Great Lakes, 212-13, 233, 235, 305, 532; region, 310, 405, 449-50
Greece, 248, 250, 254
Greeley, Horace, 421, 433, 443-4, 487, 515-17, 530, 609, 612; and slavery, 546-7, 549, 580-1, 585, 594-5, 604, 625
Green, Constance McLaughlin, 566
Green, Duff, 332
Greene, Catherine, 274, 275, 287
Greytown, Mosquito Coast. 540
Grier, Robert C„ 575, 577
Grimké, Angelina and Sarah, 412-13, 521
Griswold, Roger, 138
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 464
Guerrière, H.M.S., 211
Guizot. Francois, 354
habeas corpus, Civil War suspension of, 613, 615, 619
Haiti, 360, 367
Hale, John P., 469-70
Hall, John, 289
Hallet, Benjamin, 519
Hamilton, Alexander, 19, 21, 23, 36, 68, 69, 72, 77, 81, 122-7 passim, 131, 133, 138, 146, 191, 227, 268, 433, 511, 607; duel of, with Burr, 192, 193, 196; and election of 1796, 107-9; election of 1800, 145, 147, 148, 153-5; and foreign affairs, 100-1, 103, 121, 253; and Jefferson, 90-1, 101; opposition to, 85-7, 93, 137; as Secretary of Treasury, 71, 79-80, 84-9; 90-1, 97-8, 168-9; supports strong central government, 26, 41, 42, 44-5, 55-S, 236, 246, 259
Hammond, James Henry, 572-4
Hampton, Wade, 608
Hampton Roads, Va., 622
Hancock, John, 33, 49, 51, 74, 519
Handlin, Oscar, 174
Hare, Robert, 434
Harmony, Ind., 439-40
Harper, Robert Goodloe, 259-60
Harper and Brothers, 588
Harpers Ferry, Va., 179, 289, 590, 609
Harper’s Weekly, 605
Harrington, James, 368
Harris, B. F., 528
Harris, Townsend, 542
Harrisburg, Pa., 265-6, 269
Harrison, Benjamin, 53
Harrison, William Henry, 207, 212-13, 341-2, 437, 622; election and presidency of, 419-22, 424, 468
Hartford. Conn., 31, 73, 218, 220, 222, 351; Federalist convention in, 217, 218, 224, 231, 261
Hartford and New Haven Railroad, 433
Hariz, Louis, 349, 435
Harvard College, 32, 74, 218, 221-4, 240, 255, 257, 271, 338, 351, 436, 477-8, 480-1, 483, 486, 519
Harvey, Charles T., 532
Havana, Cuba, 244, 538
Hawaii, 540-1
Hawkins, Hall, 389
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 223, 347, 487-90, 491, 517, 534, 588; Scarlet Letter, The, 476, 488-9
Hawthorne, Sophia (Mrs. Nathaniel), 489
Hayne, Robert Y 327-31, 336-7, 570
Hedge, Levi, 222
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 443
Helper, Hinton Rowan, 592
Henry, Patrick, 8, 29, 43, 53-5, 68, 91, 95, 108, 140, 255
Henshaw, David, 374, 376
Herald of Freedom (newspaper), 551
Herndon, William, 555-6, 558, 561, 580-1, 603
Herrera, José Joaquin, 460
Hidalgo, Miguel, 248
Higginson, Stephen, 218
Hildreth, Richard, 522
Hill, Isaac, 326
Hilliard, H. W., 472
history: causal agents in, 383-4, 422, 598; on Jackson, 346-7; original records in, 384, 396; stream of, 578
History of Paper Money and Banking (Gouge), 344
Hobbes, Thomas, 28
Hoe printing press, 535
Holland, 99, 172, 174, 175, 176, 447
Hollidaysburg Aurora, 316
Holmes, Mary J., 517
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 479, 588
