American Experiment

by James Macgregor Burns

  440 [Western governors’ petition for interning of Wobblies]: quoted in Preston, p. 124.

  [Minister on the Lutheran Church in Germany]: quoted in Sullivan, vol. 5, p. 467.

  440–41 [Debs’s arrest and trial]: Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs (University of Illinois Press, 1982), pp. 294–96, Debs quoted at p. 295, Judge D. C. Westenhaver quoted at p. 296; Peterson and Fite, ch. 22; see also James Weinstein, The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912–1925 (Monthly Review Press, 1967), ch. 3.

  [Wilson on wartime intolerance]: Conversation with Frank I. Cobb, in John L. Heaton, Cobb of “The World” (E. P. Dutton, 1924), quoted in Link, Progressivism and Peace, op. cit., p. 399. For a discussion of the date of this conversation, see Link, p. 399, footnote 33.

  [Prohibition ]: Joseph L. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (University of Illinois Press, 1963); Peter H. Odegard, Pressure Politics (Columbia University Press, 1928); James H. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920 (Harvard University Press, 1963); Richard Hofstadter,The Age of Reform (Alfred A. Knopf, 1955). pp. 287–91.

  442 [Suffragist leaders as “physical wrecks”]: Carrie Chapman Catt to “My dear precious friend,” October 8, 1912, Woman’s Rights Collection, The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe College.

  [Stanton on “wrangles”]: Stanton to Ida Harper, September 30, 1902, Harper Manuscripts, Box 4, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California.

  [Shaw on serving out her “sentence”]: Shaw to “Dear Friend,” June 10, 1914, Woman’s Rights Collection, Schlesinger Library.

  [Gilman on human work as woman’s work]: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics (Small, Maynard, 1898; reprinted by Harper & Row, 1968), p. 53.

  443 [Progress on woman’s suffrage by 1913]: Eleanor Flexner, Century of Struggle (Harvard University Press, 1975), ch. 19.

  [Suffragists and the other dispossessed]: Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890–1920 (Columbia University Press, 1965), chs. 6, 7.

  [Isabella Beecher Hooker’s report on her meeting with senators]: I.B.H. to Susan B. Anthony, January 21, 1871, pp. 1, 10, Stone-Day Foundation, Hartford.

  [Stanton on immigrants and the “ignorant native vote”]: quoted in Kraditor, pp. 129, 133.

  [“Indians in blankets and moccasins”]: Anna Howard Shaw, quoted in ibid., p. 219.

  444 [Triangle fire]: Flexner, pp. 251–52.

  [Congressional Union]: ibid., pp. 274–79; Mari Jo Buhle and Paul Buhle, eds..The Concise History of Woman Suffrage (University of Illinois Press, 1978), pp. 417–29.

  [Suffragists and Theodore Roosevelt]: correspondence of Ida Husted Harper and Theodore Roosevelt, September 16–December 30, 1918, Huntington Library.

  445 [Thompson to Wilson, in opposition to woman’s suffrage]: Link, Wilson Papers, op. cit., vol. 37, pp. 502–4 (July 30, 1916).

  [Flexner on Wilson’s shift toward federal amendment]: Flexner, p. 288.

  446 [Militants at White House gates, January 1917]: ibid., pp. 292–93.

  [Helen Gardener’s personal influence]: correspondence of Helen Hamilton Gardener, esp. folders 71–73, Woman’s Rights Collection, Schlesinger Library; Maud Wood Park, “Supplementary Notes about Helen Gardener” (n.d.), Schlesinger Library. See also Harriet B. Laidlaw Papers, esp. corr. 1917 folder, Schlesinger Library; Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association Papers, esp. boxes 1 and 2, which contain extensive correspondence between Minnesota suffrage leaders and national and other state leaders. See also Adelaide Washburn, “Helen Hamilton Gardener,” in Edward T. James, ed., Notable American Women, 1607–1950 (Belknap Press, 1971), vol. 2, pp. 11–13.

