Fundamentalism and American Culture
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Sizer, S. S., III:20, 22, 24; IV:4t, 5t, 6; V:12; VIII:14, 20; X:20; XXII:27; XXV:10
Smith, H. S. et al., American Christianity, XXII:6t
Smith, J. W., “Religion and Science,” I:35; X:29
Smith, T. L., “Ethnicity,” XXII:24
Smith, T. L., “Finney’s Synthesis,” VIII:13; X:6
Smith, T. L., Revivalism, IX:7t
Index
Abbott, Lyman, 26, 32–33
abolitionism. See anti-slavery
abortion debate, 243, 245, 250
activism. See practical or pragmatic activism
Adams, Henry, 68
African Americans, 324n.11, 327n.46. See also antislavery; racism
alcoholic beverages, opposition to, 35–36, 66–68, 207, 220, 228. See also prohibition
Alexander, Archibald, 111–12
Alexander, “Charlie,” 47–48
American Baptists, 243
American Civil Liberties Union, 185
American Council of Christian Churches, 245
American Enlightenment, 250
American Evangelicals: Embattled and Thriving (Smith), 255, 322n.5, 323n.11, 329n.61
American Party, 29
Ames, William, 60
amillennialism, 270n.4
Anabaptist tradition, 38, 92
anarchism, 120, 126
Anderson, M. B., 19–20
Andover Theological Seminary, 25, 27, 104
“Anglo-Saxons,” 204–5, 244
anti-Christ, 49, 52, 249
anti-communism. See communism, views of
anti-evolution campaign. See Darwinism
Anti-Evolution League, 189
anti-intellectualism, 7, 26, 121, 130, 188–89, 199, 212, 213, 217, 219–21. See also intellect, views of
anti-Masonry, 13, 29, 31, 207, 266n.34
anti-modernism. See militancy, doctrinal
anti-Semitism, 207, 210. See also Jews
anti-slavery, 22, 27, 28, 29, 83, 207, cf. 86–87
apologetics, 16–17, 20, 26, 57, 121, 219. See also intellect, views of
Arminianism, 37, 44, 98–100, 105, 133
Assemblies of God, 94
Atkins, Gaius Glann, 106
Auburn Affirmation, 180–81
Augustine, Saint (of Hippo), 64, 115
Baconism and Sir Francis Bacon, 7, 15, 19, 23, 55–62, 104, 111–12, 116, 121, 169, 214–15, 225, 227
Bakker, Jim and Tammy, 254
Baldwin, H. A., 95
Baptism of the Holy Ghost, 75, 78, 93–94, 279n.38
Baptist Bible Fellowship, 242
Baptist Bible Union, 172, 179, 181–82, 190, 193, 203
Baptist Congress, 105, 108
Baptists, 4, 45, 46, 48, 83, 128, 131, 135, 250;
Baptist fundamentalists, 159–61, 165–68, 171–72, 180–83, 190, 191–95, 203, 225, 298n.49; in Canada, 179–80, 191, 193; controversies before World War I, 104–9; Landmark Baptists, 103; Swedish Baptists, 195; and World War I, 142–43. See also Northern Baptist Convention; Southern Baptists
The Baptist, 168–69
Baur, F. C., 17
Bavinck, Herman, 115
“the Beast,” 52, 67
Beecher, Edward, 266n.40
Beecher, Henry Ward, 21–26, 28, 30, 33, 35, 60
Beecher, Lyman, 11, 22, 27–28, 38
Bethany Presbyterian Church (Philadelphia), 83
Bible, views of, 16–18, 33, 51, 54–62; 103–108, 110–114, 119–121, 134, 159, and passim. See also Bible and civilization; inerrancy of the Bible
Bible and civilization, 16–17, 133–34, 159, 163–64, 169, 207, 224 and passim. See also civilization, evangelical and fundamentalist concern for
Bible Champion, 118
Bible churches, 196, 252–53, cf. 194
Bible conferences, summer, 62, 132–33
Bible Crusaders of America, 189–90
Bible Institute of Los Angeles, 119, 144, 148. See also King’s Business
Bible institutes, role of, 62, 129, 233. See also Bible teachers and evangelists, movement of
Bible League of North America, 118, 176
Bible Presbyterian Church, 312n.l9
“Bible reading,” 60–61
Bible schools. See Bible institutes
Bible Student and Teacher, 118
Bible study groups, 60, 62, 74
Bible teachers and evangelists, movement of, 62, 72, 79–85, 88–91, 94–96, 99–101, 118–19, 122, 128–29, 158, 194, 212. See also dispensational premillennialism; Keswick
Bible Union of China, 167–68
Biblical criticism, 17–18, 20, 26, 48, 70, 105, 119–21, 190, 220, 222, 225–26
Biblical World, 147–48, 166
