Hitlerland

by Andrew Nagorski

  U.S. diplomats in, 113–14, 118–20, 137–41, 159–60, 196–207, 215–19, 230–35, 252–53, 275, 313–22

  U.S. intelligence on, 196–207, 216, 246–251, 280–81, 298–99

  U.S. relations with, 108–12, 118–22, 137–41, 166, 168–69, 181, 189–94, 200, 210–11, 215–19, 222–25, 230–238, 245–46, 252–53, 261, 280–81, 292, 326–27

  in World War II, see World War II

  see also Nazis, Nazi Party

  Germany, Weimar, see Weimar Republic

  Germany Puts the Clock Back (Mowrer), 100, 122, 251–52

  Germany Will Try It Again (Schultz), 2, 291

  Gestapo, 127–28, 156–57, 180–81, 263–265, 269–70, 280, 290–91, 296–98, 302–7, 314–16, 319, 322

  Gibbs, Philip, 153–54

  Gleiwitz, 262, 268

  Goebbels, Joseph, 79, 90–91, 107, 118, 123, 160, 166, 179, 189, 211–12, 242, 249, 271, 279–80, 290, 293, 324

  Goebbels, Magda, 179, 211

  Goering, Emmy Sonnemann, 172, 202–3

  Goering, Hermann, 43, 80, 150, 158, 166, 169, 172, 193, 200, 202–3, 205, 206–7, 214, 229, 242, 249, 265–66, 274–75, 283, 289, 324

  Goldman, Henry, 111

  Goldmann, Paul, 127–28

  Goldschmidt, Major, 227

  Gordon, George, 95

  Graf Zeppelin, 56–58

  Graszyn, 268–69

  Great Britain:

  appeasement policy of, 235, 239–40, 254–55

  German relations with, 69, 169, 217, 254, 256, 258, 261, 282, 283, 284

  Germany’s planned invasion of, 254, 256, 287, 298, 299

  Polish invasion and, 257, 258, 260, 265, 266, 267, 269, 273

  U.S. relations with, 2, 254, 274, 283, 284, 299, 310, 313

  in World War II, 257, 258, 260, 266, 267, 272, 274, 282, 298, 299, 310, 313, 320, 326

  Great Depression, 50, 63–67, 70, 77–78, 96, 118, 161, 220

  Greece, 298–99

  Grigg, Joseph, 268, 269

  Groener, Wilhelm, 103

  Grossman, Vasily, 312

  Grosz, George, 10, 49

  Gruenau, 316–17

  Gunther, John, 40, 257–58

  Haber, Fritz, 137

  Hague Convention, 287

  Halder, Franz, 239

  Halpern, Benjamin, 210

  Hamburg, 121, 122, 244, 274

  Hanfstaengl, Egon, 37, 44, 46, 326

  Hanfstaengl, Eric, 326

  Hanfstaengl, Ernst “Putzi,” 29–39, 41–46, 80, 81–83, 86, 101–4, 110, 115, 117, 133–36, 141, 146, 175, 176–78, 179, 196, 208–15, 295, 313, 323–24, 326

  Hanfstaengl, Helen (Helene) Niemeyer, 36–39, 43–46, 81–82, 212, 323–24, 326

  Hanfstaengl, Katharine Sedgwick, 30

  Hans (labor organizer), 77–78

  Harnack, Arvid, 182, 218, 296–97

  Harnack, Mildred, 182–83, 218, 296–98

  Harsch, Joseph, 270–72, 275, 280–81, 289–90, 298, 303–4, 309

  Harvard University, 29, 30–31, 33, 40–41, 86, 208, 210, 211, 222, 326

  Haushofer, Karl von, 93

  Hawley, Hudson, 135

  Hearst, William Randolph, 18, 19, 21, 56–58, 163, 171, 175–77, 193, 208, 209, 254

  Heath, Donald, 296, 300–301

  Hecht, Ben, 11, 32, 52, 59–60

  Hegger, Grace, 55–56

  Heidelberg, 79–80, 143–44, 221, 224

  Heidelberg University, 62

  Heine, William, 30

  Heines, Edmund, 157–58

  Helms, Richard, 175, 194, 325–26

  Hemingway, Ernest, 55, 107, 161

  Henderson, Nevile, 261, 265

  Heppler, Fritz, 303

  Hess, Rudolf, 80, 242, 249

  Himmler, Heinrich, 170, 242, 315

  Hindenburg, Paul von, 54–55, 75–76, 85, 93, 94–95, 97, 102, 104, 140, 157, 162, 164, 233

