American Experiment

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American Experiment Page 106

by James Macgregor Burns

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 85

  machines: interchangeable parts in, 216, 289, 290-1, 534; inventors of, 307, 429-30, 484; opposition to, 308, 360; see also agriculture: machinery and tools for; industry: machinery for; technology

  Mackenzie, William Lyon, 446

  Maclay, William, 69-70

  Maclure, William, 441

  Macon, Nathaniel, 208

  Madariaga, Salvador de, 252

  Madison, Dolley, 168, 204, 214

  Madison, James, 16, 95, 101, 102, 121, 168, 172, 231, 238, 244-5, 247, 249, 256, 303, 325, 360, 414, 440, 452, 493, 619; in Congress, 68-9, 71, 89, 104, 137; and Constitution, 27-31, 33-9, 42, 44-6, 53-5, 57, 368; and economic policy, 84-6, 87-8; in election of 1808, 203-4, 227, 378; in election of 1812, 209-10, 211-12, 227, 378; and Jefferson, 28, 91-2, 203-4, 206, 208, 212, 255; and Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, 131-2, 134, 145; presidency of, 204-6, 211-12, 215, 235-7, 240-1, 260-1, 369-70, 428; and Republican party, 99, 107, 137, 138, 145, 147, 204, 236, 258, 269; as Secretary of State, 165-6, 167, 175, 183-4, 186-9, 95· 202-7 passim, 259, 203, 264; supports strong central government, 26, 30, 34-9, 44-6, 126, 140; theories of government of, 29-30, 45-6; on tyranny, 262-3; War of 1812, 204-15, 230, 234

  Madrid, 538

  magazines, 517

  Maine, 5, 51, 217, 220-1, 230, 242, 295, 392, 478; boundary dispute, 447-8

  majority rule, 36, 63, 160, 193, 349, 383, 422, 605; and suffrage restrictions, 20-1, 364; tyranny of, 30, 34, 54, 60-1, 119-20, 192, 262-3, 329, 357, 364; see also political parties: majority rule

  Malonc, Dumas, 258

  man: consciousness-raising of, 396-403, 412, 415, 491, 515, 521-2; natural rights of, 142, 263, 363, 571; and nature, 481-3, 487, 489; nature of, 29-30, 45-6, 109, 117-8, 215, 224-5, 479, 483; needs of, 21, 263; in society, 482, 489, 491-2; virtue in, 60, 62-3, 109, 118-19, 225, 272; see also society

  Manassas Junction, 609-10, 616, 621, 622, 624

  Manchester, England, 292, 439

  Manchester, N.H., 295

  “manifest destiny,” 457-8, 536-40

  Mann, Horace, 396, 489, 505-8, 510

  Manning, William, 139-40, 144, 502

  Marblehead, Mass., 75, 218-19

  Marbury, William, 186-9, 93

  Marbury v. Madison (1803), 186-9, 193, 258, 262, 575

  Marcy, William, 371-2, 536, 538-9, 540

  Marines, U.S., 196, 464

  marriage, 360, 361, 394-5, 400-3, 411, 568-9

  Marshall, Christopher, 116

  Marshall, James. 471, 534

  Marshall, John, 43, 53-4, 121-3, 124, 125, 147, 154, 160-1, 210, 350, 433, 436, 607; as Chief Justice, 159, 183-9, 193, 202, 258-60, 301, 335, 381, 436, 575, 619

  Marshall. Lynn L., 428

  Martin, Luther, 36, 260

  Martineau, Harriet, 354, 483

  Marx, Karl, 444, 516, 553; Communist Manifesto, 416, 444, 467

  Marx, Leo, 491

  Maryland, 8, 52, 98, 216, 227, 267, 274, 439, 504, 562, 608, 620, 624

  Mason, George, 29, 42-3, 53, 255

  Mason, James M., 544, 618

  Mason, John, 539

  Massachusetts, 40, 49-52, 58, 73-6, 94, 201, 360-1, 392-3, 399-400, 433, 448, 465, 479, 502, 505-6, 540-2; industry in, 292-5, 373, 429-30, 476; politics in, 231, 239, 373-4, 465, 553; see also Boston; New England; Shays’s Rebellion

