Concord, N.H., 326, 338
Conestoga wagons, 315-16, 449
Confederate Army, 607, 614, 622-5, 628; in battle, 605-7, 609-12, 621-2, 624, 626; conscription in, 613-14; strategy of, 608
Confederate Navy, 621-2
Confederate States of America, 608, 612, 618, 626; border states in, 602, 604, 606, 608, 620, 626; constitution of, 601, 612; Davis as president of, 600-3, 606, 608, 612-14, 628; government of, 612-13; negative brand of liberty in, 613; states’ rights in, 612-14
Congregationalists, 7, 24, 52, 223, 373, 476, 494, 497-8, 507
Congress, U.S., 6, 76-7, 84-9, 97, 110-12, 146, 175, 199-201, 237, 240-1, 250-1, 259, 269-70, 301, 458, 459-60, 564; Alien and Sedition Acts, 125-33, 141; under Articles of Confederation, 16, 17, 43, 76, 96; bank issues, 335, 339-40, 344-6, 424-6; brokerage in, 61, 62, 243, 263, 270, 426, 427, 475, 565; caucus system in, 171-2, 183, 204, 210, 212, 228, 238, 265, 369, 378, 379; in Civil War, 615, 619-21, 626-7; Dickens on, 352; enumerated powers of, 38-9, 40, 152, 188, 215, 619; and Mexican War, 461, 465; and national defense, 210, 215, 235, 236; negative veto in, 37, 262; and nullification and secession, 327-31, 336-7, 603, 605; political parties in, 104, 136, 145, 171-2, 369, 377; representation in, 36-7, 61, 62-3, 465-6; and slavery issue, 242-3, 345-6, 464, 465-6, 470-1, 472-5, 543-7, 549-50, 551-2, 591, 625; in War of 1812, 206, 208-9, 211, 328; see also House of Representatives; legislative branch; Senate
Connecticut, 49, 72-3, 94, 280, 282, 288, 290, 351, 433, 505, 506, 528, 536; politics in, 183, 231, 239
Connecticut compromise, 37, 40
Connecticut River, 220, 223, 231, 310, 448
Conscience Whigs, 468-70, 549
conservatives, 345, 372, 374, 422; fear egalitarianism, 118, 224; for suffrage restrictions, 226, 364, 365; see also Essex. Junto
Constitution, U.S., 38, 61, 135, 215, 252, 261, 366, 379, 465, 493, 520, 615; amending, 40, 42, 89-90, 177; broad construction of, 87-8, 177, 259, 261: and citizenship and statehood, 176-7, 576; debates over interpretation of, 104, 240; and federalism, 34-5, 40, 61, 135, 136, 140, 260, 262, 369, 374, 598; and impeachment, 40, 60; intellectual roots of, 28, 29, 368; ratification of, 40, 42-59, 89-90, 104, 134, 367, 428; strict construction of, 177, 258, 423, 466; see also Bill of Rights; checks and balances; separation of powers
Constitution, U.S.S., 196, 211
Constitutional Convention, 16, 19, 23, 27-42, 49, 62, 104, 134; see also Framers of Constitution
Constitutional Union party, 593
construction industry, 405, 406, 433, 534
Continental Congresses, 23, 24, 28
contracts, sanctity of, 27, 260, 400
Contreras, Mexico, 463
conventions, see nominating conventions
Coolidge, John, 480
Cooper, James Fenimore, 477
Cooper, Thomas, 129-30, 569, 572
Cooperstown, N.Y., 477
Cooper Union, N.Y.C., 594
Copley, John Singleton, 221
cotton, 141, 274-5, 276, 277, 282-7, 302, 315, 318-9, 450, 529-30, 567, 589, 608, 618; see also textile industry
cotton gin, 275, 282, 287-8, 291, 295, 308, 311, 315, 347, 567
Cotton Whigs, 468, 470, 545
courts, 14, 39, 55, 70, 90, 130, 184, 375, 392; equality in, 17-18, 453; see also judicial branch
Cowles, Alfred, 514
Coxe, Tench, 89
Cranch, Mary, 122
Cranch, Richard, 71
Crane, Ichabod, 558
Crawford, William H., 238-9, 247, 254-5, 264-7, 378
Creek Indians, 6, 216-17, 452-3