  Hitler, Adolf, 43–44, 88, 169–70, 236

  anti-Semitism of, 22, 24, 28, 33, 35, 37, 41, 60–61, 69, 85, 87, 96–101, 111–112, 149–50, 151, 225, 229, 250, 254, 310

  Armstrong’s interview with, 114–18

  arrest and imprisonment of, 34, 45–46, 53–55, 68, 81, 84, 97, 148, 323–24

  assassination plots against, 170, 174, 238–40, 249, 323

  background of, 21–22, 24, 36, 54, 82–83, 85, 87, 88, 174–75, 236

  Beer Hall Putsch led by, 41–46, 53, 55, 68, 96, 104, 148, 157, 158, 173, 212, 242–43, 323–24

  Berchtesgaden retreat of, 86–88

  Berlin visited by, 3, 11, 84–85, 101, 104–105, 176–78

  birthday of, 113, 115, 256

  bodyguards of, 170, 174, 177, 192

  as chancellor, 89–90, 94–106, 115–18, 146, 162–63

  death of, 288, 323–24

  as dictator, 3, 5, 6, 11, 22, 26, 71, 75–76, 84, 87–88, 90, 104–5, 114, 119–20, 138–39, 144–55, 162–63, 172–77, 205–6, 208, 220–22, 228–30, 232, 253–55, 265–66, 288, 308, 323–24

  Dodd’s meetings with, 138–41, 215

  economic programs of, 60, 68, 104–5, 115, 137, 146, 165–66

  Hanfstaengl’s support for, 33, 34–39, 43–46, 81–83, 84, 86, 101–2, 115, 117, 176–78, 208–15, 313, 323–24, 326

  Hearst’s meeting with, 175–77

  Hoover’s meeting with, 228–30

  Huss’s interviews with, 169–71, 309–10

  ideology of, 21, 35–36, 37, 41, 53–54, 60, 95, 97, 100–101, 111–12

  Iron Cross awarded to, 42, 236

  at Kaiserhof Hotel, 84–85, 101, 177–78

  Kaltenborn’s interview with, 86–88

  Kindlkeller speech of, 33, 34–36

  Lebensraum policy of, 93, 237, 250

  as “Little Man,” 85, 97, 100, 167–68

  McDonald’s meeting with, 111–12

  messianic adulation of, 149, 153, 164–65, 167–68, 173–74, 192, 197, 204, 288

  militarism of, 119–20, 125, 140, 152–54, 252–55, 327

  military offensives of, 251–55, 261, 265–66, 267, 279–82, 284–88, 289, 298–300, 309–12

  military service of, 21–22

  monologues of, 80–81, 85, 87–88, 96, 115–18, 138–39, 228–29, 230

  in Munich, 3, 20–29, 33–39, 40, 41–46, 67–70, 92, 140–41

  as Nazi leader, 3–4, 20–29, 32–33, 41–46, 53–55, 73, 74–77, 80–81, 87–95, 100, 119–20, 127, 141, 142, 149, 162, 169, 172–75, 208, 242–43, 265–66, 275, 288, 305, 323–24

  at Nuremberg rallies, 172–75, 176

  Obersalzberg chalet of, 169–71

  as orator, 22, 24, 33, 34–36, 37, 40, 53–54, 76, 95, 119–20, 253, 265–66, 289–90, 312–13, 316

  Papen’s relationship with, 89, 94–95, 104–5

  parliamentary democracy opposed by, 68–69, 87–88, 96–97, 146–47, 222, 226, 229, 253–54

  peace proposals of, 116, 119–20, 124, 140, 146, 151–52, 154, 226, 273, 282, 289–90

  personality of, 3–4, 21–22, 23, 24, 26, 33–39, 40, 42, 75, 80, 81–82, 83, 85, 87–88, 100–101, 108–9, 112, 116, 169–71, 174–75, 177–79, 208, 228–29, 230, 233–34, 236, 254, 282, 288, 309–10

  photographs of, 138, 236, 282, 294, 315

  physical appearance of, 21, 34, 40, 85, 112, 115–16, 138, 173–74, 178–79, 236, 265, 282