  Matamoras, Mexico, 460

  materialism, 228, 358, 536, 588

  Matlack, Timothy, 116

  Maysville, Ky., 331

  Mazzini, Giuseppe, 416

  McClellan, Gen. George, 463-4, 616-17, 621-2, 624, 626

  McCormick. Cyrus, 430, 527, 534, 555

  McCormick. Richard, 379

  M’Culloch v. Maryland (1819), 259

  McDowell, Gen. Irvin, 609-10

  McDuffie, George. 336

  McGready, James, 495

  McGuffey, William Holmes, 527

  McHenry, James, 121, 124, 146

  McLane, Louis, 332, 338

  McLean, Archibald, 44-5

  McLean, John, 44-5, 341

  McLeod, Alexander, 447

  Mead, Sidney, 500

  Meade, George Gordon, 464

  Medill, Joseph, 514

  Melville, Herman, 490-1, 517, 541, 588; Moby Dick, 476, 489, 491

  Memphis, Tenn., 302, 616, 621

  merchant marine, 536, 608

  merchants, 14, 75, 112-16, 218-22, 224, 228, 230-1, 275-6, 291, 295-6, 339, 373, 432, 455, 534, 569, 589; see also trade and commerce

  Merrimac (frigate), 622

  Merryman, Lt. John, 619

  Methodists, 7, 150, 257, 373, 393-4, 442, 474, 494-6, 497, 500

  Metternich, Prince Klemens von, 251

  Mexican War, 449, 460-4, 465, 468, 514-15, 536, 564

  Mexico, 196-7, 454-5, 458-64; gains independence, 248-9, 445, 454

  Mexico City, Mexico, 244, 454, 460-4

  Miami Indians, 6, 96

  Michigan, 207, 315, 450, 508-9, 530

  middle class, 79, 82, 110-11, 114, 115, 318, 355-7, 363, 383, 400, 402-3, 407, 411, 414, 497, 510-11, 512, 518

  Middlesex Mills, Lowell, 400

  Milan, 416, 467 military establishment, 169, 195, 210, 236, 464, 623; in a republic, 215-16

  Mill, John Stuart, 414

  Miller, John, 153

  Miller, Phineas, 275, 287

  Mills, Caleb, 508

  mining, 288-9, 408, 431, 433, 532, 534

  Minnetaree Indians, 181

  minorities: consciousness-raising in, 412, 415; psychological deprivation in, 411-12, 414, 416; in a republic, 20-1, 30, 54, 63, 98-9, 160, 165, 192, 262-3

  Mississippi, 141, 173, 282-5, 315, 364, 392, 409-10, 452, 597

  Mississippi River, 180, 206, 234, 284, 352, 532-3; trading on, 172, 174, 175, 245, 277, 296, 299-301, 310, 535

  Missouri, 267, 321, 499, 515, 532, 608, 617, 620; slavery issue in, 242-3, 543, 550

  Missouri Compromise (1820), 242-3, 328, 460, 543-6, 558, 575-8, 582, 598

  Missouri River, 178, 179, 180-2, 296

  Mitchell, Louise Pearson and Broadus, 307

  Mobile, Ala., 285

  Monitor, USS, 622

  Monroe, James, 53, 55, 69, 120, 151, 173, 175-6, 189-90, 198, 203, 237-8, 255, 258, 378, 440, 493,consensual partyless government under, 239-42, 247, 254, 261, 370, 377, 378; in election of 1808, 203-4, 378; in election of 1816, 227, 238-9, 378; in election of 1820, 243, 264; Monroe Doctrine, 249-54, 540; presidency of, 239-5, 254-5, 261, 264, 265, 268, 269, 311; as Secretary of State and War, 206, 208, 214, 217, 235, 238, 245-7, 264; tour of 240, 241

  Monterey, Calif., 455, 461, 472

  Montesquieu, 28-9, 225, 368

  Montreal, 208, 210, 212-13

  Moody. Paul, 292, 293-4

  Mooney, William, 82

  Moore, Alfred, 185

  Moore, Barrington, 411-12

  Moore, Glover, 243

  morality, 143-4, 225, 491, 498, and education, 502, 509-10; in foreign affairs, 195, 252-4; and the poor, 435

  Moravians, 289-90, 439

  Morgan, Edmund S., 257

  Morgan, William, 334

  Morgenthau, Hans, 254

  Morison, Samuel Eliot, 219

  Mormons, 499-500

  Morris, Gouverneur, 35, 39, 54, 56, 71, 184

  Morris, Robert, 31, 35, 54

  Morse, Samuel Finley, 430-1

  Morton, Louis, 256

  Mott, Frank Luther, 514

  Molt, James, 401

  Mott, Lucretia, 400-2, 412, 414

  Muhlenberg, Frederick, 104

  Muir, John, 526

  Murray, Lindley, 527

  Naples, 172, 248-9

  Napoleon I, Emperor, 153, 194, 203, 213, 232, 244, 271; and Louisiana Purchase, 172-7