  446 [Wilson’s address to the Senate on woman’s suffrage]: quoted in Flexner, p. 322.

  447 [Woman’s suffrage movement and third parties]: see, for example, Susan B. Anthony to Mrs. Colby, July 6, 1894, Huntington Library.

  13. THE FIGHT FOR THE LEAGUE

  448 [Voyage of the George Washington]: Rear Admiral Cary Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), ch. 8; James T. Shotwell, At the Paris Peace Conference (Macmillan, 1937), pp. 67–84; Arthur Walworth, America’s Moment: 1918 (W. W. Norton, 1977), pp. 129–36.

  [Wilson on his reasons for attending the conference]: Grayson, pp. 59–61. quoted at pp. 60, 59 respectively.

  [Wilson’s discussion with the Inquiry]: Shotwell, pp. 75–78, quoted at pp. 76, 77, and 78 respectively.

  449 [Shotwell’s observations on Wilson]: ibid., pp. 70–71, 73.

  449–50 [Poster in Brest]: ibid., pp. 83–84.

  The Mirrored Halls of Versailles

  450 [Europe, winter 1918–19]: Arno J. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking 1918–1919 (Alfred A. Knopf, 1967); Charles L. Mee, Jr., The End of Order: Versailles 1919 (E. P.Dutton, 1980); Francis W. O’Brien, ed., Two Peacemakers in Paris: The Hoover-Wilson Post-Armistice Letters, 1918–1920 (Texas A&M University Press, 1978); Walworth, op. cit.

  [Lansing on Clemenceau]: quoted in Mee, p. 17.

  450–51 [Wilson-Clemenceau meetings]: Walworth, pp. 144–46; see also Charles Seymour, The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (Houghton Mifflin, 1928), vol. 4, pp. 251–54.

  451 [Wilson in Britain and Italy]: Mee, pp. 29–38.

  [“Until the pips squeak”]: quoted in ibid., p. 34.

  [Lloyd George’s doubts about a punitive peace]: see Shotwell, op. cit., p. 22.

  [Baron Sonnino]: Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking 1919 (Houghton Mifflin, 1933), p. 169.

  [“Riot in a parrot house”]: ibid., pp. 152–53.

  452 [Wilson and the League resolution]: quoted in Seymour, pp. 290–91.

  [House on Wilson’s negotiating skill]: entry of February 7, 1919, in ibid., p. 312.

  [Wilson on the covenant]: quoted in Jonathan Daniels, The Time Between the Wars (Doubleday, 1966), p. 17.

  [Steel on Wilson’s presentation]: Paris Daily Mail, February 15, 1919, quoted in Seymour, pp. 318–19.

  453 [Experts as negotiators]: Shotwell, pp. 153–98.

  [“Whirlpool of political intrigue”]: Eleanor Lansing Dulles, Chances of a Lifetime (Prentice-Hall, 1980), p. 66.

  [Historian on American intervention in Russia]: John W. Long, “American Intervention in Russia: The North Russian Expedition, 1918–19,” Diplomatic History, vol. 6, no. 1 (1982), pp. 45–67, quoted at p. 47; see also George F. Kennan, The Decision to Intervene (Princeton University Press, 1958), quoted at p. 471.

  [Russia and Bullitt]: Beatrice Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt and the Soviet Union (Indiana University Press, 1967), ch. 2; Mayer, ch. 14; Walworth, ch. 12.

  [Wilson’s return to America]: Denna F. Fleming, The United States and the League of Nations, 1918–1920 (Putnam’s, 1932), ch. 5; Alexander L. George and Juliette L. George, Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Study (Dover Publications, 1964), pp. 232–39

  454 [“International quilting society”]: New York Sun, January 27, 1919, quoted in Fleming, p.118.

  [League as “impudently un-American”]: Harvey’s Weekly, February 22, 1919, quoted in ibid, p. 117.

  [Wilson’s “fighting blood”]: ibid., p. 126.