Crimean War, 539-40, 588
Crittenden, John J., 425, 565, 593
Crockett, Davy, 455
Cuba, 249; U.S. interest in, 537-9
culture: of liberty, 476-522; in New England, 476-92; urban, 78-9, 81, 110-11, 112, 115, 220, 222-3; Virginia, 255-7, 263-4, 482
Cumberland, Md., 299, 450
Cummings, Arthur, 610-11
Cummins, Maria S., 517
Cunningham, Noble, 190
Curtis, Benjamin R., 575
Curtis, James, 346
Cushing, William, 185, 222
Dabney, Thomas Smith Gregory, 282-5
Dalzell, Robert, 466
Dana, Francis, 49
Dana, Samuel, 127
Dane, Nathan, 231
Dangerfield, George, 267, 270
Daniel, Peter V., 575
Dartmouth College, 74, 478
Davis, David, 556, 558, 595
Davis, Jefferson, 462, 473, 564-5; as president of Confederacy, 600-3, 606, 608, 612-14, 628; as Secretary of War, 545, 564
Davis, Richard Beale, 255
Davis, Varina (Mrs. Jefferson), 601
Day, Benjamin H., 512-13
Day, Luke, 14
Dayton, Ohio, 210, 419-20
Dearborn, Henry, 166
Decatur, Ill., 558
Decatur, Capt. Stephen, 196, 236
Declaration of Independence, 15, 21, 23, 40, 49, 62, 140, 142, 249, 270, 272-3, 352, 383, 411, 572, 573, 584, 586-7, 595, 604
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 99
Deere, John, 430, 527
Defoe, Daniel, 112; Robinson Crusoe, 527
Delaware, 47, 239, 504
Delaware Indians, 6, 96
democracy, 118, 225, 457; and education, 502, 506, 510; equality in, 19, 20-1, 354-8, 361-2, 383, 411, 416, 525; Jacksonian, 347-50, 354-8, 361-2, 363-4, 376, 453, 511; work ethic in, 506, 510; see also republic
Democracy in America, see Tocqueville, Alexis de
Democratic party, 343, 358, 373, 435-6, 466-7, 515, 525, 536, 554; and Civil War, 615; in Congress, 340, 344, 566, 577; convention and election of 1860, 592-3, 596-7, 600; election of 1832, 331-6, 380; election of 1836, 341-2; election of 1840, 421-2; election of 1848, 468-70; election of 1856, 559-62; factions in, 330, 338, 345, 360, 361, 425, 427, 466, 468-71, 553-4; fiscal policies of, 344-6, 347; formation of, 322-3; lack of political philosophy in, 348-9; as majority, 576-8, 579, 599; and “manifest destiny,” 458, 459, 538-40; slavery issue in, 348-9, 465, 467, 468-71, 473, 547-8, 554, 558, 626; in South, 559, 560-2, 564, 576-8, 579-80, 592-3, 599; state, 373, 374, 408; see also Jackson, Andrew: and Democratic party
Denmark, 24
Derna, Libya, 196
Deseret News (Salt Lake City), 515
Detroit, Mich., 210, 212-13, 450, 532
Dial, The (journal), 483
Dickens, Charles, 317, 351-3, 356, 527, 575
Dickinson, John, 35
Diderot, Denis, 100
District of Columbia, 424, 470, 472
divorce, 360, 361, 402
Dixon, Archibald, 544
Doherty, E. P., 610
Donald, David, 574
Donelson, Emily, 332
Dorr, Thomas, 365
Dorr’s Rebellion, 466
Douglas, Stephen A., 457, 473, 565, 580-1, 615; in convention and election of 1860, 592-3, 596-8, 600; debates with Lincoln, 557, 581-7, 594; election of 1856, 559; and Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 543-7, 549, 551-2, 557; popular sovereignty doctrine of, 544, 550, 577, 579-80, 584-5, 592
Douglass, Frederick, 393-4, 412-13, 590, 626
Duane, James, 56, 81
Duane, William, 162, 199, 339
Du Bois, W. E. B., 14, 149
Dubuque, Iowa, 302
Du Pont Company, 430
Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel, 165, 169, 430
Durfee, Amos, 446-7
Dutch, 81, 113, 114; canal system, 302 Dutch Reformed Church, 7, 78, 370