  Napoleonic wars, 172, 176, 194-5, 197-9, 204-6, 212, 216, 234, 251, 295, 445, 618

  Nashville, Tenn., 299, 319, 321-2, 621

  Nasson, Samuel, 51

  Natchez, Miss., 197, 284-5, 300, 302

  national character, see American national character
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br />   National Gazette, 90, 93

  national security, 141, 203, 209, 215; and liberty, 253-4

  nativism, 547-8, 553-4, 559, 560, 565, 594, 599

  Naturalization Act (1798), 126, 127

  natural resources, waste of, 485, 529-30

  nature, 489, 491; Emerson on, 481-2, 489; and Thoreau, 485-7, 489

  Navy, U.S., 124, 166, 196, 201, 215, 235; in Civil War, 615, 617-18, 621-2; in Mexican War, 461-3; in War of 1812, 210, 211, 212-14, 216, 233

  Nebraska, 543-9, 556-9

  Nedham, Marchamont, 118

  Nelson, Adm. Horatio, 125, 195

  Nevada, 464

  Nevins, Allan, 526-7, 532, 560, 607

  Newark, N.J., 129, 406

  New Bedford, Mass., 220, 393, 541

  Newburyport, Mass., 75, 220, 222

  New England, 6, 24, 25, 71-6, 234, 240, 366, 392, 475, 485, 488, 497-8, 507, 540, 594; agriculture in, 72-3, 279-82, 410, 450, 529; commerce of, 201, 217-22, 230-1, 275, 455, 476; culture of, 476-92; industry in, 73, 75, 80, 269-70, 281, 291-5, 302; politics in, 266, 322, 323, 334, 336, 358, 380; port towns of, 218-23, 54; see also Boston; Federalist party

  Newfoundland, 200, 234, 540

  New Hampshire. 31, 52, 75, 220, 223, 231, 279-81, 295, 392, 399-400

  New Harmony, Ind., 360, 440-1

  New Haven, Conn., 72, 166-7, 216, 220, 275, 287-8, 351

  New Haven theology, 498

  New Jersey, 6, 29, 47, 98, 405, 406, 431, 504, 528; politics in. 147-8

  New Jersey Plan, 36-7

  New Lanark, Scotland, 360, 439

  New London, Conn., 220

  New Mexico, 460, 461, 464, 472

  New Orleans, 141, 172, 173-4, 175, 197, 285, 299-302, 305, 310, 391, 450, 532-3, 535, 538, 621; Battle of, 231, 234, 320

  newspapers: mercantile dailies, 511, 515; penny press, 512-18; see also press

  New York City, 7, 28, 56-7, 76-83, 198, 234-5, 247, 273, 298, 304, 337, 339, 344, 354, 393, 403, 404-8, 415, 430, 433, 440, 469, 504, 509, 511, 512-14, 516, 534, 588; Dickens on, 351-2, 356; as federal capital, 66-7, 69, 76-7, 79, 82-3, 86, 110; as financial center, 77, 80, 86, 285-6, 506; politics in, 79, 107, 108, 309, 408, 436; as port city, 80, 275-6, 404-5, 528, 536; radical movements in, 359-60, 365, 410, 589; society and culture in, 78-83, 355, 406

  New York Evening Post, 234-5, 528, 547

  New York Herald, 406, 513, 515, 537

  New York State, 6, 29, 53, 55-7, 72, 141, 288, 315, 364, 370, 402, 442, 465, 492, 500, 504; agriculture in, 278-9, 280, 286-7, 528-9; and Canadian rebellion, 446-7; Erie Canal, 302-4, 306, 310, 432; politics in, 79, 147-8, 210, 212, 227, 238, 266, 267, 321, 325, 334, 336, 343, 348, 358, 370-3, 380, 421-2, 437, 465, 468, 469, 553, 565, 603; steamboat monopoly in, 259, 297, 298, 301

  New York Stock Exchange, 81, 588

  New York Sun, 512-13

  New York Times, 546, 610

  New York Tribune, 443, 516-17, 530, 539, 547, 549, 570, 581, 604, 609, 612, 625

  Niagara Falls, 213, 352, 446, 532

  Nicholas, Cary, 260

  Niles’ Weekly Register, 234, 246

  Noah, Mordecai, 371

  nominating conventions, 210, 230, 265, 333-4, 342, 380, 594; of 1860, 592-6; and sectionalism, 466, 469-70, 592-3, 599

