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24.E. Queller et al., “Single-Gene Greenbeard Effects in the Social Amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum,” Sci 299 (2003): 105; M. Nowak, “Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation,” Sci 314 (2006): 1560.
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26.M. Milinski et al., “Reputation Helps Solve the ‘Tragedy of the Commons,’” Nat 415 (2002): 424.
27.M. Nowak et al., “Fairness Versus Reason in the Ultimatum Game,” Sci 289 (2000: 1773; G. Vogel, “The Evolution of the Golden Rule,” Sci 303 (2004): 1128.
28.J. Henrich et al., “Costly Punishment Across Human Societies,” Sci 312 (2006): 1767; B. Vollan and E. Olstrom, “Cooperation and the Commons,” Sci 330 (2010): 923; D. Rustagi et al., “Conditional Cooperation and Costly Monitoring Explain Success in Forest Commons Management,” Sci 330 (2010): 961.
29.S. Gachter et al., “The Long-Run Benefits of Punishment,” Sci 322 (2008): 1510.
30.B. Knutson, “Sweet Revenge?” Sci 305 (2004): 1246; D. de Quervain et al., “The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment,” Sci 305 (2004): 1254; E. Fehr and S. Gachter, “Altruistic Punishment in Humans,” Nat 415 (2002): 137; E. Fehr and B. Rockenbach, “Detrimental Effects of Sanctions on Human Altruism,” Nat 422 (2003): 137; C. T. Dawes et al., “Egalitarian Motives in Humans,” Nat 446 (2007): 794
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32.J. Jordan et al., “Third-Party Punishment as a Costly Signal of Trustworthiness,” Nat 530 (2016): 473.
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34.J. McNamara et al., “The Coevolution of Choosiness and Cooperation,” Nat 451 (2008): 189.
35.IDASA, National Elections Survey, August 1994 (Cape Town: Institute for Democracy in South Africa, 1994); Human Science Research Council, Omnibus, May 1995 (Pretoria, South Africa: HSRC/Mark Data, 1995); B. Hamber et al., “‘Telling It Like It Is . . .’: Understanding the Truth and Reconciliation Commission from the Perspective of Survivors,” Psych in Soc 26 (2000): 18.
36.D. Filkins, “Atonement: A Troubled Iraq Veteran Seeks Out the Family He Harmed,” New Yorker, October 29, 2012; D. Margolick, Elizabeth and Hazel: Two Women of Little Rock (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011).
37.R. Fehr and M. Gelfand, “When Apologies Work: How Matching Apology Components to Victims’ Self-Construals Facilitates Forgiveness,” Organizational Behav and Hum Decision Processes 113 (2010): 37.
38.M. McCullough, Beyond Revenge: The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct (Hoboken, New Jersy: Jossey-Bass, 2008).
39.M. Berman, “‘I Forgive You.’ Relatives of Charleston Church Shooting Victims Address Dylann Roof,” Washington Post, June 19, 2015.
40.J. Thompson-Cannino et al., Picking Cotton: Our Memoir of Injustice and Redemption (New York: St. Martin’s Griff, 2010).
41.L. Toussaint et al., “Effects of Lifetime Stress Exposure on Mental and Physical Health in Young Adulthood: How Stress Degrades and Forgiveness Protects Health,” J Health Psych 21 (2014): 1004; K. A. Lawler et al., “A Change of Heart: Cardiovascular Correlates of Forgiveness in Response to Interpersonal Conflict,” J Behav Med 26 (2003): 373; M. C. Whited et al., “The Influence of Forgiveness and Apology on Cardiovascular Reactivity and Recovery in Response to Mental Stress,” J Behav Med 33 (2010): 293; C. vanOyen Witvliet et al., “Granting Forgiveness or Harboring Grudges: Implications for Emotion, Physiology, and Health,” Psych Sci 12 (2001): 117; P. A. Hannon et al., “The Soothing Effects of Forgiveness on Victims’ and Perpetrators’ Blood Pressure,” Personal Relationships 19 (2011): 27; G. L. Reed and R. D. Enright, “The Effects of Forgiveness Therapy on Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress for Women After Spousal Emotional Abuse,” J Consulting Clin Psych 74 (2006): 920.
43.D. Laitin, “Confronting Violence Face to Face,” Sci 320 (2008): 51.
44.D. Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Costs of Learning to Kill in War and Society (New York: Back Bay Books, 1995).