  [“Tea with the Mad Hatter”]: ibid., p. 134. For Wilson’s invitation to the meeting, see Joseph Tumulty to Lodge, February 15, 1919, Henry Cabot Lodge Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, 1919 Boxes (hereafter cited as Lodge Papers).

  [Rogers on conference with Wilson]: Rogers to Henry White, March 3, 1919, quoted in Allan Nevins, Henry White, Thirty Years of American Diplomacy (Harper & Bros., 1930), pp. 392–93.

  454 [Lodge comment]: Lodge to Henry White, April 8, 1919. Henry White Papers, Box 53, in the Lodge Papers.

  [Lodge and the League]: see Henry Cabot Lodge, The Senate and the League of Nations (Scribner’s, 1925); John A. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography (Alfred A. Knopf, 1953). esp. pp. 349–56.

  455 [Lodge on consideration, time, and thoug
ht]: quoted in Garraty, p. 352.

  [Senate Round Robin], ibid., p. 354.

  [Sun on demise of the League]: March 4, 1919, quoted in Fleming, p. 159.

  [Wilson and Republican League supporters]: see Ruhl J. Bartlett, The League to Enforce Peace (University of North Carolina Press, 1944).

  [Taft on the League]: quoted in Fleming, p. 160.

  [Wilson on ties between the Covenant and the treaty]: quoted in George and George, p. 239.

  [Baker’s fears about Wilson’s statement]: Ray Stannard Baker, American Chronicle (Scribner’s, 1945), p. 392.

  456 [Wilson’s illness]: Edwin A. Weinstein, Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography (Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 336–43.

  [Break between Wilson and House]: ibid., pp. 334–35, 347–48; see also George and George, ch. 13.

  [House on distance from Wilson]: quoted in George and George, p. 266.

  [Lenin’s peace offer]: Farnsworth, pp. 40–54.

  [Nicolson’s response to Bullitt]: ibid., p. 54.

  [Unilateral American withdrawal from Russia]: Long, pp. 65–67.

  [Wilson’s compromises]: Fleming, pp. 179–87; Mee, part 4.

  [Lodge’s reaction]: Lodge to Henry White, April 30, 1919, Henry White Papers, Box 53, Lodge Papers.

  The Battle for the Treaty

  457 [Wilson’s address to the Senate]: Fleming, op. cit., pp. 235–37; Arthur S. Link, WoodrowWilson: Revolution, War, and Peace (Harlan Davidson, 1979), p. 107.

  [Efforts of the League to Enforce Peace]: Bartlett, op. cit., ch. 5; Henry F. Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft (Farrar & Rinehart, 1939), vol. 2, ch. 49.

  [Newspapers on the Monroe Doctrine and the League]: James D. Startt, “Early Press Reaction to Wilson’s League Proposal,” Journalism Quarterly, vol. 39 (Summer 1962), pp. 301–8, quoted at pp. 302, 304; John A. Aman, “Views of Three Iowa Newspapers on the League of Nations; 1919–1920,” Iowa Journal of History and Politics, vol. 39 (July 1941), pp. 227–85, quoted at p. 256.

  [New York and Baltimore papers on the League]: quoted in Startt, pp. 303, 304.

  458 [Register on “an armed America”]: quoted in Aman, p. 251.

  [Literary Digest poll]: Fleming, pp. 218–20; Startt, pp. 307–8.

  [Public campaign against the League]: Fleming, pp. 208–11.

  [Sun on the “Washington Doctrine”]: quoted in Aman, p. 229.

  [Lodge on the only votes being in the Senate]: quoted in Garraty, op. cit., p. 370.

  459 [Agreement between Borah and Lodge]: ibid, pp. 362–63; see also Ralph Stone, The Irreconcilables: The Fight Against the League of Nations (University of Kentucky Press, 1970), pp.90–93; see also Lodge to Frank B. Kellogg, May 28, 1919; Kellogg to Lodge, May 31,1919, Lodge Papers, Box 51.