Holyoke, Mass., 295
Hone, Philip, 475
Honolulu, Hawaii, 540
Hopkinson, Francis, 112
Horrocks and Johnson power loom, 292
Horseshoe Bend, Battle of, 217
Hough, Pvt. Daniel, 607
House of Representatives, 152-5, 266-7, 322, 408, 440; election to, 36-7, 61, 68, 364, 381; and foreign affairs, 103-4, 123; see also Congress
Houston, Sam, 454
Hudson River, 91, 172, 213, 233, 278, 296-7, 301-2, 305, 352, 370, 431-3
Hudson’s Bay Company, 455, 458-9
Hughes, Bishop John, 509
Hull, Capt. Isaac, 211
Hull, Gen. William, 210-11, 216
Hume, David, 28
Humphreys, David, 64, 70
Hungary, 416, 467, 536-7
Hunkers, 468-9
Hunt, Millicent Leib, 395, 402
Hunter, Gen. David, 620
Hunter, Robert M. T., 544
Hussey’s reaper, 527
ice industry, 429
Illinois, 299, 392, 452, 496, 499-500, 528, 529, 543, 554-5, 576, 599, 622-3;
migration to, 207, 315, 449, 450, 451, 527; politics in, 267, 556-9, 561-2, 580-7, 594-5
Illinois Central Railroad, 556, 589
immigrants, 141, 395, 404-9, 415, 433, 450, 530, 534, 553; and Alien Act, 126, 127-8; in cities, 80-1, 113, 114, 116, 356, 404-9; education of, 509-10, 565; employment of, 405-6, 408-9; and nativism, 547-8, 553-4, 559: and politics, 407-8, 554, 559
impressment, see Great Britain: impressment of seamen by indentured servants, 7, 114, 503
Independence, Mo., 456
Independent Journal, 44
Independent Treasury Act (1840), 344-6, 424, 426
Indiana, 207, 315, 392, 449, 496, 508, 527-8; canal system in, 305; communitarianism in, 439, 440-2; politics in, 562, 597, 603
individual rights: ideology of, 143, 415-16, 435, 437, 440, 479, 571-3; vs. community, 30, 115-16, 475, 491-2; see also liberty; man
industry, 433, 438; capital for, 80, 295-6, 534, 587; and equality, 355, 362; expansion of, 141, 251, 291, 295, 485, 533-5· 587-9, 599; and government, 84, 88-9, 236-7, 287-8, 291, 505, 564; and individual liberty, 485-7, 489-90, 491-2; machinery for, 216, 282, 288-9, 290-1, 295, 307, 396, 430, 533-4, 535; tariffs for, 236, 269-70, 293, 295, 347, 437, 505; see also business; capitalism; labor; textile industry
Ingham, Samuel D., 235, 325
Ingraham, Joseph. 284-5
Intellectuals, 27, 145, 442, 444, 477; of Virginia, 255-64 passim
internal improvements: competition for, 308-9; government subsidies for, 236, 240-1, 307-8, 309, 329, 331, 347, 505, 506, 564; as political issue, 320, 333, 334, 375, 435, 599; see also transportation
interstate commerce, 259, 301
Iowa, 392, 451, 527, 532
Ireland, 405, 407, 459
Irish immigrants, 80-1, 113, 126, 305, 309, 373, 405, 406, 407-8, 450, 480, 498, 547, 548, 555
iron, 530-1, 534
Iroquois Indians, 5, 6, 96
Irving, Washington, 477
Isely, Jeter, 547
Italy, 24, 174-5, 254, 416, 438
Izard, George, 213