  political comeback of, 64, 67–88, 96–97, 100–101

  political repression by, 89–95, 105–10, 119–20, 122–29, 139, 141–60, 165–67

  as politician, 3–4, 20–29, 70–71, 73, 75–77, 79, 238–40, 254–55, 288

  popular support for, 75, 97, 99–101, 238, 269–70, 275, 280–81, 282, 288, 289–90, 308–9

  press coverage of, 20–22, 24–25, 33, 36, 39–40, 41, 42, 46, 60, 67–70, 71, 74–75, 82–86, 95–98, 101, 114–18, 139, 254

  rearmament program of, 74, 75, 116, 119–20, 140, 146, 152, 196–207, 221–22

  as revolutionary extremist, 41–46, 53–54, 71, 81, 82, 84, 87–88, 94–95, 97, 112, 157, 162–63, 166–67, 170–71, 206<
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  Rhineland occupation ordered by, 251–52

  rise to power of, 3–4, 20–29, 33–39, 46, 71, 73, 74–75, 84, 89–112, 144–49, 157, 233, 323–24, 327

  rivals eliminated by, 76–77, 155–63

  Sackett’s meeting with, 80–81

  sexuality of, 44, 75, 81–82, 177–78

  Smith’s meetings with, 7, 22–26, 27, 32–33, 35, 196, 197–98, 281

  suicide attempt of, 45, 46, 212, 323–24

  tantrums and tirades of, 228–29, 230

  territorial ambitions of, 80, 171, 237, 238–40, 279–80

  Thompson’s interview with, 83–86, 164

  underestimation of, 83–88, 89, 90, 96–97

  U.S. as viewed by, 2, 8, 56, 60, 210–11

  Versailles Treaty denounced by, 80, 96, 116, 138–39, 252, 287

  Welles’s meeting with, 281–82

  Wiegand’s meetings with, 20–22, 67–70, 71, 254

  at Wolf’s Lair, 309–10

  women as followers of, 35, 97–98, 130–141, 153–54, 173, 177–81, 192–93, 195, 196, 201, 231–32, 291–92

  Hitlerjugend (Hitler Youth), 153, 224, 290, 294

  “Hitlerland,” 169, 284, 292, 300, 309

  Hitler’s Reich: The First Phase (Armstrong), 117–18

  Hoetzsch, Otto, 137

  Hoffmann, Rolf, 232

  Holocaust, 3, 7–8, 29, 60, 117, 123–24, 143, 180, 196, 212, 213, 271, 290–91, 308

  homosexuality, 52–53, 75, 82, 157–58, 196, 290–91

  Hoover, Herbert, 6, 118, 228–30, 237

  Hopkins, Harry, 283

  “Horst Wessel Song,” 135, 233, 242–43

  Hottelet, Richard, 272, 305–7

  Houghton, Alanson B., 20, 22, 27, 49–50, 62

  How I Became a Socialist (Keller), 107

  Huber, Erwin, 195

  Hugenberg, Alfred, 104–5

  Hughes, Charles Evans, 27

  Hull, Cordell, 191, 237, 239, 240

  Hungary, 298–99

  Huss, Pierre, 169–71, 286, 288, 305, 309–10

  hyperinflation, 9, 41–42, 49, 65, 91

  I Have a Thing to Tell You (Wolfe), 185–87

  Illustrierter Beobachter, 98

  Inside Europe (Gunther), 258

  International Jew, 60

  International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU), 77

  International News Service, 39–40, 132, 169, 193, 286, 305, 309

  I Saw Hitler! (Thompson), 84–86

  Isherwood, Christopher, 11

  Italy, 21, 26, 47, 106, 161, 223, 270–71, 280

  It Can’t Happen Here (Lewis), 168–69

  Jäckh, Ernst, 114

  Japan, 126, 127, 128, 312–13

  Jarrett, Eleanor Holm, 192–93

  Jefferson, Thomas, 137, 138

  Jeschke’s Grand Hotel, 317–18

  Jesus Christ, 164–65, 174, 204

  Jews:

  as emigrants from Germany, 227–28, 245–46, 263–65, 272, 296, 321

  persecution of, 108, 110–11, 225, 227–228, 237, 243–46, 263–65, 271, 272, 296, 302–4, 307, 308, 316, 321, 327