45.M. Power, “Confessions of a Drone Warrior,” GQ, October 22, 2013; J. L. Otto and B. J. Webber, “Mental Health Diagnoses and Counseling Among Pilots of Remotely Piloted Aircraft in the United States Air Force,” MSMR 20 (2013): 3; J. Dao, “Drone Pilots Are Found to Get Stress Disorders Much as Those in Combat Do,” New York Times, February 22, 2013.
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52.K. Sim and M. Bilton, Remember My Lai, (PBS Video, 1989); G. Eckhardt, My Lai: An American Tragedy (Kansas City: University of Missouri—Kansas City Law Review, Summer 2000); M. Bilton and K. Sim, Four Hours in My Lai (New York: Penguin, 1993); this is the source of the Varnado Simpson quote; T. Angers, The Forgotten Hero of My Lai: The Hugh Thompson Story (Lafayette, LA: Acadian House, 1999); this is the source of the Hugh Thompson quote.
53.Footnote: M. Bilton and K. Sim, Four Hours in My Lai (NY: Penguin, 1993).
54.A. Hochschild, Bury the Chains: The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery (Basingstoke, UK: Pan Macmillan, 2005); E. Metaxas, Amazing Grace: William Wilberforce and the Heroic Campaign to End Slavery (New York: HarperOne, 2007).
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57.S. Weintraub, Silent Night: The Story of the World War I Christmas Truce (New York: Plume Press, 2002).
58.T. Ashworth, Trench Warfare, 1914–1918: The Live and Let Live System (London: Pan Books, 1980). Live and Let Live is also analyzed in R. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 2006).
59.E. Jones, “One War Is Enough,” Atlantic, February 1946.
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Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader. Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
abortion, 190–91, 592
Abe, Zenji, 654–55, 655, 660, 668, 670
Abu Ghraib Prison, 464, 469, 652
ACC, see anterior cingulate cortex
acetylcholine, 27, 692, 694
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), 125, 708–9
ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), 76
Adler, Nancy, 293–94
adolescence, 59, 154–73
criminal justice system and, 170–71, 589–90, 592–93
culture and, 155–56
dopamine reward system and, 162–64, 163
empathy, sympathy, and moral reasoning in, 167–69, 543
frontal cortical maturation in, 154–60, 171–73, 589–90, 592–93
legal adulthood and, 155n
novelty craving in, 161–62, 168
peers, social acceptance, and social exclusion in, 164–67
puberty in, 158–59
risk taking in, 160–64
violence in, 170–71
Adorno, Theodor, 202, 401, 446
adrenal gland, 27
adrenaline, 27
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 125, 708–9
affiliation, 3
African Americans, 407n, 408n, 582, 627, 640
doll studies and, 415
prejudice and stereotypes and, 89, 417
aggression, 2, 3, 11, 15, 16, 19, 43
air rage, 295–96
alcohol and, 134, 136
amygdala and, 31–34, 44
papers publis
hed on, 605
context of, 19
ecological duress and, 303
displacement, 17, 132
fear and, 44
in females, 117–24, 135–36
maternal, 118–19, 121
pain and, 91
religion and, 624–26, 625
ritualistic, 17
serotonin and, 76–77, 250–55
stress and, 131–32
testosterone and, 100–102, 107, 115, 135, 215, 216, 218–20, 259–60
papers published on, 605
types of, 16–17
vasopressin and, 116
see also violence
agriculture, 317–18, 326
rice, 278–79, 278, 281
Ahern, Bertie, 577n–78n
air rage, 295–96
AIS (androgen insensitivity syndrome), 216–17
Akil, Huda, 71
Alberts, Susan, 437
albinos, 370n, 616
alcohol, 196, 249
aggression and, 134, 136
aliens, space, 398, 401n
Allen, Robert, 554
Allman, John, 46, 506–8
allomothering, 337
Allport, Gordon, 420
Altmann, Jeanne, 437
Altman, Joseph, 147, 149, 150
altruism, 3, 15, 16, 18, 339, 342, 364, 487, 546–47, 551, 565
pathological, 18, 39, 545–46
reciprocal, 324, 342–54, 372–73, 499, 547
indirect, 324
in single-cell amoeba, 344n
self-interest in, 547–51
Always Cooperate/Defect, 350, 351, 353, 363
Alzheimer’s, 53n
Amazonians, 310, 310
ambiguity, 450
American Psychological Association (APA), 592
Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst Page 90