Dwight, Timothy, 161, 167, 280, 492, 493, 494, 497-8
Dwight family, 292, 307
Eads, James Buchanan, 617
East, the, 86, 277, 309, 355, 356, 494, 528-9; see also New England; North, the
East Chelmsford, Mass., 294
East Indies, British, 103
Eastman, Mehitable, 398-9, 403
Eaton, Clement, 573
Eaton, Maj. John H., 321, 325-6
Eaton, Peggy (Mrs. John), 3
26-7, 332
Eberhardt, Johann Ludwig, 289-91
economy, 140-1; change in, and internal improvements, 302, 306-11; credit in, 276, 285-6, 339-40, 360, 374, 434, 451; and equality, 361-2; expanding, 29, 433, 533-5, 553, 587-9, 593; federal action in, 84, 236-7; and politics, 428-9; see also banking; fiscal policies; Panic
education, 111-12, 115, 407, 441, 453, 476, 482, 486: classical, 28, 44, 111; and democracy, 502, 506, 510; parochial, 509; private, 75-6, 504-6, 507; public, 76, 352, 358, 360, 372, 467, 498, 501-11, 565; and religion, 497-8, 506, 507-9; in a republic, 19, 109, 144, 501-2
Edwards, Jonathan, 196, 497
election campaigns, 107, 147, 265-7, 375, 378-9, 419-22, 583, 596; see also political parties
Electoral College, 38, 67, 107-8, 148, 152, 227, 266, 367; and Twelfth Amendment, 229-30
Ellet, Charles, 617, 621
Ellsworth, Oliver, 184
Emancipation Proclamation, 625-8
Embargo Act (1807), 199-203, 205, 228, 230, 276, 278, 282, 291, 488
Emerson, Dr. John, 576
Emerson, Lidian (Mrs. Ralph Waldo), 479-80, 481, 561
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 223, 331, 396, 451, 476-88, passim, 491, 517, 522, 526, 545, 561, 588, 590; Conduct of Life, The, 588; Nature, 481-2
Emporia Kansas News, 579
Engels, Friedrich, 416, 444, 467
England, 249, 368, 416, 431, 438, 477, 625; liberty in, 23-4, 61, 117, 571; manufacturing, 200, 217, 251, 275, 282, 285-6, 291-2, 293, 439; trade, 249, 251, 506; see also Great Britain
Enlightenment, 493
Ephrata, Pa., 439
Episcopalians, 257
Eppes, John W, 258
equality, 142-3; economic, 361-2, 440; inegalitarianism, 143, 355-6, 383-4, 440, 441-2, 535, 597-8; and Jacksonian democracy, 347-8, 350, 354-8, 361-2; legal, 17-18, 362, 453; and liberty, 25, 143, 226, 228-9, 258, 263, , 272, 347-8, 491, 500, , 520, 571-3, 575, 587, 593; political, 362-3, 378, 584; social, 362, 440, 584; see also democracy: equality in; liberty
Eric Canal, 301, 302-4, 305, 431, 432, 450, 499, 517; financing and construction of, 302-3, 306-7, 309; grass-roots support for, 309, 310; passengers and freight on, 316-17, 528, 532
Erie Railroad, 408, 531
Essex Junto. 165, 223-4, 228, 230-1, 361
Europe, 16, 26, 172, 249, 252; culture in, 477, 478, 483; Holy Alliance in, 248-52; investments in U.S. from, 531, 534, 587; reaction to Monroe Doctrine in, 251; revolutionary movements in, 254, 416, 438, 467, 536-7, 538; see also Napoleonic wars
Eustis, William, 211
Evans, George H., 360, 517
Evans, Col. Nathan, 610
Evans, Oliver, 297
Everett, Edward, 341; 396, 434, 436, 452, 478, 501-2, 554, 578-9, 591, 593
Ewing, Thomas, 424
executive branch, 36, 37-8, 168, 187-9, 193, 226; see also President
factionalism, 91, 92, 93, 239, 241, 261, 502; and liberty, 29-30, 45, 54, 60-1
Fair, Charles, 622
Fairhaven, Mass., 541
Fallen Timbers, Battle of the, 97
Farley, Harriet, 396-7
farming, see agriculture
Farragut. David, 608, 621