  in U.S., 78–79, 189–91, 210

  in Weimar Germany, 61–62, 65, 66, 78–79, 91–92

  see also anti-Semitism; Holocaust

  Jodl, Alfred, 248

  Jodl, Ferdinand, 248

  Johnson, Philip, 6, 52–53

  Jordan, Max, 241

  Josten, Rudi, 192

  Judas, 164–65

  Justice Department, U.S., 31–32

  Kahr, Gustav von, 158

  Kaiserhof Hotel, 84–85, 101, 177–78

  Kaltenbach, Adolph, 293–94

  Kaltenbach, Frederick, 293–94, 295

  Kaltenborn, Hans V., 86–88, 109–10, 293

  Kaltenborn, Rolf, 109–10

  Kapp, Wolfgang, 12

  Kapp Putsch, 12, 16

  Kastner, Colonel, 213

  Keller, Helen, 107

  Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 62

  Kennan, George, 3, 4, 273, 274, 275, 277, 303–4, 311, 312, 313, 316, 317, 318, 319–21

  Kennedy, John F., 222–23, 295–96

  Kennedy, Joseph P., Sr., 223, 253–54

  Keyes, Enid, 71–74

  Kiepura, Jan, 177

  Kirk, Alexander, 273, 276, 281, 289, 301, 304

  Klausener, Erich, 167

  Klieforth, Alfred, 80, 104

  Knickerbocker, Hubert Renfro, 39–40, 46, 55, 67, 73–75, 77, 105, 106, 107, 110, 123–24, 127, 129, 149–54, 174, 257

  Knilling, Eugen von, 23

  Knox, Frank, 126, 128–29

  Koenig, Theodore, 199, 201, 204

  Korotkov, Alexander, 297

  Kress von Kressenstein, Friedrich Freiherr, 24

  Kriegsakademie (German War College), 246–51

  Kristallnacht, 225, 243–46, 281

  Kuibyshev, 312

  Ku Klux Klan, 41, 78, 91–92

  Large, David Clay, 191

  League of Nations, 110, 138–39, 151, 169–71

  Ledig-Rowohlt, Heinrich Maria, 182–83, 185

  Lend-Lease Act (1941), 299

  Leverich, Henry, 232–33

  Lewald, Theodor, 189–90

  Lewis, Sinclair, 6, 55–56, 61–62, 83, 86, 106, 164, 168–69

  Ley, Robert, 291

  Liebeswalzer, 48

  Life, 300

  Lincoln, Abraham, 30

  Lindbergh, Anne Morrow, 200, 202, 205–206, 309

  Lindbergh, Charles, 6, 200–207, 250, 251, 309

  Lipski, Józef, 265

  Lisbon, 321–22, 326

  Little, Richard Henry, 2

  Little Man, What Now? (Fallada), 183

  Lochner, Betty, 119, 137, 174

  Lochner, Hilde, 102, 115, 179, 315, 317–18

  Lochner, Louis, 5, 86–88, 89, 90, 95, 98, 102–3, 107, 115, 119–20, 137, 156, 158, 171, 174–75, 178, 179, 208, 215, 242, 256–57, 261, 268–69, 273, 283, 284, 285, 286–87, 288, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319

  Lochner, Robert, 178–79

  Loehr, Alexander, 268

  London, 10, 227–28, 301

  Look Homeward, Angel (Wolfe), 184

  Louis Ferdinand, Prince, 179

  Louvain, 285, 286

  Lovell, John, 298–99, 302

  Ludecke, Kurt, 11, 85–86

  Ludendorff, Erich, 22, 25, 42–43, 44, 53, 54, 104, 323

  Ludwigshafen, 17

  Lufthansa, 201, 213–15

  Luftwaffe, 158, 199, 200–207, 216, 218, 238–39, 246, 267, 274–75, 297, 302, 305

  bombing campaign by, 285–86, 301, 308

  Luther, Hans, 137, 165

  Maass, Emil, 227

  McDonald, James G., 104, 110–12, 113, 114

  MacDonald, Ramsay, 106–7

  MacLeish, Archibald, 14

  Maginot Line, 269, 272

  Mahoney, Jeremiah, 191

  Malitz, Bruno, 189

  Mann, Henry, 156–57

  Manstein, Erich von, 240

  Marshall, George C., 198, 205, 251

  Marwell, David, 214

  Marxism, 11, 21, 25, 68, 98, 107

  Mehnert, Lars, 71, 72

  Mein Kampf (Hitler), 4, 54, 85, 95, 133, 153, 226

  Messersmith, George, 93, 102, 103, 108–9, 113–14, 127, 128, 129, 138, 180–81, 190–91, 209, 235, 252–53, 325