  Non-Intercourse Act (1809), 205, 291

  North, the, 302, 305, 459, 465, 521, 531, 564, 574, 577, 578; agriculture in, 72, 141, 269, 275-7, 279-82, 286, 528-9, 608; black Americans in, 114, 142, 356, 362, 392-4, 406, 407, 408; and Civil War, 607, 608, 612, 617, 619, 620; and trade, 217-22, 275-6, 506; see also New England; sectionalism

  North, Simeon, 289-90

  North American Review, 436, 478, 517

  Northampton, Mass., 220, 361

  North Carolina, 86, 92, 227, 319, 409, 482, 507, 530, 608, 621

  North Dakota, 180, 181

  Northfield, Mass., 361

  Northwest Ordinance of 1781, 96

  Northwest Territory, 207, 233, 248, 454, 455, 504, 507, 526-8;agriculture in, 299, 301, 302, 526-8; Oregon boundary settlement, 457-9; transportation in, 277, 298-9, 531; see also West, the nullification, 140; and Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, 131, 134, 139, 145; Webster-Hayne debate on, 327-30; see also states’ rights: and nullification

  Oberlin College, 400, 500

  O’Brien, Father William, 78

  Ogle, Charles, 421

  Ohio, 141, 299, 315, 392, 405, 442, 449, 496, 511, 527, 529; politics in, 267, 358, 380, 435, 545

  Ohio River, 94, 180, 197, 206, 277, 298, 299-302, 304-5

  Oklahoma, 454, 514

  Olmsted, Frederick Law, 564, 568

  Oneida commune, 443

  Onís y Gonzales, Don Luiz de, 246-8

  Oregon, 182, 455; boundary settlement with Britain, 457-9, 468

  Osgood, Samuel, 81

  Ostend Manifesto, 539, 607

  Otis, Elisha Graves, 534

  Otis, Harrison Gray, 127, 218, 222, 231, 327

  Otis, James. 58

  Otis, Samuel. 71

  Ottawa Indians, 96-7

  Overton, John, 321-2

  Ovid, 483

  Owen, Robert, 396, 411, 414, 439-42, 444

  Owen, Robert Dale, 360, 440, 503, 508

  Pageot, Alphonse, 446

  Paine, Robert Treat, 71

  Paine, Thomas, 17, 91, 177, 226, 363; Common Sense, 117-18

  painting and sculpture, 79, 112, 451, 476

  Pakenham, Richard, 458

  Palmerston, Lord, 447, 618

  Panic: of 1819, 241-2, 374; of 1837, 343-4, 446; of 1857, 588-9

  Paredes, Gen. Mariano, 460-1

  Paris, 18, 22, 99-100, 416, 467, 539, 588

  Parker, Capt. John, 482

  Parker, Theodore, 482-3, 487, 546, 549

  Parrington, Vernon, 477, 517-18

  Parsons, Eli, 14

  Parsons, Theophilus, 218

  Panon, James, 324

  Paterson, William, 36-7, 39-40, 185

  patriotism, 144, 214-15, 502, 536-9

  Patterson, Gen. Robert, 609

  Paul, Sherman, 487

  Paulus Hook, N.J., 29, 298

  Pawtucket, R.I., 80, 292, 358

  Peabody, Elizabeth, 483, 489

  Peabody, Mary, 489

  peace: in 1820s, 252-4; ideology of, 216

  Peale, Charles W., 116-17

  Pea Ridge, Ark., 621

  Pears, Mrs. Thomas, 441-2

  Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, 249

  Peel, Robert, 447

  Pelham, William, 441

  Peltason, J. W., 188

  Pendleton, Edmund, 43, 53-4

  Penn, William, 111, 113, 114 .