Bibliotheca Sacra, 123
Bishop, George S., 122
Blackstone, William E., 51, 68, 70, 71, 119, 269n.9
Blaine, James G., 66
Blanchard, Charles, 27, 31–32, 46, 219–21, 266nn.36, 42
Blanchard, Jonathan, 27–31, 32, 83, 86, 219, 266nn.34, 36, 40–41, 269n.14
Bliss, Philip P., 75, 87
Boardman, William E., 75, 77
Bob Jones University, 194, 233, 238
Bolshevism, 153–56, 159, 208–9, 232. See also communism, views toward
Booth, Catherine, 84
Booth, William, 75
Bowne, Borden P., 104
Bridget, Saint, 81
Briggs, Charles A., 71, 117
Bright, Bill, 238, 241, 243, 278n.24, 326n.31
Brookes, James H., 46, 51, 56, 70, 71, 271n.13
Brooks, Phillips, 26, 60
Brougher, J. Whitcomb, 182
Brown, John, 238
Brown, William M., 178
Bryan, William Jennings, 4, 5, 132–35, 136, 138, 143, 161, 170, 171, 174, 189, 208, 216, 217, 256, 284n.27; and Scopes trial, 6, 184–88, 212–14, 222
Bryan Bible League, 189
Bryan Memorial University, 138, 189
Bryant, Anita, 242
Bush, George W., 329n.63
Bushnell, Horace, 112, 227
Butler, Joseph, 16
California, revivalism in, 238
Calvinism, 4, 16, 23, 25, 46, 59–60, 72, 74, 75, 78, 96, 98–101, 104, 123, 133, 228; social views of, 7, 50, 86–87, 90, 92, 138, 282n.4; views toward intellect, 7, 44, 109–18, 138, 225
Cameron, Robert, 271n.17
Campus Crusade, 241, 243, 278n.24, 326n.31
Canada, fundamentalism in, 172, 179–80, 191, 193, 314n.17
Candler, Warren A., 309n.12
Carter, Jimmy, 242, 243
Case, Shirley Jackson, 105, 146–47
catastrophism, geological, 65–66
Chafer, Lewis Sperry, 98
Chapman, J. Wilbur, 70, 83, 84, 95, 130, 132, 269n.14
charismatic movement, 236
China Inland Mission, 97
Chipps, D. E., 190
“Christendom,” “Christian civilization,” views toward, 66–68, 125, 149–51, 157, 160, 162–63, 207–9, 223. See also civilization, evangelical and fundamentalist concern for; Bible and civilization; Darwinism, and civilization
Christian and Missionary Alliance, 75, 202
Christian Broadcasting Network, 243
Christian Century, 148, 166, 168, 175, 178, 191–92, 206
Christian Coalition, 248–49
Christian Cynosure, 29–30
Christian Economics, 241
Christian Endeavor, 71
Christian Freedom Foundation, 241
Christian Fundamentals in School and Church, 160, 209
Christian Herald, 84, 133, 145, 149
Christianity Today, 241, 243
Christian Reconstructionism, 248
Christian Reformed Church, 195, 239, 314n.14, 316n.27
Christian School movement, 246
Christian Science, 220
Christian Workers Magazine, 150, 154–55. See also Institute Tie, and Moody Monthly
Christlieb, Theodor, 18
church, vie
w of, 34, 36, 51–54, 63, 68–71, 73, 127, 224. See also separation from major denominations; separation of church and state
Church of God (Anderson, Indiana), 75
cities, views of, 66, 128. See also rural/urban themes
civilization, evangelical and fundamentalist concern for, 3–8, 13–17, 27, 32, 38–39, 48–49, 66–68, 124–38, 149, 152–53, 207; following World War I, 153–63. See also Darwinism, and civilization; Bible and civilization
civil rights movement, 237, 324n.14
Civil War, 11, 29, 67
Clarke, Edgar Young, 189
Clarke, William Newton, 48, 50, 105
Coffin, Henry Sloan, 145, 184
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 56
colleges, 11, 14, 28–32, 160, 166–67, 194
Columbia Bible School, 96
common sense, 15–16, 61, 62, 107, 108, 111, 211, 213, 215–21. See also Common Sense philosophy
Common Sense philosophy, 7, 16–18, 20, 23, 28, 55–56, 74, 104, 216, 219, 221, 225, 227, 251, 263n.22; and Princeton theology, 110–16; summarized, 14–16
communism, views toward, 66, 90, 120, 144, 147, 152, 153, 207, 208–10, 221, 232, 239, 240, 245, 248
Concerned Women for America, 246
confessions and confessionalism, 4, 105, 109, 167, 172, 182
Congregationalists, 25, 28, 30, 44, 47, 104, 105, 123, 165
