butler, Andrew P., 544, 551-2

  Butler, Franklin, 371

  Butler, Pierce, 413

  Byllesby, Langdon, 360

  Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 478

  Cable, George W., 533

  Cabot, George, 75, 153, 218, 231

  Cabot, John, 75

  Cabot, William, 276

  Cabot family, 292, 307

  Cadwalader, Gen. George, 619

  Cairo, Ill., 532, 616, 617

  Calhoun, Florida, 326, 332

  Calhoun, John C, 427, 459, 525-6; in Congress, 235, 237, 240, 339, 346, 425, 470-1, 566, 570; debate with Webster, 337; feud with Jackson, 332-3, 334, 570; and nullification, 329, 330-1, 333, 336, 337, 544, 571-3; presidential ambitions of, 264-5, 268, 331, 333, 339, 572; and secession, 473-4; as Secretary of War, 239, 247, 264, 332; South Carolina Exposition of, 329; as vice-president, 268, 272, 322, 326-7, 332-3; and War of 1812, 209, 328

  California, 392, 455-6, 515; admitted as free state, 472, 473, 475; gold rush in, 471, 475, 515, 534, 539, 587, 589; under Mexican rule, 455, 458, 460, 464; Mexican War in, 461-2

  Calvinism, 78, 476, 479, 494, 497-8

  Cambreleng, Churchill C 344-5

  Cambridge, Mass., 51, 74, 222, 478, 481

  Cameron, Simon, 594-5, 605, 617, 620

  Campbell, John A., 575

  Canada, 540; boundary disputes with, 7, 103, 235, 447-8; rebellion against British, 446-7; and War of 1812, 207-8, 210-11, 213, 234

  canals, 236, 240-1, 286, 302-5, 309, 352, 528, 531; caste system on, 317; financing of, 302-3, 306, 309; labor on, see also Erie Canal; internal improvements

  canneries, 529

  Canning, George, 249, 251

  Canot, Captain, 385

  capitalism, 224, 333, 451, 574, 577

  competition in, 438, 440, 443-4, 483, 491-2; expansion of, 251, 491, 593; and Jacksonian democracy, 347-8; see also business; industry; labor

  Caribbean Sea, 102, 113-14, 124, 174, 244, 618

  Carlisle, Pa., 48

  Carlyle, Thomas, 481

  Carroll, Anna Ella, 615

  Carson, Kit, 455

  Carter, Robert, III, 256

  Cartwright, Peter, 496-7

  Cash, W. J., 450

  Cass, Lewis, 332, 469-70, 473, 565

  Castlereagh, Viscount, 245, 249

  Catawba Indians, 150

  Catholic Church, 7, 78, 81, 373, 498-9, 500, 547, 554, 559; in Latin America, 244; persecution of, 498-9, 500, 509, 548; schools of, 509

  Catlin, George, 451

  cattle ranching, 528-9, 530

  Central America, 244; isthmian canal in, 539-40, and Monroe Doctrine, 251-2; rebellions in, 248-9, 252; U.S. expansionist interest in, 539-40

  Cerro Gordo, Mexico, 463

  Chacabuco, Battle of, 248

  Chambers, William, 376, 422

  Chandler, Zachariah, 620

  Channing, Edward, 240

  Channing, William Ellery, 240, 434-6, 479, 481, 489, 518-19, 545

  Chapman, Maria, 519-20

  Chapultepec, 463-4

  Charles River, 292-3, 478

  Charles River Bridge case, 466

  Charleston, S.C., 7, 52, 101, 107, 149, 319, 329, 337, 393, 412, 450, 514, 567, 569, 592; and Civil War, 605-7