  Meyer, Professor, 140–41

  Miller, Douglas, 238

  Moffat, Jay Pierrepont, 240, 252–53, 257

  Molotov, Vyacheslav, 260

  Mooney, James D., 283–84

  Morris, Glenn, 195–96

  Morris, Leland, 304, 312, 316, 318–19, 321

  Morris, Wright, 143–44

  Morrison, C. M., 73

  Moscow, 311–12

  Mowrer, Diana Jane, 100

  Mowrer, Edgar Ansel, 4, 6, 46–47, 49, 51, 53–54, 55, 59, 63, 70–73, 76, 91–92, 99–101, 103–4, 106, 109, 110, 122–129, 209, 230, 251, 272, 325

  Mowrer, Lilian, 47–49, 55, 56, 58, 59, 63, 70–71, 99, 103, 110
, 122–23, 125, 127, 128, 129

  Muckermann, Hermann, 238–39

  Muenster, 286–87, 288

  Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, 24

  Munich, 3, 11, 20–29, 33–39, 40, 41–46, 67–70, 92, 108, 140–41, 157, 175–176, 214, 223, 225, 242–43, 326

  Munich, University of, 140–41

  Munich Agreement (1938), 235, 239–40, 253, 258

  Murphy, Robert, 23–24, 27–29, 43, 54

  Murrow, Edward R., 6, 225

  Mussolini, Benito, 21, 75, 139, 223, 236, 253

  Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 288, 311

  Nation, 125

  Naval Agreement (1935), 253

  navy, German, 204, 253, 267

  Nazi Dictatorship (Schuman), 145–49

  Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936 (Large), 191

  Nazis, Nazi Party:

  academic research on, 145–49

  in coalition government, 75, 76–77, 89–90, 92–95, 104–6

  Communists attacked by, 11, 21, 22, 23, 24, 35, 36, 61, 68, 70, 76, 79, 90, 94, 96, 98, 105, 109, 111, 116, 117, 142, 146, 147, 168–69, 197, 210–11, 229, 231–32, 250, 293, 295

  in education, 72–73, 100

  factions in, 76–77, 90, 93–94, 155–63, 164, 166–67, 180–81, 211–12

  financial support for, 41, 91–93, 95

  flags of, 72, 99, 109–10, 134, 164, 227

  Heil Hitler greeting of, 134, 138, 153, 168, 178–79, 228, 249

  leadership of, 4, 80, 98, 108, 117–18, 153–63, 164, 166, 170–71, 208–15, 274–75, 324; see also specific leaders

  “martyrs” of, 43, 173, 242–43

  moderate wing of, 76–77, 90, 93–94, 156

  Munich as center of, 11, 23–25, 29, 41–46

  mysticism in, 146, 164–65, 167–68, 173–74, 197

  paramilitary forces of, 24, 25, 70–71, 81, 99–100, 108, 119–20; see also SA (Sturmabteilung) and SS (Schutzstaffel)

  party congresses of, 4, 172–75, 176

  political influence of, 20–29, 54–55, 64, 67–88, 90–97, 101–6, 118

  popular support for, 1–8, 15–16, 71–80, 90–91, 144–49, 164–66

  press coverage of, 24–25, 98, 102, 103–4

  propaganda of, 25, 40–41, 82–83, 90–91, 98, 102, 103–4, 107, 108, 109–112, 134

  rallies of, 71–72, 79, 90–91, 104, 113, 128–29, 190, 222, 227, 232, 233–34, 242–43, 288

  Reichstag seats of, 54, 55, 71, 75–76, 90, 94, 95, 96–97, 101–2, 105–6, 118

  salute of, 72, 109–10, 122, 138, 139–140, 145, 153, 157, 173, 178–79, 289–90

  songs of, 71, 135, 233, 242–43, 289

  student support for, 72–73, 79–80

  uniforms of, 102, 103, 115, 197, 294

  U.S. response to, 2, 3–5, 7, 8, 20–29, 32–46, 56, 60, 69, 80–81, 86, 89, 97–98, 111–12, 137–41, 210–11, 228–30, 252–55, 280–82, 289, 312–13, 316, 326–27