conservatism, political, 91–93, 206–8, 233, 244, 247, 254. See also politics, views of; Religious Right
Conservative Baptist Association of America, 193
consumerism, 254, 255, 330n.71
conversionist evangelicalism, 252–53, 322n.2
Conwell, Russell, 83
Cooper, Thomas, 18
Crapsey, Algemon Sidney, 104
Crosby, Fanny J., 75
Crusaders’ Champion, 189
Dallas Theological Seminary, 123, 194, 237
dancing, 156–57, 162–63, 228
Darby, John Nelson, 46, 54, 70
Darrow, Clarence, 185–89, 210, 212–14
Darwin, Charles, 116
Darwinism, 4, 5, 18–21, 24, 26, 48, 64, 104, 116, 122–23, 127; campaign to keep evolution out of schools, 164, 169–70, 171, 179, 184–89, 246, 311n.10; and civilization, 90, 148–49, 152, 161, 164, 169–70, 179, 199, 205, 207, 209, 212–15, 224–25, 228; in England, 222, 225–26
Dayton, Tennessee. See Scopes trial
Defenders Magazine, 210
Defenders of the Christian Faith, 189
De Haan, Martin R., 313n.30
democracy, views toward, 126, 127–28, 152, 161, 296n.19; theological liberal views of, 146–47. See also politics, views of
Democratic Party, 66, 132, 237
denominational system, 70–71
Des Moines University, 190–91
DeVos, Richard M., 241
Dewey, John, 214
Disciples of Christ, 102, 166, 178
dispensational premillennialism, 4–5, 7, 27, 44, 46–48, 102–3, 104, 107, 108, 112, 118–23, 194–95, 200, 221, 222, 224, 228, 233, 268n.28; and aftermath of World War I, 153–58, 160–64; and Baconianism, 55–62; Cold War and, 246–50; compared with Keswick, 100–101, 287n.32; and controversies of the 1920s, 165–84 passim, 193; list of dispensations, 100–101, 272n.20; relation to holiness teachings, 80, 85, 93–94; and social views, 38, 66–71, 82–93, 125–32, 208–11; summary of teachings, 51–54; view of history, 62–66, 226; and World War I, 143–53. See also Bible teachers and evangelists, movement of
Dixon, A. C., 37, 79, 83, 101, 118, 160–61, 170, 217, 222, 237
Dobson, James, 253
Dominion Theology, 248
Dryer, Emma, 31, 35
Dwight, Timothy, 11, 38
“dynamics of unopposed revivalism,” 223–25. See also revivalism
Eagle Forum, 242
ecumenism, 101, 166, cf. 12–21. See also Federal Council of Churches; Evangelical Alliance
Edwards, Jonathan, 11, 44, 49, 64, 99, 115, 130
Einstein, Albert, 214
empire-building, 34, 62
England, 34, 54, 77, 78; English
evangelicalism, 221–27
Episcopalians, 82, 104, 178, 243
Equal Rights Amendment, 242, 245
Erdman, Charles R., 168, 181, 183–84
Erdman, William J., 37, 46, 269n.14
ethics. See morality, views of
ethnicity and fundamentalism, 201, 204, 222–23. See also immigration and fundamentalism
European evangelicals, 17–18. See also specific country
Evangelical Alliance (meeting of 1873), 12–21, 133
Evangelical Free Church, 194
Evangelical Friends, 195
Evangelical Mennonites, 195
evangelism, 44–48, 80–85, 90–92, 120, 181–83 and passim; conversionist evangelicalism, 252–53, 322n.2; Moody’s, 32–39; new evangelism, 233–39. See also practical or pragmatic activism; revivalism; witnessing
evolution. See Darwinism
Fall, of mankind: effect on culture, 136; effects on intellect, 115
“the False Prophet,” 52, 67
Falwell, Jerry, 234–35, 237, 238, 242, 247, 248, 328n.57
family, views of, 37, 240, 241, 242, 253
Federal Council of Churches, 91, 106, 131, 133
“filling” with the Holy Spirit, 73, 78, 87, 100, 253. See also holiness teachings
Finney, Charles, 13, 27, 31, 32, 35, 45, 47, 74, 79, 82, 86–87, 90, 267n.11
Fitt, A. P., 130
“five points of fundamentalism,” 117, 292n.30, 308n.3
“five points,” Presbyterian, 117, 136–37, 167, 172, 180
Focus on the Family, 253
Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 171–73, 181, 210
Foster, George Burman, 105
Freemasons. See anti-Masonry
Free Methodists, 75
free will, 16, 46, 74, 99–100
Frost, A. J., 66, 68, 71
fundamentalism, definition of, 4; today, 195, 232–33, 234, 235