  [Lodge’s partisan motives for opposing Wilson]: William C. Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy (University of California Press, 1980), ch. 8; see also Garraty, ch. 20; George and George, op. cit., pp. 269–70.

  [Lodgeon Wilson]: Lodge to Theodore Roosevelt (n.d., but evidently 1916 or early 1917); Lodge to Mrs. Winthrop Chanler, August 18, 1919; Lodge to Andrew A. West, August 22, 1919, all in Lodge Papers, Boxes 86, 49, 51, respectively.

  460 [Hate-mongering against the League]: see Thomas A. Bailey, The Man in the Street: The Impact of American Public Opinion on Foreign Policy (Macmillan, 1948), pp. 110, 210.

  461 [Wilson’s legislative strategy]: Kurt Wimer, “Woodrow Wilson Tries Conciliation: An Effort That Failed,” The Historian, vol. 25, no. 4 (August 1963), pp. 419–38.

  461 [Wilson’s flexibility]: ibid., p. 419; see in general Woodrow Wilson Papers, Reels 157–58 (1919), Library of Congress.

  [Wilson perplexed by opposition to the treaty]: Wilson to Thomas Lamont, August 1,8, 1919. quoted in Wimer, p. 425.

  462 [Pittman motion]: ibid., pp. 432–33.

  463 [Wilson’s tour of the country]: Grayson, op. cit., ch. 14; Gene Smith, When the CheeringStopped: The Last Years of Woodrow Wilson (William Morrow, 1964), ch. 5.

  [“I have long chafed at confinement”]: quoted in Smith, p. 62.

  [Soldiers never having to cross the seas again]: ibid.

  [“America was not founded to make money “]: ibid., p. 64.

  464 [Opposition of clergyman and socialist (Victor Berger) to the treaty]: ibid., p. 66.

  [Attacks by Johnson and Reed]: ibid., pp. 69–70.

  [Bullitt’s testimony against the League]: Farnsworth, op. cit., pp. 58–63, quoted at p. 62; see also Lodge to Henry White, October 2, 1919, Henry White Papers, Lodge Papers.

  [Wilson on public being misled]: quoted in Link, p. 114.

  464–65 [Defense of Article 10]: ibid., p. 115.

  [Wilson’s prophecy]: ibid., p. 118.

  [Failure of the tour]: see James MacGregor Burns, The Deadlock of Democracy (Prentice-Hall, 1963), p. 140.

  [Wilson’s illness]: Weinstein, op. cit., ch. 21; Smith, chs. 6–7.

  [Lodge reservation to Article 10]: quoted in Link, p. 123.

  465–66 [Wilson on Lodge’s reservation]: quoted in Grayson, pp. 102–3.

  466 [Final vote on the League]: see tables in W. Stull Holt, “Playing Politics with the League,”in Ralph A. Stone, ed., Wilson and the League of Nations (Holt, Rinehart and Winston,1967), pp. 27–35.

  [Doctor on stroke as decisive factor in League defeat]: Weinstein, pp. 362–63.

  467 [Wilson’s psychological makeup]: see Sigmund Freud and William C. Bullitt, Thomas Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study (Houghton Mifflin, 1967); George and George; Jerrold M. Post, “Woodrow Wilson Re-examined: The Mind-Body Controversy Redux andOther Disputations,” Political Psychology, vol. 4, no. 2 (June 1983), pp. 289–306, plus following comments by Weinstein, the Georges, and Michael Marmor; Robert C.Tucker, “The Georges’ Wilson Reexamined: An Essay on Psychobiography,” American Political Science Review, vol. 71, no. 2 (June 1977), pp. 606–18.

  [Wilson’s neglect of party politics]: see Burns, Deadlock of Democracy, pp. 142–47.

  [Wilson’s desire for glory]: Tucker, p. 617.

  [Graduate school controversy]: George and George, esp. ch. 2.

  1920: The Great and Solemn Rejection

  468 [Wilson’s call for a referendum]: Richard L. Merritt, “Woodrow Wilson and the ‘Great and Solemn Referendum,’ 1920,” Review of Politics, vol. 27, no. 1 (January 1965), pp. 78–104, quoted at p. 97.