Jackson, Andrew. 239, 268, 318-19, 343,-421, 453, 459, 580; and Calhoun, 332-3, 334, 570; censured by Senate, 340, 346, 423; and Congress, 247, 327, 346; and Democratic party, 323, 341, 340, 347-9, 359, 363-4, 381, 455, 457; in election of 1824, 265-7, 321, 378; in election of 1828, 320-3, 375-6; election of 1832, 331-6, 380; Florida campaign of, 245-7, 319, 332; and foreign affairs, 445-6, 455; kitchen cabinet of, 325-6, 339; nullification policy of, 329, 330-1, 335, 330-7, 346, 348, 357; presidency of, 323-41, 344, 345, 346-7, 358, 359, 361, 378, 383, 428, 575, 598, 619; spoils system of, 324-5, 333, 346, 374; supporters of, 269, 320-4, 349, 358, 423; tour of, 337-8; and United States Bank, 335-6, 338-40, 347, 373, 374, 375, 428, 466; in War of 1812, 213, 216-17, 231, 235, 319; see also democracy: Jacksonian
Jackson, George, 55
Jackson, James. 85, 88
Jackson, Patrick Tracy, 292, 294
Jackson. Rachel (Mrs. Andrew), 319, 323, 326-7, 402
Jackson, Gen. Thomas (Stonewall), 610-11, 613, 622, 623, 624
Jalapa, Mexico, 463
Japan, 542
Jay, John, 19, 41, 43, 44-5, 53, 56-7, 69, 70, 71, 72, 78, 79, 103, 147, 148, 152, 154, 184, 215, 235
Jay, Mrs. John, 81
Jay family, 370
Jay treaty (1794), 103-4, 120, 226, 137
Jefferson, Thomas, 18, 26, 43, 55, 77, 162, 231, 260, 319, 325, 340, 347, 357, 360, 368, 377, 414, 419, 435, 439, 478, 483, 493; Alien and Sedition Acts opposed by, 126, 127, 131-2, 184, 230, 330; and Burr conspiracy, 197, 202-3; and canals, 303, 305-6, 310; character and philosophy of, 62-3, 161-3, 165, 168, 170, 171, 238, 501, 502; and Congress, 165, 167, 168-72, 202, 263; correspondence with Adamses, 18-19, 226, 271-2; and Declaration of Independence, 23, 40, 272, 411; in election of 1796, 107-9, 378; election of 1800, 144-7, 151-5, 378; in election of 1804, 183, 227; and Embargo Act, 199-202, 203, 230; and foreign affairs, 162, 167, 168, 173-5, 195-201, 230, 249, 253; and French Revolution, 99-100; and Hamilton, 90-1, 101; and judiciary, 183-9, 193, 202; and Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, 131-2, 134, 139, 145, 162; and Lewis and Clark expedition, 178-83, 190; and Louisiana Purchase, 176-8, 189, 230; and Madison, 28, 91-2, 203-4, 206, 208, 212, 255; at Monticello, 106-7, 163, 168, 201, 255, 256, 270-3, 440; and political parties, 90, 99, 135, 239, 279; political strategy and appointments of, 161, 164-7, 186, 190-2, 239; presidency of, 159-72, 183-93, 195, 205, 215, 228, 259, 260, 261, 263, 378, 383, 428, 598; on rebellion, 18-19, 162; and Republican party, 122, 137, 138-9, 145, 146-7, 159, 164-7, 169-72, 173, 184, 185-6, 190-2, 202, 258, 262-3, 269, 369, 498, 549; as Secretary of State, 71, 88, 90-1, 101, 103, 162; and slavery issue, 151, 243; as vice-president, 108-9, 122, 138, 146, 162
Jerusalem, Va., 392
Jervis, John B, 432
Jews, 7, 78, 81, 92
Johnson, Andrew, 346
Johnson, Richard M., 235, 342, 421
Johnson, Samuel, 25
Johnson, William Samuel, 31
Johnston, Gen. Albert Sidney, 608, 621
Johnston, Gen. Joseph, 463, 609-10, 613
Johnstone, Robert, 169, 172
Jones, Anson, 460
Jones, Charles Colcock, 385-8, 390-1