Fundamentalist Federation, 193
Fundamentalist Fellowship (“General Conference on Fundamentals”), 159, 167
The Fundamentals, 96, 118–23, 141, 144, 158, 161, 168, 181, 222
future punishment, 3, 23, 25, 35
Gaebelein, Arno C., 93, 125, 127–28, 131, 156, 210, 271nn.13, 17, 275n.23; and World War I, 143–44, 148, 150
General Association of Regular Baptists, 193
geology, 65
German theology and Biblical views, 18, 61, 105, 121, 148–50, 159, 161, 169, 271n.13
Germany, views of during World War 1, 142–50
Goldwater, Barry, 238
Goodchild, Frank M., 172
Gordon. A. J., 37, 46, 67, 79, 81, 83, 84, 94, 95, 269n.14, 279n.37, 280n.14
Gothard, Bill, 253
Gould, Ezra P., 105
Graham, Billy, 193, 233, 234, 238, 240, 243
grassroots politics, 243, 246
Gray, Asa, 123
Gray, James M., 4, 37, 46, 81, 89, 122, 129–32, 138, 145, 150, 154–55
Hadley, S. H., 84
Hague, Dyson, 121
Haldeman, Isaac M., 125–27
Hamilton, William, 111
Harding, Warren, 164, 241
Hargis, Billy James, 210, 232
Harper, William Rainey, 105
Harris, Samuel, 11
Hatch, Nathaniel, 251
Havergal, Frances R., 75–76
healing, divine, 94, 286n.5
hell. See future punishment
Henry, Carl F. H., 233, 241, 243
higher criticism of the Bible. See Biblical criticism
Hills, A. M., 95
history, views toward, 50–55, 62–66, 113–14, 211, 226, 259–60. See also dispensational premillennialism; premillennialism; postmillennialism
Hitchcock, Roswell, 17
Hodge, Archibald Alexander, 113
Hodge, Charles, 19–20, 111–13, 227
holiness teachings and groups
(general), 4, 33, 37–38, 45, 61, 72–101, 102–3, 227, 253. See also Holiness teachings and groups (Methodist tradition); Keswick
Holiness teachings and groups (Methodist tradition), 72, 73–75, 77–78, 82–83, 87, 93–96, 180, 194–95, 202, 321n.17
Holmes, Oliver wendell, Sr., 17
Holy Spirit, 260. See also holiness teachings; Holiness teachings and passim
Holy Trinity Episcopal Church (New York), 82
Hopkins, Mark, 13
Horsch, John, 318n.8
How Shall We Then Live? (film series), 245
Hoyt, William, 56
humanists, 138. See also secular humanism
Hume, David, 15
Hybel, Bill, 253
hymns, 26, 36, 38, 45, 47–48, 75, 224, 271n.12, 316n.27
Idealism (philosophy), 20, 25–26
immigration and fundamentalism, 194–95, 204–5. See also ethnicity and fundamentalism
inclusive pluralism, 257
Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions, 192
individualism, 37, 71, 85, 92, 100–101, 208, 224
Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W), 147, 221
inerrancy of the Bible, 5, 51, 54, 56–57, 107–8, 113, 116, 117, 122, 165, 169, 180, 205, 224, 228, 234, 244, 272n.7, 323n.8
Institute Tie, 129–32. See also Christian Workers Magazine; Moody Monthly
“institutional church,” 82–83
intellect, views toward, 7–8, 26, 28, 43–48, 73, 109–18, 121, 126, 129–30, 136–38, 174–75, 188–89, 212–21, 225–27. See also anti-intellectualism; practical or pragmatic activism; science, view toward
Interchurch World Movement, 166, 303n.57, 305n.24
International Church of the Four Square Gospel, 94
International Church Workers Association, 81
International Prophecy Conferences, 46, 51, 61, 66, 68–69, 82, 93, 151
Ironside, H. A., 95–96
Islam, 48, 57, 150; Islamic fundamentalism, 227–28, 250
Israel, premillennialism and, 249–50. See also Jews and Zionism
Jefferson, Thomas, 15, 18
Jenkins, Jerry B., 249
Jews: and anti-Semitism, 207, 210; and Zionism, 52–53, 70, 125, 151
Jones, Bob, Sr., 179, 194, 238, 309n.12
Kant, Immanuel, 20, 56, 215
Kellogg, Howard, 148
Kellogg, Samuel, 84
Kennedy, David S., 158–59
Kershner, Howard, 241
Keswick, 77–85, 94–101, 118–19, 222, 279n.36; compared with dispensationalism, 100–101, 287n.32. See also Bible teachers and evangelists, movement of
Kingdom of God, 11, 24, 28, 48–50, 54–55, 60, 86, 90, 92, 105, 136–38, 145, 146, 254. See also millennium