  [Wilson’s views on relationship of leaders to citizens in a democracy]: Woodrow Wilson, “Cabinet Government in the United States,” International Review (August 1879), pp. 146–63; Wilson, Congressional Government (Houghton Mifflin, 1885); Wilson, Constitutional Government in the United States (Columbia University Press, 1908); A.J. Wann, “The Development of Woodrow Wilson’s Theory of the Presidency: Continuity and Change,” in Earl Latham, ed..The Philosophy and Policies of Woodrow Wilson (University of Chicago Press, 1958), pp. 46–66.

  [Wilson on “representative government”]: “Cabinet Government in the United States,” p. 147.

  [“Disintegrate ministry”]: Congressional Government, p. 102.

  469 [Lansing on absurdity of referendum call]: quoted in Merrill, pp. 99–100.

  [America in 1920]: Robert K. Murray, The Harding Era (University of Minnesota Press, 1969), ch. 3.

  [Stedman on Europe in chaos]: Seymour Stedman, “Nine Steps to a New Age,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., History of American Presidential Elections (Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 3, p. 2434.

  [Wilson’s warning to Palmer]: quoted in Smith, op. cit., p. 155.

  469 [Wilson in 1920]: ibid., chs. 9–10.

  470 [Republican party leadership, 1920]: Wesley M. Bagby, The Road to Normalcy (Johns Hopkins Press, 1962), ch. 1.

  [The four-party system in 1920]: Burns, Deadlock of Democracy, op. cit., chs. 6–7.

  471 [Editor and Senator Harding]: Murray, pp. 5–18; Francis Russell, The Shadow of Blooming Grove (McGraw-Hill, 1968).

  [Harding on his own
inadequacies as leader]: Russell, pp. 313–15, Harding quoted at p. 313.

  472 [The “smoke-filled room”]: ibid., ch. 15; Murray, ch. 1; Bagby, ch. 3; William Allen White, Masks in a Pageant (Macmillan, 1928), ch. 36.

  [“Footless conversation”]: Sen. James Wadsworth, quoted in Russell, p. 380.

  [Russell on convention leaders and dark horses]: ibid., p. 381.

  [Dougherty’s prediction]: quoted in ibid., pp. 341–42.

  473 [Harding campaign]: ibid., pp. 397–416; Bagby, ch. 5.

  [Democratic convention]: Donald R. McCoy, “Election of 1920,” in Schlesinger, vol. 3, pp. 2361–66; Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Ordeal (Little, Brown, 1954), ch. 4.

  474 [Cox-Wilson exchange]: quoted in Freidel, p. 74.

  [Cox campaign]: Bagby, ch. 5; James M. Cox, Journey Through My Years (Simon and Schuster, 1946), chs. 21–24.

  [Presidential election results, 1920]: Schlesinger, vol. 3, p. 2456.

  475 [Wilson viewing the film]: Baker, American Chronicle, op. cit., pp. 481–82.

  14. THE AGE OF MELLON

  479 [Ford works]: Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill, Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933 (Scribner’s, 1957), ch. 11, John Van Deventer quoted on efficiency of work units at p. 288.

  480 [Thought and motion in mass production]: Henry Ford, My Life and Work (Garden City Publishing, 1922), p. 80. On Ford’s views see also, Henry Ford, My Philosophy of Industry (Coward-McCann, 1929); Ralph H. Graves, The Triumph of an Idea (Doubleday, Doran, 1934).

  [Edison to Ford on slowing down]: quoted in William C. Richards, The Last Billionaire (Scribner’s, 1948), p. 378.

  [The Ford legend]: Nevins and Hill, pp. 607–13.

  481 [Five dollars a day]: Keith Sward, The Legend of Henry Ford (Rinehart, 1948), ch. 4.

  [Creating Rouge]: Nevins and Hill, ch. 8.

  [Sites of branch plants]: ibid., p. 256.