Jones, Mary (Mrs. Charles Colcock), 388
Jones, William, 212
Jubilee of 1826, 270, 272-3
Judd, Norman, 595
judicial branch, 36, 38-9, 40, 60, 128, 183-6, 193, 619; independence of, 184-9, 193, 202, 350, see also courts; Supreme Court judicial review, 40, 133, 187-9, 93, 202, 577
Judiciary Act: of 1789, 70, 130, 186-9; of 1801, 168, 183-4, 186, 202
Kansas, 453; Lecompton plan, 579-80, 589, 607; slavery issue in, 543, 550-2, 579-80, 591; Topeka constitution in, 550
Kansas Free State (newspaper), 551
Kansas-Nebraska act, 543-52 passim, 582, 599, 607
Kant, Immanuel, 481
Kearny, Gen. Stephen W., 461-2
Kemble, Fanny, 317, 354, 413
Kendall, Amos, 325-6, 339, 346, 348, 375-6
Kent, James, 364
Kentucky, 94, 96, 131, 175, 208, 315, 331, 468, 495, 496, 529-30, 573, 601, 608, 620; economic problems in, 241, 374-6; politics in, 173, 267, 336, 374-6, 380, 604
Kentucky Gazette (newspaper), 131
Kentucky resolution, 131-3, 134, 139, 145, 162, 261
Kerber, Linda, 58
Key, Francis Scott, 215
King, Rufus, 19, 35, 39, 79, 203, 227, 239, 243
“King Caucus,” 238, 265, 378
Kirtland, Ohio, 499
Know-Nothing (American) party, 499, 547-9, 553-4, 557, 558, 599, 603; split in, 559-62
Knox, Henry, 13, 16, 35, 71, 72, 77-8, 124
Kossuth, Lajos, 416, 467, 536-7
Kraditor, Aileen, 521
Labadists, 439
labor: child, 89, 288, 293, 439, 503; class structure in, 114, 115; craft traditions and unions, 120, 289-90, 358, 414; immigrant, 405-6, 408-9; industrial, 75, 89, 287-95, 489, 494, 503, 510, 574, 597; and politics. 358-9, 361, 373, 503; radical movements for, 360-1, 502, 535; strikes and boycotts by, 358, 398-9, 406, 589; trade unions, 358-9, 498; unemployment, 344, 406, 446, 589; working conditions, 358, 381, 395-400, 406, 535; see also women: in labor force; working class
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul, Marquis de, 40-1, 99, 251, 255, 360, 414
La Fortuna (slave ship), 384-5
Lake Champlain, 213, 216, 233
Lake Erie, 212-13, 303-5, 450, 532
Lake Michigan, 305, 531-2
Lake Ontario, 212-13, 532
Lamb, Gen. John, 56
Lamb, Robert K., 307
Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, 500
Lansing, John, 36, 44, 56
Larcom, Lucy, 294, 398
Larkin, Thomas O., 455-6
Laurens, Henry, 43
law, profession of, 436
Lawrence, Kan., 551, 558
Lawrence, Mass., 295
Lawrence, U.S.S., 212
Lawrence, Abbott, 437
Lawrence Company, 399
leadership: and democracy, 357-8; and economic change, 305-11, 429-33; grass-roots, 264, 309, 310; political, 137, 311, 358, 369, 373, 376-7, 379, 380, 428, 554; and rebellion, 384; in republic, 21, 62-3, 84-5, 109, 131, 143, 144, 191, 262-3, 269, 600; and war, 216, 614; see also Framers of Constitution
Lear, Tobias, 70
Leavis, Q. D., 491
Lee, Henry, 53-4
Lee, Richard Henry, 43, 50, 53
Lee, Robert E., 463, 464, 590, 608, 614, 622, 624, 626
legislative branch, 36, 168, 226; andjudicial review, 187-9, 193; see also Congress, U.S.