  Charlestown, Mass., 75, 430, 497

  Charlottesville, Va., 182, 255, 273

  Chase, James, 380

  Chase, Salmon P., 469, 545-6, 554, 565, 594, 604, 626, 627

  Chase, Samuel, 129-30, 146, 185, 186, 202, 228-9

  Chateaubriand, François René de, 478

  Chauncey, Comm. Isaac, 212

  checks and balances: in Constitution, 34-5, 37, 38-9, 61, 63, 134-5, 168, 190, 193, 269, 368, 381, 605; in a republic, 17-18, 34, 118, 120, 134, 260-1, 262-3, 272, 372, 625

  Cherokee Indians, 6, 95, 335, 452-3

  Chesapeake, U.S.S., 199, 212, 228

  Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 450

  Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 568

  Chicago, Ill., 211, 450, 514, 528, 530-5 passim, 543, 555, 583, 594-6

  Chicago Daily Tribune, 514

  Chicago Democrat, 514

  Chickasaw Indians, 6, 95, 452

  Chicopee, Mass., 295, 307

  Child, David Lee, 403, 411

  Child, Lydia Maria, 402-3, 411-13, 520-1, 588, 590

  Chile, 248

  China, 542

  Chippewa, Battle of, 213

  Chippewa Indians, 96

  Choctaw Indians, 6, 95, 452-3

  Christianity, 457, 476; see also individual sects an
d denominations

  Churubusco, Mexico, 463

  Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 225

  Cincinnati, Ohio, 266, 300, 301-2, 352, 415, 420, 450, 500, 514, 545, 559, 573, 603, 604, 616

  cities, 162, 302; competition among, 309; population of, 7, 80, 511; port, 218-23, 275-6, 295-6, 310, 344, 370, 528, 535-6; society in, 78-83, 115, 125, 355-6, 405-9

  Civil War: battles, 605-7, 609-12, 621-2, 624, 626; blockade, 615, 618; causes, 449, 598-600; and Joint Committee ofCongress, 620; see also Confederate Army; Union Army

  Claflin, H. B., 534

  Clark, James, 374-5

  Clark, William, 178-83, 190, 458

  Clay, Cassius, 573

  Clay, Henry, 239, 241, 268, 325, 326, 352, 358, 375, 427, 452, 525-6, 587, 593; American System of, 270, 320, 331; and censure of Jackson, proposed, 340, 346; and Compromise of 1850, 472-5; election of 1824, 264-7, 321; election of 1832, 331, 333-6, 376; in Ghent negotiations, 232-4; presidential ambitions of, 232, 264-7, 322, 331, 339, 341, 423-4, 426, 459, 468, 469; in Senate, 327, 337, 339, 345, 423-6; as Speaker of the House, 207, 235, 236-7, 243, 247, 264; as spokesman for West, 207-8, 232; and War of 1812, 207-8, 209

  Clayton, John M., 540

  Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850), 540

  Clermont (steamboat), 296, 311

  Cleveland, Ohio, 420, 532, 535

  Cleveland Leader, 547

  Clinton, Iowa, 302

  Clinton, De Witt, 210, 212, 227, 238, 265, 266, 273, 370-1, 440; and Erie Canal, 303-11 passim, 371

  Clinton, George, 43-4, 55-7, 66, 69, 79, 92, 102, 192, 204, 210, 370, 378

  clockmaking, 289-90

  clothing trades, 406, 534

  Cobb, Howell, 471

  Coffin, Hannah, 281

  Coffin, Thomas, 279-81

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 481

  Collins, James, 485

  Collins, Wilkie, 588

  Colombia, 244, 265

  Colorado, 464

  Colt, Samuel, 290, 534

  Columbia, S.C., 569, 572, 597

  Columbia College, 31-2, 81

  Columbian Centinel (newspaper), 176, 206-7, 217

  Columbia River, 458-9

  Columbus, Ohio, 420, 450

  Commager, Henry S., 355

  common law, 130, 143, 402, 436

  Common Sense (Paine), 117-18

  Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 416, 444, 467

  communitarianism, 439-44

  Compromise of 1850, 472-5, 522, 543, 598

  Concord, Mass., 276, 529, 561; literati of, 468, 479-81, 483-8, 489, 590

 

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