  Pennsylvania, 6, 25, 47-9, 84, 113, 114, 120, 280, 281, 288, 293, 299, 315, 408, 431, 442, 503-4, 528-530; canal system in, 304, 305, 352; Fries rebellion in, 146; politics in, 69, 108, 147, 212, 266, 325, 335, 336, 342, 358, 421, 553, 561-2, 594, 595, 597; radicals’ constitution in, 118-20, 226, 263 Whiskey Rebellion; in, 97-8

  Peoria, Ill., 528, 555, 595

  Perote, Mexico, 463

  Perry, Comm. Matthew C., 542

  Perry, Capt. Oliver Hazard, 212-13, 233

  Pessen, Edward, 322, 354, 364

  petition, right of, 58, 90

  Phalansteries, 443

  Philadelphia, Pa., 7, 22, 41, 65, 80, 110-20, 125, 129, 162, 163, 168, 179, 273, 275, 289, 293, 299, 304, 328, 337, 339, 350, 358, 359, 393, 400, 408, 410, 469, 499, 503, 514, 536, 559, 604; Dickens on, 352; as federal capital, 86, 87, 92, 96, 107, 110-12, 120; political radicals in, 116-20; society and culture in, 110-16, 355

  Philadelphia Aurora, 108, 113, 128-9

  Philadelphia Negro, The (DuBois), 114

  Philadelphia Public Ledger, 514

  Phillips, Anne (Mrs. Wendell), 519, 521

  Phillips, Wendell, 519-21, 549, 590

  Phillips Academy, Andover, 75-6

  Pickens, Francis, 346, 606

  Pickering, Timothy, 121, 124-5, 127-8, 146, 218, 230-1, 235, 240

  Pierce, Franklin, 426-7, 475, 525, 540, 559, 563, 599· and Cu
ba, policy on, 537-9; and Kansas-Nebraska bill, 544, 545, 582-3

  Pierce, John, 508-9

  Pierce, William, 35

  Pinckney, Charles, 35-7, 42, 61, 107, 152, 160-1, 328

  Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 30-1, 35, 107, 120-3, 124, 152, 183, 203-4, 227

  Pinckney, Thomas, 107-9

  Pinkney, William, 198

  Pittsburgh, 180, 299, 301-2, 304, 352, 440, 450, 558, 603, 604

  Pius VII, Pope, 194

  Pius IX, Pope, 467

  Pletcher, David, 461

  Plumer, William, 264

  Plummer, Franklin, 409-10

  Plymouth, Mass., 220, 479, 526

  Poe, Edgar Allan, 223

  Poland, 438

  political parties, 343, 361; constitutions and development of, 367-70, 376-82; and issues, 135-40, 362, 377, 379, 380; of labor, 358-9, 361, 373, 503; leaders of 369, 373, 376-7, 379, 380, 428; and liberty, 372, 379; linkage with state and local parties, 374, 377, 380, 381, 466, 598; and majority rule, 139, 192-3, 368, 372-3, 381-2; opposition to, 91, 99, 108, 134-5, 145, 239, 269, 272, 368, 369, 379; origins of, 91, 134-40; and patronage, 137, 166, 185, 240, 266, 169, 379, 408, 549: third parties, 358-9, 412, 547-9, 553, 560, 599; two-party system, 105, 134-9, 241, 368, 369, 371, 372, 378, 379, 380, 381, 599-600; see also nominating conventions; presidential elections

  political parties, local, 120, 169, 230, 265-6, 342, 347, 381, 548, 554, 558; leadership in, 137, 155, 379; linkagewith national party, 377, 380, 381, 466; origins of, 134-6, 374-6

  political parties, state, 169, 229, 265, 548, 554; charters and development of, 369-78; leadership in, 137, 155, 379, 380: linkage with national party, 374, 377, 380, 381, 466, 598; origins of, 134-6

  politics, 407-8, 428-9; defined, 320; equality in, 362-3, 378, 584; factionalism in, 91, 93, 239, 241, 261; grass-roots, 62-3, 118-19, 139-40, 210, 227-8, 229-30, 266, 309, 347, 349, 358, 451, 600; see also leadership: political

  Polk, James K., 320, 344, 421, 468, 538; and “manifest destiny,” 457-8, 564; Mexican War, 460-4; presidency of, 426, 457-60, 614-15

  Pomper, Gerald, 342

  Pond, Charles F., 433

  popular sovereignty, 544, 550, 577, 579-80, 584-5, 592

  population, 7, 80, 120, 141, 291, 433, 511, 527, 553, 607-8; slave, 390

  populism, 420, 422, 535

  Portland. Me., 220, 222

  Portsmouth, N.H., 75, 218, 220-1

  Portugal, 244, 248

  Potomac River, 172, 214, 277, 299, 304, 323; in Civil War, 609, 621

  Pottawatomie Indians, 211

  Potter, David. 553

  Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 56-7, 218, 269, 433, 541

  poverty, 114, 361, 411-12, 414, 434-5, 498; rural, 409-10; urban. 115, 125, 355, 405-9; see also lower class

 

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