federal government, 83, 383; bureaucracy of, 71, 78, 324-5, 346, 565, 617; factions in, 91, 92, 93, 502; geometry of balance in, 465-7, 472-5, 544, 598-9; and liberty, 62, 263, 491, southern power elite in, 576-8; strong, support for, 21, 26, 30, 34-7, 41, 42-58, 60, 126, 226, 241, 350, 433, 436; supremacy of, 259, 335; weak, support for, 43-4, 46-60, 61, 162, 258, 347; see also states’ rights: vs. federal government
federalism, 369, 374; see also Constitution, U.S.: and federalism
Federalist, 44-6, 60, 215, 261, 262, 511
Federalist party, 109, 137, 138, 164-6, 223, 227-31, 357, 369, 377; and Alien and Sedition Acts, 126-34, 138, 230; antiwar position in, 206, 208-9, 210, 217-18, 230-1, 235; in Congress, 122, 136, 153-4, 186, 190, 202, 209, 227, 235, 237, 378; control of judiciary by, 128, 183-6, 193; decline and fall of, 191-2, 217-18, 227-31, 239, 243, 266, 377, 420; election of 1796, 107-8; election of 1800, 145-8, 151-5, 227; election of 1804, 183, 227; election of 1808, 203-4, 227, 230; election of 1812, 210, 227; election of 1816, 227, 238-9; and foreign affairs. 102-4, 121, 123, 124, 174-7, passim, 200, 230, 231; Hartford convention of, 217, 218, 224, 231, 261; state, 210, 227, 229; view of liberty in, 226, 228-9, 231, 347; see also Essex Junto
Federalists (supporters of new Constitution), 30, 60-3, 69, 79-80, 82, 83-9, 98, 369; and ratification of Constitution, 42-58
Fell, Jesse. 595
Fenno, John, 80, 87, 90, 135
Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, 416, 467
Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 248-9
Fillmore, Millard: in election of 1856, 559-62; presidency of, 474, 525, 531, 542
Finney, Charles C, 492, 500
First Amendment, 493, 500
fiscal policies, 8, 13, 84-7, 97, 168-9, 344-7, 419-20, 457, 589; see also Hamilton, Alexander: as Secretary of Treasury
Fischer, David, 223, 228
fishing industry, 219-20, 234, 540
Fisk, Theophilus, 361
Fitch, John, 41, 277, 297
Fitzhugh, George, 572-4
Fitzsimmons, Thomas, 35
Flagg, Azariah, 371
Fletcher v. Peck (1810), 259
Florida, 452, 530, 597, 612
Florida, Spanish, 7, 173-4, 176, 207, 244-8; Jackson’s campaign in, 245-7, 320, 332
Foner, Eric, 118, 469
Foote, Comm. Andrew, 621
Force bill (1833), 337
foreign affairs; chauvinism in, 207-9, 237-8, 445-9, 458, 536, 538, and Constitution, 38, 61; disputes over, and domestic disputes, 99-105; expansionism, 536-40; interventionism, 251-4; leadership in, 252, 449; and liberty, 537; neutrality, 101-4, 195, 198, 205-6, 249, 254, 446; non-interventionism, 250-2; Realpolitik in, 245, 253; self-interest vs. morality in, 195, 252-4; see also Mexican War; War of 1812; and individual countries and residents
Forman, Joshua, 305-6
Forrest, Gen. Nathan Bedford, 622
Fort Dearborn, 1
Fort Donelson, 621
Fort Erie, 213
Fort Greenville, 97
Fort Henry, 621
Fort Johnson, 605
Fort Maiden, 213
Fort McHenry, 619
Fort Moultrie, 606
Fort Sumter, 605-7
Foster, William, 361
Fourier, Charles, 403, 442-4, 517
Fox, George, 527
Fox, Gustavus, 618
Framers of Constitution, 28-42, 83, 104, 262, 311, 364, 368, 428, 493, 565, 574, 587, 594; and absence of bill of rights, 42, 50, 51, 53-5, 57, 59, 60, 69; and checks and balances, 34-5, 37, 38-9, 61, 63, 368; and foreign and military affairs, 216, 252; oppose political parties, 13, 134, 379; and separation of powers, 36, 61, 63, 216, 261, 368; slavery compromise of, 39-40; see also Constitution, U.S.