L’Enfant, Pierre, 168
Lenox, Mass., 489
Leopard, H.M.S., 199
Lerner, Max, 485
Letcher, Robert P., 267
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 35
Lewis, Meriwether, 168, 178-83, 190, 458
Lewis, William B., 321-2, 326
Lewis and Clark expedition, 178-83, 190, 458
Lexington, Ky., 131, 207, 331
Lexington, Mass., 75-6, 199, 482, 505
Liberator (Garrison), 366, 394, 517
Liberia, 366
liberty: belief in, 7, 15, 21, 23-7, 33-4, 62, 142, 411, 416, 548, 624-5; and Bill of Rights, 89-90; culture of, 476-522; and equality, 25, 143, 226, 228-9, 258, 263, 272, 347-8, 491, 500, 520, 571-3, 575, 587, 593; and factionalism, 29-30, 45, 54, 60-1; and general welfare, 115-16; and government, 62, 263, 491; and Indian policy, 453; and individualism, 485-7, 489-92; and Jacksonian democracy, 347-8, 350; linkage with other values, 26, 33, 130-1; and “manifest destiny,” 457, 537; and national security, 253-4; negative brand of, 263, 613; and order, 16, 19, 26-7, 34, 98-9, 109, 128-9, 130, 228, 350, 494, 597; and political parties, 372, 379; and property rights, 25, 26-7, 45, 131, 226, 228-9, 263, 268; protection of, through institutions, 34, 45, 59, 60, 209, 263, 268, 437; and public education, 502; in 1770s, as issue, 117; and slavery, 25, 40, 148-51, 263, 366, 387, 510, 520, 572-3, 587; threats to, 33-4, 125-33, 141, 215
Liberty party, 467-7· 521, 545, 553
libraries, 22, 110, 115, 396, 476, 482
Lieber, Francis, 546, 569
Lincoln, Abraham, 301, 411, 496, 555-6; on black equal rights, 584-7; debates with Douglas, 557, 581-7, 594; in election of 1860, 594-7, 600-1; Emancipation Proclamation, 625-8; habeas corpus suspended by, 615, 619; and preservation of Union, 604-5, 625; presidency of, 603-8, 612, 614-20, 622, 624-7; and Republican party, 561-2, 581-7, 605; and slavery issue, 556-9, 586-7, 590, 620, 624, 625
Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, 71
Lincoln, Levi, 166, 177
Lincoln, Mary Todd (Mrs. Abraham), 555, 603, 608
literature, 112, 451, 517, 534, 588; of New England, 476-91
Little Turtle, Chief, 96-7
Livingston, Edward, 332
Livingston, Peter, 333
Livingston, Robert R., 56, 66, 153, 174-7, 192, 195, 277-8, 284, 286, 296-9, 301, 306-8, 310, 431
Livingston family, 81, 278, 296, 297, 370
local government, 74, 91, 439, 504, 514; and Alien and Sedition Acts, 131-3; and ratification of Constitution, 46-58
Locke, John, 28, 29, 100, 368
Log Cabin (campaign journal), 421
London, England, 400, 535, 536, 539
London Times, 235, 447, 539, 618
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 223, 545; Hiawatha, 588
Long Island, N.Y., 370, 528
Longstreet, James, 464
Louis XVI, King of France, 100
Louisiana, 244, 267, 282, 364, 597, 608
Louisiana Purchase, 174-8, 189, 207, 230, 242, 245, 299
Louisiana Territory, 172-5
Louis Philippe, King of France, 416, 467
Louisville, Ky., 180, 300, 302, 375, 450, 499, 515
Louisville Courier-Journal, 612
Louisville Journal, 515
Lovejoy, Elijah P., 518-19, 522
Lowell, Mass., 295, 307, 351, 395-400
Lowell, Francis Cabot, 276, 291-6, 306-7, 310-11, 437
Lowell, James Russell, 486, 521-2, 588; Bigelow Papers, The, 522
Lowell, John, 307
Lowell and Moody’s power
loom, 292
Lowell Courier, 399
Lowell family, 292, 307
Lowell Female
Labor Reform Association
(LFLRA), 399, 414
Lowell Offering, 396-7
lower class, 221, 407-10; in cities, 79, 355, 405, 509-10; education of, 111, 115, 407, 504, 506, 507, 509-11; and inegalitarianism, 357, 358, 359, 383-4; and newspapers, 512, 515, 516-17; poor whites, 409-10, 507, 530, 591, 592; voting by, 382, 409-10; see also poverty
Lowndes, William, 235, 328
Lucretius, 170
Lundy, Benjamin, 517
Lundy’s Lane, Battle of, 213
Lutherans, 497
Luther v. Borden, 466
Lyman, Samuel, 229
Lynd, Staughton, 411
Lynn, Mass., 75, 338, 534
Lyon, Matthew, 137-8, 154
Mably, Abbé Gabriel de, 59, 62
Macauley, Catharine, 59
Macdonough, Capt. Thomas, 213, 233
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