France, 4, 5, 18, 80, 95, 99-100, 113, 124, 150, 162, 179, 232, 249, 250, 275, 297, 354, 416, 431, 438, 442, 467, 539; American sympathy for, 104, 109, 205, 208, 377; attacks U.S. shipping, 102, 121, 124, 205-6, 208, 291, 445; blockade of, 198-9; and Confederacy, 601; quasi-war with, 120-5, 127, U.S. claims against, 445-6; war declaration (1792) of, 99-102, 125; XYZ Correspondence, 123; see also Napoleon I
Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 194
Frankfort, Ky., 326
Franklin, Benjamin, 21-3, 30, 108, 111, 116, 117, 226, 302, 304, 448; at Constitutional Convention, 31, 35, 39, 40, 42; and liberty, 24-5
Franklin, James, 24
Fraunces, Phoebe, 81
Fraunces, Samuel, 81
Fraunces’ Tavern, NYC, 77, 81
Fredericksburg, Battle of, 626
Freedom, Pa., 604
Free Enquirer, The; 415, 517
Freehling, William, 333, 567
Free Inquirer, The, 360
Freeman, Elizabeth, 20
Free Soil movement (and party), 468-70, 545, 547-9, 553, 579, 584, 593
Frelinghuysen, Theo
dore, 452
Frémont, Jessie Benton (Mrs. John C), 560
Frémont, Capt. John C, 462, 472, 616, 617, 620; in election of 1856, 559-62
French Revolution, 98, 99-100, 149, 445, 498, 571; American sympathy for, 99-101, 126, 137, 253
Freneau, Philip, 8, 1, 90, 93
Fries, John, 146
frontier, the, 7, 93, 94, 95-6, 395, 410, 416, 421, 449, 450, 507; American character on, 207, 317-18, 477; religion on, 492-7; see also West, the
Fuller, Margaret, 483, 487, 516
Fulton, Robert, 170, 277, 296-301, 308, 311, 431
Galena, 111, 562, 622
Gallatin, Albert, 127, 145, 166-7, 177, 200, 202, 205, 232-4, 236, 268, 304-5
Gallatin, James, 233-4
Gandhi. Mohandas K., 486
Garrison, William Lloyd, 366, 394, 411-12, 517, 519-21
Gassendi. Pierre, 170
Gazette of the United States, 80, 90
Geddes, James, 303
Genêt, Edmond, 101-2, 121
Genius of Universal Emancipation (journal), 517
Genovese, Eugene, 387
George III, King of England, 40, 194
Georgetown, 65, 168, 450
Georgia, 47, 92, 173, 246, 274, 286, 385, 409, 433, 597; Indians of, 452-3; states’ rights in, 335, 346; Yazoo land fraud, 259-60
German immigrants, 80, 113, 289-90, 405, 439, 450, 547, 549, 555, 622
Germany, 416, 431
Gerry, Elbridge, 121-4, and
Constitution, 31, 35, 38, 42, 43, 49-51
Ghent, Treaty of, 231-5
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), 259, 577
Giddings, Joshua, 595
Giles, William Branch. 185-6, 258
Gilmer, Thomas W., 424
Gladstone, William, 32
Godey’s Lady’s Book, 517
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 478, 481, 490
gold, see California: gold rush in
Goldsmith, Oliver, 112
Gonzales, Tex., 454
Goodyear, Charles, 534
Gorham, Nathaniel, 35
Gouge, William M., 344
government: Adams on, 17-18, 109, 224-6, 272; Jackson on, 348; Madison on, 29-30, 45-6; see also democracy; republic
grain products, 528, 529-30
granite, 429-30
Grant, Ulysses S., 462, 464, 617, 621, 623
Grayson, William, 53
Great Britain, 80, 141, 179, 222, 246, 247, 275, 297, 319, 405, 446, 512, 530, 539, 540, 542, 547, 587, American opinion of, 101-4, 205-6, 228, 231, 377, 445, 448; American possessions of, 95, 100, 173-4, 245, 455, 458-9, 540; attacks U.S. shipping, 102-3, 291; Canadian rebellion against, 446-7; and Confederacy, 601, 618-19; France declares war on (1792), 99-102, 125; and Ghent treaty, 232-5; and Holy Alliance, 249-50; impressment of seamen by, 103, 198-200, 203-9 passim, 228, 233-4; Indian allies of, 6, 96, 207, 216, 223-4; and Monroe Doctrine, 251; Royal Navy, 102, 194-5, 198, 205, 211, 212-14, 216, 220-1, 232, 234, 235, 251; and U.S.-Canadian boundary dispute, 7, 103, 235, 447-8; in War of 1812, 208-15, 216-17; see also Napoleonic wars
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